Materials Today: Proceedings 50 (2022) 1265–1274

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Evaluation of fiber volume fraction of kenaf-coir-epoxy based green

composite by finite element analysis
Shikha Parashar a,b, V.K. Chawla a
a
Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, IGDTUW, Kashmere Gate, Delhi 110006, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sanskriti University, Mathura 281401, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Scientists and specialists have moved their attention from conventional synthetic composites to green
Received 24 May 2021 fiber composites. These fiber strands are light in weight as well as high in strength and more reasonable
Received in revised form 7 August 2021 and economical in comparison to the regular fibers. Additionally, the green fibers are biodegradable, sus-
Accepted 18 August 2021
tainable, and environmentally friendly. Among various other natural fibers, the kenaf fibers show higher
Available online 13 September 2021
and better properties as composite reinforcement compared to other fibres, in presence of varying load-
ing conditions. Whereas coir fibers have been found to possess excellent strength and durability. Epoxy
Keywords:
resin possesses magnificent binding characteristics and is treated as a good matrix for the development of
Green composite
Fibre
composites. In previous researches, it has been seen that fiber stacking or fiber part volume, influences
Finite element analysis the mechanical strength, qualities, and properties of green fiber- composite. Therefore, this study has
Kenaf been focused on evaluating the fiber volume fraction and strength of kenaf coir fiber-based epoxy com-
Coir posite material by analytical as well as finite element analysis techniques. This paper likewise proposes
an analytical model based on the rule of hybrid mixtures, and solutions of flexural and tensile tests con-
ducted on ANSYS 15.0. Based on this research, it can be stated that kenaf-coir composite may be utilized
for a varying loading modern application.
Copyright Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Con-
ference on Functional Material, Manufacturing and Performances

1. Introduction are significantly lightweight as contrasted to traditional fibers

Green fibers are plant-inferred strands like sisal fiber, banana,
coconut, flax, abaca, wood, hemp, rice husk, cotton, Bagasse, kenaf,
Kapok, Jute, Ramie, bamboo, Sisal, and wheat straw [1]. Environ-
mental concern has provoked the search for Green materials and
composites. Many projects in various countries these days are
based on the recycling and processing of animal and agricultural
by-products, for the characterization of Green materials useful to
the environment. Also, according to a survey, 33 billion coconuts
are annually harvested, and out of which only 15% of them are
being used for extracting chips and fibers [2,3]. These fiber fila-
ments when supported along with a plastic folio, structure a hard
and strong composite. Synthetic fiber development was viewed as
a superior option to the customary types of materials like alu-
minium and steel [4]. Synthetic fibers are more grounded and
stronger as contrasted to steel and surprisingly lighter than alu-
minium. The green fiber composites being relatively less strong
are having up to approximately 70% strength of steel, however
[5–10]. In addition, green fiber is bountiful and hence is especially
affordable compared to synthetic fibers [11–15]. Fiber composites
are generally characterized by green and natural materials. Such
fiber composites are environment-friendly and thereby produce
no contamination. Additionally, they viewed it as a chance to
change over the horticultural bio-waste to a useful and valuable
industrial product. These qualities of characteristic fiber are
attracting the consideration of specialists and researchers to
explore this area of green fiber composites [16–18].
Commonly studied natural fibers at present are bamboo, sisal,
jute, coconut, hemp, and kenaf fiber. Out of all these fibers, Kenaf
fiber is very well recognized for its potential to substitute glass
fibers [19]. Kenaf fiber is described to have very high tensile
strength and high modulus [20]. Coir fibers are also present in wide
research for composites development. Coconut shell is treated as
waste and finds low economic value. Many researchers have found
that coir fiber and coconut powder have excellent strength and
have been found suitable as reinforcement in present-day compos-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.147
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Functional Material, Manufacturing and Performances
S. Parashar and V.K. Chawla
ites [21]. Therefore, in this paper, the composite taken is a combi-
nation of Kenaf and Coir fibers along with an epoxy matrix.
Finite element analysis is an interaction of evaluating problems
related to engineering and designing issues in which a 3-
dimensional model of sample is distributed into a limited measure
of exceptionally little components utilizing finite element analysis
(FEA) programming. Different shapes of mesh can be picked by the
surface construction of the sample. The solutions of the examination
are determined at the mesh nodes. It is found in the literature writ-
ings that the FEA was quite near the outcomes acquired in the prac-
tical testing, therefore FEA may be viably utilized in examining the
mechanical attributes of green fiber composites when a balance
and symmetry of fiber exists in a particular composite [22–25].
Prasad et al. [26] applied the FEA technique on Jute- Banana
supported matrix. The composite samples were set up with fluctu-
ating cashew nutshell fluid (CNSL) percentages between 5 and 40%.
Fig. 1. Tensile test specimen under ASTM D638.
Fig. 2. Total Deformation for sample 1 using tensile test.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 50 (2022) 1265–1274
A 3-dimensional model of samples was arranged utilizing model-
ing and programming software. Various samples were prepared
and exposed to the tensile test under ANSYS as well as experimen-
tally. The extreme load versus % CNSL qualities of the sample was
plotted with different composition. Silva et al. [22] analyzed the
mathematical and experimental examination of green fibrous bio-
composites. The prepared sisal and banana composites were
respectively arranged and were utilized to perform the tensile test
as well as check for scanning electron microscopy. 2-Dimensional
and 3-dimensional models of the sample were set up on displaying
software for programming and modeling and had to undergo sim-
ilar conditions for testing. The FEA analysis results conformed to
the trial outcomes, and thus it had been inferred that the FEA is
capable to be utilized for the assessment of machining features
of characteristic fiber composite if a balance exists between fiber
positioning in the real composite.
S. Parashar and V.K. Chawla
Fig. 3. Equivalent Stress for sample 1 using tensile test.
Rajesh [23] examined the outcomes of FEA of coir and banana
fibers-driven hybrid green composite. A sample with measure-
ments of 100 mm
100 mm
10 mm had been set up by the
incorporation of coir banana fortified epoxy, and banana-coir rein-
forced epoxy composite. It was analyzed by FEA solutions that it is
feasible to decrease stress concentration by increasing fiber pro-
portions and the minute variations in FEM and experimental
results are because of a few variables as anisotropy, interphase
attributes, and porosity being neglected. Dixit [27] executed FEA
on fiber-reinforced composite and contemplated their characteris-
tics. The samples were readied utilizing five unique sorts of fiber,
planning 25 distinct blends of it. The sample was planned on
ANSYS APDL software for examining and measuring its mechanical
traits. Ramesh et al. [28] utilized FEA to examine the mechanical
and morphological characteristics of flax and glass composite mix-
ture. A hand lay-up strategy had been utilized in developing the
composite specimen. The samples had been set up according to
the particular ASTM guidelines of flexural, impact, tensile, and
bending tests. The model was developed, tested, and examined
using ANSYS 12.0. The patterns in experimental outcomes were
observed, and fiber with the most extreme strength was called
attention to. The experimental investigations likewise appeared
to check the FEA results; subsequently, the FEA model can be
thought of as reliable and worthy.
Prasad [29] reviewed the mechanical attributes of green fiber
composite inculcating jute with the use of FEM. A hand lay-up
strategy was utilized to set up the cashew nutshell-jute fluid
(CNSL) composite. An Instron machine conducted the tensile test
on the sample. Evaluation of the FEA model had been done utilizing
ANSYS. Ramesh et al. [30] conducted FEA on kenaf-glass fiber com-
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Materials Today: Proceedings 50 (2022) 1265–1274
posite to assess the performance of the composite. The hand lay-up
strategy had been utilized in developing the composites. Samples
had been developed according to the ASTM measurements of flex-
ural, impact, and malleability tests. NX NASTRAN 9.0 was used to
perform FEA. It had been observed that FEA models and experi-
mental analysis both anticipated the composite’s mechanical attri-
butes accurately, and subsequently, the FEA model will be
considered genuine. Adeniyi et al. [31] studied the sisal fiber poly-
styrene composite by endeavoring the multiscale FEM technique.
The samples weighing 10, 20, 30, and 40% of fiber were developed
by a hand-worked molding machine. The FEM demonstration was
performed on ABAQUS 6.14. The model had been developed utiliz-
ing a representation strategy that was 3D. Different bends of fiber
stacking versus modulus were graphed.
Devireddy et al. [32] contemplated the impacts of the geometry
of fiber and representative volume element (RVE) towards flexural
as well as thermal characteristics of unidirectional fibered compos-
ites. The model was developed utilizing the RVE model in ANSYS.
Likewise, bends were plotted to examine how the thermal conduc-
tivity gets impacted by varying volume fractions. Balasubramanian
et al. [33] broke down the mechanical traits of the natural compos-
ite mixture by trial and FEA. The hand lay-up technique was used
to build up the composite sample. The samples had been devel-
oped following the standard ASTM measurements of various tests
including tensile and flexural. The FEA of 3-Dimensional models of
the sample was completed utilizing ANSYS. Both the FEM models
were contrasted with experimental models which accompanied
to be in reasonable concurrence with one another along these lines,
thus approving the FEA model to be appropriate for investigation
of mechanical qualities of the material.
S. Parashar and V.K. Chawla
Fig. 4. Total Deformation for sample 2 using tensile test.
Therefore, in order to increase the utilization of green fibers in
fiber mixture composites and various applications, an extensive lit-
erature survey has been made on various green fibers and their
composites, as well as modeling techniques. The study suggests
that the potential capability of some fibers and their hybridization
with other fibers have not yet been completely discovered. So, here
in this research, a combination of kenaf and coir fibers is consid-
ered and their varying composition in different composites has also
been discussed.
2. Material & methodology
The Epoxy-Kenaf-Epoxy-Coir-Epoxy-Kenaf-Epoxy (E-K-E-C-E-
K-E) stacking sequence has been used in the composite which
enables more contact area within the composite, similar to the
stacking sequences available in the literature [34]. The composite
sample for modelling was formulated in the E-K-E-C-E-K-E stock-
pile, and the fiber orienting adjustment is taken as 0. Three sam-
ples have been taken for modelling, both for the tensile and
flexural test, with varying proportions of kenaf and coir fibers.
The content of kenaf and coir fibres has been varied between
12.5% and 37.5% in various samples prepared based on previous lit-
erature [35].
3. Theoretical modelling
Many algorithms and techniques have been applied to evaluate
and optimize the behaviour of composite specimens and their var-
ious attributes [36–38]. Various methods have been analyzed and
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Materials Today: Proceedings 50 (2022) 1265–1274
reported for improving the properties and traits of green fibres
and composites [39–42]. For analyzing the kenaf-coir composite,
the composite specimen is prepared using parallel layers of epoxy,
kenaf, and coir fibres. The two of them, the kenaf and the coir
fibers, have altogether different strength properties [43,44]. In this
way, the general strength of the composite is evaluated with the
assistance of the Rule of Hybrid Mixtures shown by Eq. (1), where
the strength of kenaf fiber is seen as 930 MPa and of epoxy as
60 MPa [45–48]. As indicated by the rule, here tensile strength of
the composite is being evaluated by Eq. (1), where, Ec represents
Elastic Modulus of the composite, Vf1 & Vf2 represent the volume
part fiber of both the fibers respectively, Ef1 & Ef2 are the Elastic
Moduli of both the fibers respectively, Em represents the Matrix
Elastic Modulus and Vm shows volume part of the matrix in com-
posite [49,50].
Rule of Hybrid Mixtures [49]:
Ec ¼ V f 1 Ef 1 þ V f 2 Ef 2 þ V m Em ð1Þ
For Sample 1:
Ec ¼ V f 1 Ef 1 þ V f 2 Ef 2 þ V m Em
Ec ¼ ð0:125Þð53000Þ þ ð0:375Þð5000Þ þ ð0:5Þð3810Þ
Ec ¼ 10405MPa
For Sample 2:
Ec ¼ V f 1 Ef 1 þ V f 2 Ef 2 þ V m Em
S. Parashar and V.K. Chawla
Ec ¼ ð0:25Þð53000Þ þ ð0:25Þð5000Þ þ ð0:5Þð3810Þ
Ec ¼ 16405MPa
For Sample 3:
Ec ¼ V f 1 Ef 1 þ V f 2 Ef 2 þ V m Em
Ec ¼ ð0:375Þð53000Þ þ ð0:125Þð5000Þ þ ð0:5Þð3810Þ
Ec ¼ 22405MPa
4. Results & discussions
4.1. Tensile test
Two specimens had been designed to test the mechanical prop-
erties on ‘‘Ansys-Workbench” software. The dimensions of the
specimen were as defined below for the tensile test and flexural
test. The different properties of the material have been taken from
the literature available for both fibers. A total of three samples had
been developed for tensile test and testing was performed on
them. The specimens contained varying percentages of kenaf and
coir content ranging from 12.5% to 37.5% respectively. The tensile
test was performed under ASTM D638 standards. The dimensions
of the test specimen had been taken as 145
20
4 mm (Fig. 1)
[34]. ANSYS 15.0 was utilized for preparing samples of composite
mixture and results of FEA were also carried out on ANSYS 15.0.
4.1.1. Conditions and loads
Material properties have been taken as linearly isotropic. The
layup of the layers has been made in the form of 7 layers stacked
Fig. 5. Equivalent Stress for sample 2 using tensile test.
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Materials Today: Proceedings 50 (2022) 1265–1274
above each other. Finite element meshing has been done on the
specimen. On one end of the specimen, fixed support has been
applied, whereas on the other end a tensile load has been applied.
The results corresponding to total deformation and equivalent
(von-mises) stress have been calculated for all three specimens.
The total deformation was found to increase, as the content of
kenaf fibres was seen to increase in the different composite sam-
ples, indicating increased tensile behaviour as shown in Fig. 2,
Fig. 4, and Fig. 6 in comparison to banana reinforced epoxy com-
posites [34]. The tensile strength of kenaf fibres is proven to be
high also on basis of available literature [21]. Also, the equivalent
(von-mises) stress was found to increase, as the content of kenaf
fibres was increased in the samples as shown in Fig. 3, Fig. 5, and
Fig. 7.
4.2. Flexural test
A total of three flexural test specimens of the specified dimen-
sions as stated above were prepared and tested. The specimens
contained varying percentages of kenaf and coir content ranging
from 12.5% to 37.5% respectively. A flexural test had been per-
formed under the ASTM D790 standards (Fig. 8). The dimensions
of the test specimen had been taken as 60
10
4 mm [34]. This
specimen was made to restrict at both left–right ends, by apply-
ing for fixed support at both the ends. A force of 20 KN was
applied at the centre of the specimen to deform it flexurally.
ANSYS 15.0 was utilized for preparing samples of kenaf-coir com-
posite mixture and results of FEA were also carried out on ANSYS
15.0.
The results corresponding to total deformation and equivalent
(von-mises) stress were calculated for all three specimens. The
S. Parashar and V.K. Chawla Materials Today: Proceedings 50 (2022) 1265–1274

Fig. 6. Total Deformation for sample 3 using tensile test.

Fig. 7. Equivalent Stress for sample 3 using tensile test.

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S. Parashar and V.K. Chawla
Fig. 8. Flexural Test Specimen under ASTM D790.
Fig. 9. Total Deformation for sample 1 using flexural test.
total deformation was found to decrease, as the content of kenaf
fibers was seen to increase in the different composite samples,
indicating increased toughness behaviour as shown in Fig. 9,
Fig. 10, and Fig. 11. Therefore, the flexural strength was found to
increase by increasing the content of kenaf fibres in the composite
sample.
After carrying out the finite element modelling and load analy-
sis on ANSYS software, the solutions obtained by the test are illus-
trated below in Table 1.
5. Conclusion
The current research was intended in order to track down an
interpretive and analytical relation among the varying fiber vol-
ume rate and different mechanical characteristics, utilizing an
information-driven method. The mechanical tests like tensile and
flexural tests were executed utilizing the finite element method
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Materials Today: Proceedings 50 (2022) 1265–1274
technique. The solutions and observations from the test were cor-
related between the three specimens prepared and were also
approved from the past study which was discovered to comply
with one another subsequently demonstrating the unwavering
quality of the results.
1. Applying the Rule of Hybrid mixtures, it was found that the
Elastic Modulus of the green composite was brought into being
to increase concerning the increment of the concentration of
kenaf fibers in the kenaf-coir composite samples from 12.5%
to 25% to 37.5%, in comparison to a sample of Coir fiber
composite.
2. During the tensile test on ANSYS, the total deformation was
found to increase, as the content of kenaf fibers was seen to
increase in the different composite samples, indicating
increased tensile behaviour of kenaf fibers in the kenaf-coir
hybrid composite.
S. Parashar and V.K. Chawla Materials Today: Proceedings 50 (2022) 1265–1274

Fig. 10. Total Deformation for sample 2 using flexural test.

Fig. 11. Total Deformation for sample 3 using flexural test.

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S. Parashar and V.K. Chawla
Table 1
Results of Flexural and Tensile Test.
S. No Test Properties
1. Tensile Test Equivalent Stress (Von-Mises)
Total Deformation
2. Flexural Test Equivalent Stress
3. The equivalent (von-mises) stress was found to increase, as the
kenaf fibers content was advanced in the samples in correlation
to a composite made up of Coir composite.
4. During the flexural test, the total deformation was found to
decrease, as the content of kenaf fibers was seen to increase
in the different composite samples, indicating increased tough-
ness behaviour.
Good load-bearing qualities make kenaf-coir fiber-supported
green composite appropriate for normal utilities. The patterns
inferred from the results may be utilized in examining and opti-
mizing the attributes of green composite natural materials for
forthcoming prospects. The outcomes appear consistent to past
investigations encompassed; nonetheless, test approval of the
model will be an exploration road.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Shikha Parashar: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation.
V.K. Chawla: Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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