No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

TABLE OF CONTENTS MPIF Standard 35

Materials Standards
for PM Structural Parts

Issued 1965
Revised 1974, 1976, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2007

Scope
MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying powder met-
allurgy (PM) materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. This section of Standard 35 deals with con-
ventional PM materials for structural parts. It does not apply to materials for PM self-lubricating bearings, powder forged (P/F) or metal
injection molded (MIM) products which are covered in separate editions of MPIF Standard 35. The same materials may appear in more
than one section of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g., some structural materials may also be used in bearing appli-
cations and vice versa. Each section of this standard is divided into subsections based on the various types of PM materials in com-
mon commercial use within that section. Notes at the beginning of each subsection discuss the characteristics of that material.
The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They are
designed to eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in selecting and
obtaining the proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect preclude any member or
non-member of MPIF from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not included in MPIF Standards.
Other such materials may be commercially available.
By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does MPIF undertake to
ensure anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such liability.
Neither MPIF nor any of its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In addi-
tion, MPIF does not accept any liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement of any
minimum or typical values by any supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance with any
Standard.
MPIF Standards are subject to periodic review and may be revised. Users are cautioned to refer to the latest edition. New,
approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF Website. Between published editions, go to
www.mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.
Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree
on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selection, chemical
composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes, that may affect the part application.

No part of this publication may be repro-

duced, stored in a retrieval system, or Published by
transmitted, in any form or by any means, Metal Powder Industries Federation
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, 105 College Road East
recording or otherwise, without the prior Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6692 U.S.A.
permission of the publisher. Tel: (609) 452-7700
© Copyright 2007 Fax: (609) 987-8523
ISBN No. 0-9762057-8-5 E-mail: info@mpif.org Website: www.mpif.org

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35 - 2007
Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts
Explanatory Notes and Definitions
Minimum Value Concept
The Metal Powder Industries Federation has adopted
the concept of minimum strength values for PM materials
for use in a structural application. These strength values
may be used in designing for a PM part application. It
should be noted that the powder metallurgy process offers
equivalent minimum tensile strength values over a wide
range of materials. It is seen as an advantage of the
process that equivalent strengths can be developed by
varying chemical composition, particle configuration, den-
sity and/or processing techniques.
As an aid to the user in selecting materials, in addition
to minimum strength values, typical values for other prop-
erties are listed. This makes it possible for the user to
select and specify the exact PM material and properties
most suitable for a specific application. The data provided
define values for listed materials and display typical
mechanical properties achieved under commercial manu-
facturing procedures. Physical and mechanical property
performance characteristics may be changed by the use
of processing steps beyond those designated in this stan-
dard. To select a material optimum in both properties and
cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application
be discussed with the PM parts manufacturer.
Minimum Value
For structural PM materials in the as-sintered condition
the minimum value is expressed in terms of the yield
strength (0.2% offset method) in thousand pounds per
square inch (103 psi) or megapascals (MPa).
For structural PM materials in the heat treated condition
(quenched and tempered), the minimum value expressed
is ultimate tensile strength in thousand pounds per square
inch (103 psi) or megapascals (MPa). When PM materials
are heat treated, tensile properties and hardness
increase; nevertheless, the failure mode is such that 0.2%
offset yield points are not always attainable. The yield and
ultimate tensile strengths are therefore approximately the
same for heat treated materials. (See Heat Treatment
and Sinter Hardening page 3).
For soft-magnetic materials the maximum value is
expressed in terms of the coercive field in oersteds x 10.
The tensile properties utilized for establishing this
Standard were obtained from tensile specimens prepared
specifically for evaluating PM materials. Tensile properties
of specimens machined from commercial parts may vary
from those obtained from individual specimens prepared
specifically for evaluating PM materials.
2
(See MPIF Standard 10 for additional details on tensile
test specimens.)
What “Minimum Value” Means When
Specifying a PM Material
The recommended method of demonstrating minimum
strength values is through the use of a static or dynamic
proof test (see Proof Testing page 6) by the manufactur-
er and the purchaser using the first production lot of parts
and a mutually agreed upon method of stressing the part.
For example, from the design of a given part, it is agreed
that the breaking load should be greater than a given
force. If that force is exceeded in proof tests, the minimum
strength is demonstrated. The first lot of parts can also be
tested in service and demonstrated to be acceptable. The
static or dynamic load to fracture is determined separate-
ly and these data are analyzed statistically to determine a
minimum breaking force for future production lots.
Exceeding that minimum force on future lots is proof that
the specified strength has been met.
Acceptable strength can also be demonstrated on tensile
or transverse rupture test specimens. These should be of
the same lot of material, have the same density as the
parts themselves and should be sintered and heat treated
along with the production parts. This method becomes less
reliable when the parts are much larger than the test spec-
imens. If transverse rupture test specimens are selected as
the evaluating medium, manufacturer and purchaser must
agree on minimum values because these may be lower
than the typical values shown in the tables of data.
The least desirable method for demonstrating a minimum
property is to machine a test specimen from the part itself.
This is particularly difficult with small or heat treated parts.
If this method is to be used, manufacturer and purchas-
er must agree on the location from which the test speci-
men will be removed. This is necessary because density
and strength can vary from point to point in a complex PM
multi-level part. The tensile data reported in this specifica-
tion are based on a 0.190 inch (4.83 mm) diameter gauge
section, 1.0 inch (25.4 mm) long for hardened specimens,
and 0.140 inch (3.56 mm) thick as-pressed specimens as
per Figure 1 in MPIF Standard 10 for as-sintered values.
If other sizes are used, it must be demonstrated separate-
ly that equivalent results are obtained.
Utilization of MPIF Standard 35 to specify a PM materi-
al means that unless the purchaser and manufacturer
have agreed otherwise, the material will have the mini-
mum value specified in the Standard. It is understood that
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
if a test specimen is used to determine this value it shall
have the dimensions and other characteristics determined
by the manufacturer and prepared specifically for evaluat-
ing such material under conditions equivalent to those
used in the manufacture of the part.
(See Material Properties beginning on page 10.)
Typical Value
For each PM material listed, a set of typical values is
shown for properties in addition to strength, e.g., density,
hardness, elongation, etc., some or all of which may be
important for a specific application. Typical values at the
densities shown were determined by interpolation and
extrapolation of graphs of average mechanical properties
versus density. The mechanical property data were
derived from interlaboratory studies for the sintering and
heat-treating of test bars under commercial conditions.
The typical values are listed for general guidance
only. They should not be considered minimum values.
While achievable through normal manufacturing process-
ing, they may vary somewhat depending upon the area of
the component chosen for evaluation, or the specific man-
ufacturing process utilized. Those properties listed under
the “typical value section” for each material which are
required by the purchaser should be discussed thorough-
ly with the PM parts manufacturer before establishing the
specification. Required property values, other than those
expressed as minimum, should be separately specified for
each PM part, based on its intended use.
Chemical Composition
The chemical composition table for each material lists
the principal elements by minimum and maximum mass
percentage. “Other elements” include the total other ele-
ments and is reported as a maximum percentage. These
may include other minor elements added for specific pur-
poses. The chemical composition table for each material
specifies the basic material before any oil impregnation,
resin impregnation, steam treating or other such process
has taken place.
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical property data indicate the minimum and typ-
ical properties that may be expected from test specimens
conforming to the density and chemical composition
criteria listed. It should be understood that mechanical
properties used in this Standard were derived from indi-
vidual test specimens prepared specifically for material
evaluation and sintered under commercial production
conditions. The impact energy (unnotched Charpy) and
transverse rupture strength data were derived from
standard test specimens designed for this purpose. (See
MPIF Standards 40 and 41 for additional details.)
Hardness values of heat treated specimens are given
first as apparent hardness and second, when available,
as microindentation hardness values. Microindentation
3
MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
hardness values shown as Rockwell C were converted
from 100 g load (0.981 N) Knoop microindentation hardness
measurements. (See MPIF Standard 51.)
Heat Treatment
Ferrous PM parts containing 0.3% or higher combined
carbon can be quench-hardened and tempered for
increased strength, hardness and wear resistance. The
percentages of carbon and other alloying elements
effectively combined in the material and its density, deter-
mine the degree of hardening possible for any given
quench condition. Microindentation hardness values of
650 HK 100 g (56 HRC) and higher can be obtained by
quench hardening.
The recommended procedure for heat treatment and/ or
carburization of ferrous PM parts is with a gas type atmos-
phere or vacuum. The use of liquid salts is not recom-
mended because of the possibility of surface absorption
and subsequent bleed-out of the salts and internal corro-
sion. Low density parts may carburize throughout while
higher density parts (7.0 g/cm3 or higher) may develop a
carburized case. Process control is necessary to ensure
that specified carbon levels are maintained.
(See MPIF Standard 52 for additional details.)
Tempering or stress relief is required after quenching for
maximum strength and durability; typically one (1) hour at
temperature per 1 in. (25.4 mm) of section thickness. A
compromise between hardness and such properties as
impact energy is necessary because the tempering tem-
perature to achieve surface hardness will not necessarily
provide optimum strength properties. The tempering tem-
perature is a major factor in determining final hardness.
Sinter Hardening
Some PM materials may, in effect, be quench hardened
during the cooling cycle following sintering; this is known
as sinter hardening. This is especially the case with preal-
loyed nickel, molybdenum and manganese steels contain-
ing admixed copper. It is also true for martensitic stainless
steels. Tempering or stress relief after hardening is
required for maximum strength and durability.
Surface Finish
The overall finish and surface reflectivity of PM materials
depends on density, tool condition and secondary opera-
tions. Conventional profilometer readings give an erroneous
impression of surface finish because a different surface
condition exists from that found on the machined or ground
surfaces of wrought materials. Conventional readings take
into account the peaks and valleys of machined surfaces,
while PM parts have a series of very smooth surfaces that
are interrupted with varying sized pores.
Effective surface smoothness of PM components
compares favorably with ground or ground and polished
surfaces of wrought and cast components. Surface finish
can be improved further by secondary operations such as
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
repressing, honing, burnishing or grinding. The surface
finish requirements and methods of determination must be
established by mutual agreement between purchaser and
producer, considering end use of the part. (See MPIF
Standard 58 for additional details.)
Microstructure
The examination of the microstructure of a PM part can
serve as a diagnostic tool and reveal the degree of sinter-
ing and other metallurgical information critical to the pow-
der metallurgy process. There are several observations
common to most sintered materials, as described briefly
below. Comments on specific materials will be found in the
subsections devoted to those particular materials.
In selecting a section of a PM part for microstructural
analysis, an interior plane, parallel to the pressing direc-
tion is preferred for mounting and polishing. Coarse and
fine polishing should be continued until all of the pores are
opened to view and the area fraction of porosity repre-
sents the density of the part. For example, an 80% dense
part should show 20% of its area as pores.
Parts with interconnected porosity can be impregnated
with liquid epoxy during preparation of the specimen for
microstructural examination. This will help prevent distor-
tion of the voids during grinding or polishing.
Sintered parts are always examined first in the unetched
condition. In an average sinter there will be very few or no
original particle boundaries seen at 200X. The more
rounded the pores, the higher the strength, ductility and
impact resistance.
For mixes of iron and carbon with low nickel and copper
content, the approximate carbon content can be estimated
by the area fraction of pearlite. For an iron-copper carbon
alloy with less than 5% copper, one hundred percent
pearlite corresponds to approximately 0.8% combined car-
bon. Lesser amounts of pearlite mean proportionally less
carbon. In nickel steels, even with only 2 to 4% by mass of
nickel, the nickel-rich areas occupy a substantial area
fraction. These should be discounted in estimating the
area fraction of pearlite. The nickel-rich areas should not
be confused with ferrite. Loss of surface carbon is gener-
ally to be avoided because of the lower hardness and
wear resistance. If a part is to have 0.6-0.9% carbon,
decarburization is indicated if a surface layer measures
less than 0.6% carbon. Minor amounts of surface decar-
burization are seldom a problem but if the layer is deeper
than 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) it may be necessary to prove
that function has not been impaired. (See ASTM E 1077
for measuring the depth of decarburization.)
Heat treated ferrous parts generally show a mixture of
martensite and fine pearlite. This is particularly true for the
PM nickel and carbon steels that are of low hardenability.
The maximum tensile strength has been found to occur in
parts with 10% to 35% fine pearlite. The prealloyed steels
usually show all martensite because of their greater hard-
4
enability. The formation of a carbide network embrittles
the martensite in a hardened part and is generally
to be avoided. Minor amounts of carbide in the outer
0.005 inch (0.13 mm) of parts usually cause no problem.
Minor amounts of retained austenite toughen the marten-
sitic structure and usually cause no problem. Higher per-
centages are generally avoided because retained austen-
ite can transform to brittle martensite in service.
In preparing PM specimens for microstructural examina-
tion, the following etchants and procedures are recom-
mended. Ferrous parts containing carbon are generally
etched in 2% nital or concentrated picral. Austenitic stain-
less steel may be etched in glyceregia (10 mL HNO3, 20 mL
HCI, 30 mL glycerine) by swabbing for one to two minutes.
Discard the solution after 30 minutes. Marble’s reagent
may also be used (10 grams Cu2SO4, 50 mL HCI, 50 mL
H2O). Swab 5 to 60 seconds. To develop grain boundaries
in small grain clusters in bronze, etch by swabbing for 10
to 20 seconds in a mixture of 2 grams of K2Cr2O7, 4 mL of
concentrated NaCl solution, 8 mL of H2SO4, 100 mL of
H2O. To develop a red color in copper-rich regions in
bronze, etch by swabbing 10 to 20 seconds in 4% FeCl3
and H2O. For etching brasses, swab for 20 seconds in a
solution of 5 mL of NH4OH, three drops of H2O2, 5 mL of
H2O. This solution is unstable and should be replaced after
20 minutes of usage. The K2Cr2O7 solution may also be
used on nickel silver.
PM Material Code Designation
The PM material code designation or identifying code in
the case of structural PM parts defines a specific material
as to chemical composition and minimum strength
expressed in 103 psi. For example, FC-0208-60 is a PM
copper steel material containing nominal 2% copper and
0.8% combined carbon possessing a minimum yield
strength of 60 X 103 psi (60,000 psi) (410 MPa) in the as-
sintered condition.
A coding system offers a convenient means for desig-
nating both the chemical composition and minimum
strength value of any standard PM material. It is based on
the system established by the industry with the addition of
a two-or three-digit suffix representing minimum strength
in place of a suffix letter indicating density range. The
density is given for each standard material as one of the
typical values.
Code designations in this Standard and revisions there-
of apply only to PM materials for which MPIF Standards
have been adopted. In order to avoid confusion, the MPIF
coding system is intended for use only with such materials
and should not be used to create non-standard materials.
The explanatory notes, property values, and other contents
of this Standard have no application to any other materials.
In the coding system, the prefix letters denote the gen-
eral type of material. For example, the prefix “CT” repre-
sents copper (C) and tin (T) which is known as bronze.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition

Prefix Letter Code NOTE: When a clear pearlite to ferrite ratio cannot be
A Aluminum FX Copper-Infiltrated determined metallographically, such as with heat treated
C Copper Iron or Steel steels and materials made from prealloyed base powders
CT Bronze FY Iron Phosphorus or diffusion-alloyed powders, then determination of com-
CNZ Nickel Silver G Free graphite bined carbon by normal metallographic methods is not
CZ Brass M Manganese practical. It is recommended that the carbon content of
F Iron N Nickel these materials should be reported as total carbon using
FC Iron-Copper or Copper Steel P Lead the combustion method (ASTM E 1019). The test method
FD Diffusion-Alloyed Steel S Silicon used should be identified in the report and identified as
FF Soft-Magnetic Iron SS Stainless Steel metallurgically combined carbon or total carbon. While
FL Prealloyed Ferrous (prealloyed) total carbon will approximate the combined carbon in
material except T Tin many materials, free graphite and other carbonaceous
Stainless Steel U Sulfur material will raise the total carbon content above the level
FN Iron-Nickel or Nickel Steel Y Phosphorus of combined carbon, possibly causing the total carbon
FS Iron Silicon Z Zinc content to exceed the combined carbon level specified for
the material.
Prefix and Numeric Code
Illustration of PM ferrous material designation coding:
The numeric code following the prefix letter code refer to
the composition of the material. % Major Alloying Minimum
In nonferrous materials, the first two numbers in the Element Yield Strength
PM Nickel Steel: FN 02 05 35
numeric code designate the percentage of the major alloy-
Basic Element % Combined Carbon
ing constituent. The last two numbers of the numeric code
designate the percentage of the minor alloying constitutent.
In the case of PM stainless steels and PM prealloyed
For improved machinability lead is sometimes the third
low-alloy steels, the numeric code is replaced with a des-
alloying element in a nonferrous alloy system. Lead will
ignation derived from modifications of the American Iron
only be indicated by the letter “P” in the prefix. The per-
and Steel Institute alloy coding system, e.g., SS-316L-15,
centage of lead or any other minor alloying element that is
FL-4605-100HT.
excluded from the numeric code is represented in the
When a prealloyed steel powder is modified with
“Chemical Composition” that appears with each standard
elemental additions to create a hybrid low-alloy steel or a
material.
sinter-hardened steel, an alpha-numeric designator is used,
Illustration of PM nonferrous material designation coding: e.g. FLN-4205-40, FLN2-4405-12HT or FLN4C-4005-60.
If the base prealloyed composition has been modified
% Major Alloying Minimum
Element Yield Strength (slight change to increase or decrease one or two elements)
PM Nickel Silver: CNZP 18 16 13 then a numeric designator will be added to the material
Basic Element % Minor Alloying
Element
designation code immediately after the first two digits for the
prealloyed grade, e.g., FLC-48108-50HT.
In ferrous materials, the major alloying elements (except As with other PM materials, the suffix number denotes
combined carbon) are included in the prefix letter code. the specified minimum strength value expressed in 103 psi.
Other elements are excluded from the code but are repre- In the case of soft-magnetic alloys, the phosphorus con-
sented in the “Chemical Composition” that appears with taining irons are treated differently, since the amount of
each Standard material. The first two digits of the numer- phosphorus is usually less than 1%. To indicate more
ic code indicate the percentage of the major alloying con- accurately the nominal amount of phosphorus the code
stituent present. takes the nominal percent phosphorus, multiplies by 100
Combined carbon content in ferrous materials is desig- and uses this number for the first two digits in the code.
nated by the last two digits in the numeric code. The indi- The last two digits remain “00” since no carbon is required.
vidual chemical composition tables show limits of carbon For example, the iron-0.45% phosphorus alloy would be
content for each alloy. designated as: FY-4500.
The range of carbon that is metallurgically combined is
indicated by the coding system. The combined carbon Suffix Digit Code
level can be estimated metallographically for sintered PM The two- or three-digit suffix represents the minimum
steels that have a well defined ferrite/pearlite microstruc- strength value, expressed in 103 psi, that the user can
ture. For compositions with very low allowable carbon lev- expect from the PM material possessing that chemical com-
els (< 0.08 %) total carbon determined analytically (ASTM position. In the as-sintered condition the strength is tensile
E 1019) is the recommended method. yield; in the heat treated condition, it is ultimate tensile.
(See Minimum Value page 2.)

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition

Examples of PM Material Designation Coding

Complete Code for Material, Composition
Material Compositions by Percent & Minimum Strength (103 psi)
PM Bronze Cu-90, Sn-10 CT-1000-13
PM Nickel Silver Cu-64, Ni-18, Zn-18 CNZ-1818-17
PM Nickel Silver Cu-64, Ni-18, Zn-16, Pb-2 CNZP-1816-13
PM Brass Cu-90, Zn-10 CZ-1000-11
PM Brass Cu-78, Zn-20, Pb-2 CZP-2002-12
As-sintered Heat Treated
PM Iron Fe, 99, C-0.2 F-0000-20 —
PM Steel Fe, 98, C-0.8 F-0008-35 F-0008-85HT
PM Copper Steel Fe, 96, Cu-2, C-0.8 FC-0208-60 FC-0208-95HT
PM Nickel Steel Fe, 96, Ni-2, C-0.5 FN-0205-35 FN-0205-180HT
PM Infiltrated Iron Fe, 78, Cu-20 FX-2000-25 —
PM Infiltrated Steel Fe, 77, Cu-20, C-0.8 FX-2008-60 FX-2008-90HT
PM Phosphorus Iron Fe, P-0.45 FY-4500-20W
PM Stainless Steel (austenitic) AISI 316 (modified) SS-316N1-25 —
PM Stainless Steel (martensitic) AISI 410 (modified) SS-410-90HT
PM 4600 Steel (prealloyed) AISI 4600 (modified), C-0.5 FL-4605-45 FL-4605-140HT
PM 4200 Steel (hybrid low-alloy) AISI 4200 (modified), Ni-1.5, C-0.5 FLN-4205-40 FLN-4205-105HT

Suffix Letter Code aspects be subjects of discussion between the manufac-

When the code designation “HT” appears after the suf-
fix digits it is understood that the PM material specified has
been quench hardened and tempered and that the
strength represented is ultimate tensile in 103 psi.
In the case of the soft-magnetic alloys the suffix does
NOT designate yield or tensile strength, but rather the
maximum coercive field (10 times the value in oersteds)
and an alphabetic designator for the minimum density
as follows:
Minimum
Designator Density (g/cm3)
U 6.5
V 6.7
W 6.9
X 7.1
Y 7.3
Z 7.4
For example, a pure iron material at a minimum density
of 6.9 g/cm3 and coercive field of 2.3 Oe would be desig-
nated as F-0000-23W. The iron-0.45% phosphorus alloy
at a 7.1 g/cm3 minimum density and coercive field of
2.0 Oe would be designated as FY-4500-20X.
Grade Selection
Before a particular grade of material can be selected, a
careful analysis is required of the design of the part and its
end use, including dimensional tolerances and an analysis
of part design versus tool design. In addition, the final
property requirement of the finished part should be con-
sidered, e.g., static and dynamic loading, corrosion resis-
tance, wear resistance, machinability, brazability, pres-
sure tightness and any other requirements pertinent to the
application. It is recommended that all of the above
turer and the purchaser prior to the final grade selection.
(See Powder Metallurgy Design Manual published by
the Metal Powder Industries Federation.)
Proof Testing
It is highly recommended that a proof test and/or
destructive test method be established between the pur-
chaser and the PM parts manufacturer to ensure that the
actual PM part meets the intent of the design. If possible,
this test should be related to the actual function of the part,
e.g., gear tooth break load, crush test, pull test, etc. It may
require a special fixture or sub-assembly for use by both
the PM parts manufacturer and the purchaser. Estab-
lishment of values should be determined by actual testing
of production lots. It is recommended that such tests
supplement the material specification designated on the
engineering drawing.
Chemical Analysis
The chemical composition of PM materials is deter-
mined by standard analytical test methods, such as optical
emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy,
inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, X-ray fluores-
cence, or titration/gavimetric (see ASTM standards
for appropriate test methods). For the elements carbon,
nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur the ASTM E 1019 test method
describes appropriate combustion-infra-red absorption
and inert gas fusion methods. The carbon method of
ASTM E 1019 determines total carbon content, that may
include both metallurgically combined carbon (in steel) as
well as free carbon (such as soot, oil or graphite).
Metallurgically combined carbon can be estimated metal-
lographically for sintered structural steels with a micro-

6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
structure of ferrite and pearlite. For compositions with very
low allowable carbon levels (< 0.08 %) total carbon is the
recommended method. If chemical composition is critical
to the product application then identification of the appro-
priate analytical test method should be agreed upon by the
manufacturer and purchaser during contract review.
Density
Density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter
(g/cm3). “Dry density” is the mass per unit volume of an
unimpregnated PM part. “Wet density” is the mass per unit
volume of a PM part impregnated with oil or other non-
metallic materials. Normally, density of structural compo-
nents is reported on a dry basis and density of bearings on
a fully impregnated basis.
A method commonly used is as follows:
Aρw Aρw
D = ________ = ________
B-C+E B - (C-E)
Where:
D = density, in grams per cubic centimeter,
A = mass of the unimpregnated sample in air, in grams,
B = mass of the oil impregnated sample in air, in grams,
C = mass of the oil impregnated sample immersed
in water, in grams, and
E = mass (tare) of suspending wire or basket, in
water, in grams.
ρw = density of water at test temperature, in grams
per cubic centimeter.
Note 1. Mass A, B and C shall be determined to within
0.1 percent.
Note 2. The effect of the surface tension of water in
weighing the test sample should be minimized
by the addition of a wetting agent to the water
in the amount of 0.05 to 0.1 volume percent.
Note 3. Water density may usually be approximated as 1
gram per cubic centimeter; at usual 66 ˚F-
72 ˚F (19 ˚C-22 ˚C) test temperatures, a density of
0.998 grams per cubic centimeter is more precise.
(See MPIF Standard 42 for additional details.)
Density, and therefore mechanical properties, may vary
within a PM part. The location of critical areas should be
identified on the engineering drawing.
Transverse Rupture Strength
Transverse rupture strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa),
is the stress, calculated from the bending strength formu-
la, required to break a specimen of a given dimension. The
specimen is supported near the ends with a load applied
midway between the fixed centerline of the supports. From
the value of the break load, the transverse rupture
strength can be calculated as follows:
3 X P X L x ____
1
S = _________
2 X T X W 1000
2
7
MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
Where:
S = transverse rupture strength, in 103 psi (MPa),
P = break load in pounds (N),
L = distance between the supporting members of the
test fixture, in inches (mm) (usually 1.000 inch)
(25.4 mm),
T = thickness of the piece in inches (mm), and
W = width of the piece, in inches (mm).
This strength formula is strictly valid only for non-ductile
materials; nevertheless, it is widely used for materials that
bend before fracture, and is useful for establishing com-
parative strengths. Data for such materials are included as
typical properties in this Standard.
(See MPIF Standard 41 for additional details.)
Impact Energy
Impact energy, measured in foot-pounds (J), is a mea-
surement of the energy absorbed in fracturing a specimen
with a single blow. The unnotched Charpy specimen is
most commonly used in powder metallurgy.
(See MPIF Standard 40 for additional details.)
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Ultimate tensile strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is
the ability of a test specimen to resist fracture when a
pulling force is applied in a direction parallel to its longitu-
dinal axis. It is equal to the maximum load divided by the
original cross-sectional area.
(See MPIF Standard 10 for additional details.)
Yield Strength
Yield strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is the load at
which a material exhibits a 0.2% offset from proportionali-
ty on a stress-strain curve in tension divided by the origi-
nal cross-sectional area.
(See MPIF Standard 10 for additional details.)
Elongation
Elongation (plastic), expressed as a percentage of the
original gauge length (usually 1.0 in.) (25.4 mm), is based
on measuring the increase in gauge length after the frac-
ture, providing the fracture takes place within the gauge
length. Elongation can also be measured with a break-
away extensometer on the tensile specimen. The record-
ed stress strain curve displays total elongation (elastic and
plastic). The elastic strain at the 0.2% yield strength
must be subtracted from the total elongation to give the
plastic elongation.
Compressive Yield Strength
Compressive yield strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa),
is the stress at which a material exhibits a specified per-
manent set. The 0.1% permanent offset was measured
utilizing a clip-on extensometer on a 0.375 inch (9.53 mm)
diameter by 1.05 inch (26.7 mm) long specimen.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
For certain heat treated steels listed in the data tables,
the hardenability of the alloy is not sufficient to completely
through-harden the 0.375 inch (9.53 mm) diameter test
specimen. Due to variation in hardenability among the heat
treated steels listed in the data tables, the compressive
yield strength data are appropriate only for 0.375 inch
(9.53 mm) sections. Typically, smaller cross sections have
higher compressive yield strengths and larger sections
somewhat lower strengths due to the hardenability
response. Since the cross section of the tensile yield test
specimen is smaller than the compressive yield specimen
a direct correspondence between tensile and compressive
yield strength data is not possible.
Shear Strength
The yield strength in shear for a limited number of PM
steel alloys (both sintered and heat treated) was determined
using a hollow torsional specimen. The results found the
shear yield equal to 55% of the tensile yield for these mate-
rials, confirming the established ratio for wrought steels.
Macrohardness (Apparent)
The hardness value of a PM part when using a conven-
tional indentation hardness tester is referred to as “appar-
ent hardness” because it represents a combination of
matrix hardness plus the effect of porosity. Apparent hard-
ness measures the resistance to indentation or brinelling.
Following is a recommended procedure for measuring the
apparent hardness of a PM material:
A. Specify a region for evaluation.
B. Remove any burrs that might affect the indentation hard-
ness reading both on indentor and support surfaces.
C. Obtain a minimum of five hardness readings per part,
eliminating gross anomalies.
D. Average the readings.
E. Report the average results to the nearest whole
number.
Because of possible density variations in a finished
PM part, the location of critical apparent hardness
measurements should be specified on the engineering
drawing of the purchased part. The manufacturer and
purchaser should agree on the hardness, the measuring
procedure, and the hardness scale, e.g., HRB or HRC, for
each part tested. Also, because of the effect of possible
void closure as a result of polishing or machining, on hard-
ness readings, the surface condition should be specified
and agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser.
(See MPIF Standard 43 for additional details.)
Microindentation Hardness
Microindentation hardness is determined by utilizing
Knoop (HK) or Vickers (HV) indentors with a microinden-
tation hardness tester. It measures the true hardness of
the structure by eliminating the effect of porosity, and thus
is a measure of resistance to abrasive and adhesive wear.
Microindentation hardness measurements are convertible
8
to equivalent Rockwell hardness values for comparison
with other materials.
Care should be taken in converting Knoop to HRC
because the conversion chart listed in ASTM E 140 is
based on a 500 gf load, while the recommended load for a
PM material is 100 gf. A description of the microstructure
must be reported. The specimen shall be polished to reveal
the porosity and lightly etched to view the phases in the
microstructure and to determine where to place the hard-
ness indentation. If the indentor strikes an undisclosed
pore, the diamond mark will exhibit curved edges and the
reading must be discarded. Since the data tend to be scat-
tered compared with pore-free material, it is recommended
that a minimum of 5 indentations be made, anomalous
readings discarded, and an average taken of the remainder.
(See MPIF Standard 51 for additional details.)
Fatigue Limit and Fatigue Strength
Fatigue strength, expressed in units of 103 psi (MPa), is
the maximum alternating stress that can be sustained for
a specific number of cycles without failure, the stress
being reversed with each cycle unless otherwise stated.
The number of cycles survived should be stated with each
strength listed. The fatigue limit is the stress sustainable
for an indefinite number of cycles, and no cycle number is
given. For PM ferrous materials, like wrought ferrous
materials, fatigue strengths of 107 cycles duration using
smooth, unnotched specimens on R. R. Moore testing
machines are considered to be sustainable indefinitely
and are therefore stated as fatigue limits (also termed
endurance limits). By contrast, nonferrous PM materials
do not have 107 cycle maximum fatigue strengths sustain-
able for indefinite times and therefore these stress limits
remain as simply the 107 cycle fatigue strengths. The
fatigue limits in this standard were generated through sta-
tistical analysis of rotating bending fatigue strength data.
Due to the limited number of data points available for the
analysis, these fatigue limits were determined as the 90%
survival stress, i.e. the fatigue stress at which 90% of the
test specimens survived 107 cycles.
Elastic Constants
Data for the elastic constants in this standard were
generated from resonant frequency testing. An equation
relating the three elastic constants is:
E
ν = ___ –1
2G
Young’s Modulus (E)
Young’s modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is the ratio
of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or com-
pressive stresses below the proportional limit of the material.
Shear Modulus (G)
Shear modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is the ratio
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition

of shear stress to corresponding shear strain below the

proportional limit of the material.

Poisson’s Ratio (ν)

Poisson’s ratio is the absolute value of the ratio of trans-
verse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting
from uniformly distributed axial stress below the propor-
tional limit of the material.

Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This standard includes four characteristic properties of
soft-magnetic materials, measured under DC magnetiza-
tion conditions. These properties are illustrated in the
graph and described below:
Bm is the maximum magnetic induction measured in the
material at a specific magnetizing field. For this standard
the Bm value was measured at a field of 15 Oe.
Br is the remnant magnetic induction that remains in the Idealized Magnetic Hysteresis Curve
material after the magnetizing field has been reduced to Reference: Soft Magnetism, Fundamentals for Powder Metallurgy and
zero from the maximum applied field. Metal Injection Molding, Chaman Lall, Metal Powder Industries
Federation, 1992, p. 11.
Hc is the coercive field strength or magnetic field remain-
ing in the material when the magnetic induction has been
decreased to zero. Comparable Standards
µmax is the maximum slope of the initial magnetization Standards for powder metallurgy structural and soft-
curve. magnetic parts have been issued by both ASTM and ISO.
The ASTM standards for structural parts were adapted
SI Units (See page 58.) from MPIF Standard 35 and use the MPIF nomenclature
Data were determined in inch-pound units and converted system. The ISO standards provide information on various
to SI units in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10. powder metallurgy materials.
ASTM B 783 Standard Specification for Materials for
Engineering Information (See page 59.)
Ferrous Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Structural
Hardenability Parts
See page 60. ASTM B 823 Standard Specification for Materials for
Nonferrous Powder Metallurgy (P/M)
Axial Fatigue Structural Parts
See page 62. ASTM A 811 Standard Specification for Soft Magnetic Iron
Parts Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy (P/M)
Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) Techniques
See page 63. ASTM A 839 Standard Specification for Iron-Phosphorus
Machinability Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Parts for Soft
See page 64. Magnetic Applications
ASTM A 904 Standard Specification for 50 Nickel-50 Iron
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Soft Magnetic Parts
See page 65. ISO 5755 Sintered Metal Materials-Specifications
IEC 404-8-9 Standard Specification for Soft Magnetic
Fracture Toughness Materials
See page 65.

Corrosion Resistance Additional PM materials and properties are under

See page 66. development. When available, data will be published in
subsequent editions of this standard.
Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials New, approved materials and property data may be
See page 67. posted periodically on the MPIF Website. Between pub-
lished editions, go to www.mpif.org to access data that
Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.
See page 70.

9
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Iron and Carbon Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
elemental iron powders that are essentially free of other
alloying elements except carbon.
Material Characteristics
These materials are manufactured by pressing and sin-
tering iron powder with or without graphite additions to
introduce carbon. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3
or more, it may be reached by pressing, presintering,
repressing and sintering.
Application
Unalloyed PM iron (F-0000) materials are typically used
for lightly loaded structural applications and also for struc-
tural parts requiring self-lubrication when strength is not
critical. At high densities, unalloyed iron is used for soft-
magnetic applications. (See pages 32 and 56.)
PM carbon steel (F-0005) materials are used primarily
where moderate strength and hardness combined with
machinability (drilling, tapping, lathe turning, milling, etc.)
are desired.
PM steels with higher carbon content (F-0008) are used
when loading is moderate. F-0008 is more difficult to
machine than F-0005. F-0008 and F-0005 materials may
be heat treated to enhance strength and wear resistance.
They may also be steam treated for improved shelf life,
pore closure and to increase hardness.
All of the iron and carbon steel materials with densities
of 7.0 g/cm3 or less may be oil impregnated when self-
lubricating properties are required.
Microstructure
The carbon content of a sintered structure can be esti-
mated metallographically from the area fraction of pearlite
where 100% pearlite is equivalent to approximately 0.8%
carbon. Carbon dissolves rapidly in iron; therefore, after
about five minutes at 1900 ˚F (1038 ˚C) it is unusual to see
uncombined carbon.

NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron and Carbon Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe C Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 0.0 Minimum
F-0000 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 0.3 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 0.3 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
F-0005 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 0.6 Maximum (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 0.6 Minimum materials: 350 ˚F (177 ˚C).
F-0008
Bal. 0.9 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

10
 Iron and Carbon Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density

TABLE OF CONTENTS
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
F-0000 -10 10 18 13 1.5 15.0 0.25 3.0 36 16 40 HRF 7 6.1
-15 15 25 18 2.5 17.5 0.25 6.0 50 18 60 N/D 10 6.7
-20 20 38 25 7.0 23.5 0.28 35.0 95 19 80 14 7.3
F-0005 -15 15 24 18 <1.0 15.0 0.25 3.0 48 18 25 HRB 9 6.1
-20 20 32 23 1.0 16.5 0.25 4.0 64 23 40 N/D 12 6.6
-25 25 38 28 1.5 19.5 0.27 5.0 76 28 55 15 6.9
11

F-0005 -50HT 50 60 <0.5 16.5 0.25 3.0 105 43 20 HRC 58 HRC 23 6.6
-60HT 60 70 (D) <0.5 18.5 0.27 3.5 120 52 22 58 27 6.8
-70HT 70 80 <0.5 20.5 0.27 4.0 140 61 25 58 32 7.0
F-0008 -20 20 29 25 <0.5 12.5 0.25 2.5 51 28 35 HRB 11 5.8
-25 25 35 30 <0.5 16.0 0.25 3.0 61 31 50 N/D 14 6.2
-30 30 42 35 <1.0 16.5 0.25 4.0 74 31 60 17 6.6
-35 35 57 40 1.0 20.5 0.27 5.0 100 36 70 25 7.0
F-0008 -55HT 55 65 <0.5 16.5 0.25 3.0 100 70 22 HRC 60 HRC 26 6.3
-65HT 65 75 (D) <0.5 16.5 0.25 4.0 115 80 28 60 30 6.6
-75HT 75 85 <0.5 19.5 0.27 4.5 130 90 32 60 34 6.9
-85HT 85 95 <0.5 21.5 0.27 5.0 145 100 35 60 38 7.1

2007 Edition
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Iron-Copper and Copper Steel

This subsection covers PM materials produced from
admixtures of elemental iron powder and elemental cop-
per powder with or without graphite powder (carbon). The
proportions of each depend on the strength levels required
and whether the material is to be used in the as-sintered
or heat treated condition.
Material Characteristics
Because graphite diffuses readily into an iron powder
matrix during sintering, combined carbon of 0.8% or more
is attainable. Copper powder is added to increase strength,
hardness and wear resistance. Wear resistance can be
enhanced by heat treatment. When the final density is to
be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufac-
tured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering.
Application
PM iron-copper and copper-steel materials find wide
usage in medium strength structural applications. Copper
contents of 2% are typical. When secondary machining is
required, combined carbon contents of less than 0.5%
should be specified. Material in this category also can be
heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance.
Higher copper content materials (in the range of 5%) are
recommended when maximum wear resistance is
required and when heat treating is not practical. Low den-
sity parts can be oil-impregnated for self-lubrication in use.
Microstructure
Admixed copper powder melts at approximately 1980 ˚F
(1082 ˚C), flows between the iron particles and into small
pores, and thus helps the sintering of the steel. Normally
sintered alloys with 2% copper show little or no undis-
solved copper. At higher percentages, the copper will be
seen as a separate phase. The copper dissolves in the
iron but does not penetrate to the center of the larger iron
particles. When copper melts, it diffuses or migrates leav-
ing behind fairly large pores. These pores remain and can
easily be seen in the microstructure.

NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron-Copper and Copper Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe Cu C Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 1.5 0.0 Minimum
FC-0200 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 3.9 0.3 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 1.5 0.3 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FC-0205 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 3.9 0.6 Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 1.5 0.6 Minimum materials: 350 ˚F (177 ˚C).
FC-0208
Bal. 3.9 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 4.0 0.3 Minimum
FC-0505 N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 6.0 0.6 Maximum
Bal. 4.0 0.6 Minimum
FC-0508
Bal. 6.0 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 7.0 0.6 Minimum
FC-0808
Bal. 9.0 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 9.0 0.0 Minimum
FC-1000
Bal. 11.0 0.3 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

12
 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

FC-0200 -15 15 25 20 1.0 14.0 0.25 4.5 45 18 60 HRF 10 6.0

-18 18 28 23 1.5 16.5 0.25 5.0 51 21 65 HRF N/D 11 6.3
-21 21 31 26 1.5 16.5 0.25 5.5 56 23 26 HRB 12 6.6
-24 24 34 29 2.0 19.5 0.27 6.0 63 26 36 HRB 13 6.9

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FC-0205 -30 30 35 35 <1.0 14.0 0.25 <2.0 60 35 37 HRB 13 6.0
-35 35 40 40 <1.0 16.5 0.25 3.0 75 40 48 N/D 15 6.3
-40 40 50 45 <1.0 17.5 0.25 5.0 95 45 60 21 6.7
-45 45 60 50 <1.0 21.5 0.27 8.0 115 50 72 31 7.1
FC-0205 -60HT 60 70 <0.5 16.0 0.25 2.5 95 57 99 HRB 58 HRC 27 6.2
-70HT 70 80 (D) <0.5 15.5 0.25 3.5 110 71 25 HRC 58 30 6.5
-80HT 80 90 <0.5 18.5 0.27 4.5 120 86 31 HRC 58 34 6.8
-90HT 90 100 <0.5 20.5 0.27 5.5 135 95 36 HRC 58 38 7.0
13

FC-0208 -30 30 35 35 <1.0 12.5 0.25 <2.0 60 40 50 HRB 13 5.8

-40 40 50 45 <1.0 16.5 0.25 2.0 90 45 61 N/D 17 6.3
-50 50 60 55 <1.0 17.5 0.25 5.0 125 50 73 23 6.7
-60 60 75 65 <1.0 22.5 0.28 7.0 155 55 84 33 7.2
FC-0208 -50HT 50 65 <0.5 15.0 0.25 2.5 95 58 20 HRC 60 HRC 25 6.1
-65HT 65 75 (D) <0.5 17.5 0.27 3.5 110 72 27 60 30 6.4
-80HT 80 90 <0.5 18.5 0.27 4.5 130 91 35 60 35 6.8
-95HT 95 105 <0.5 21.5 0.27 5.5 150 105 43 60 40 7.1
FC-0505 -30 30 44 36 <0.5 12.5 0.25 3.0 77 50 51 HRB 17 5.8
-40 40 58 47 <0.5 16.5 0.25 4.5 102 54 62 N/D 22 6.3
-50 50 71 56 <1.0 17.5 0.25 5.0 124 58 72 27 6.7
FC-0508 -40 40 58 50 <0.5 13.0 0.25 3.0 100 58 60 HRB 22 5.9
-50 50 68 60 <0.5 16.5 0.25 3.5 120 63 68 N/D 26 6.3
-60 60 82 70 <1.0 18.5 0.27 4.5 145 68 80 31 6.8
FC-0808 -45 45 55 50 <0.5 14.0 0.27 3.0 85 62 65 HRB N/D 21 6.0
FC-1000 -20 20 30 26 <1.0 14.0 0.27 3.5 53 33 60 HRF N/D 11 6.0

2007 Edition
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2007
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
admixtures of elemental iron powder, elemental nickel
powder and graphite powder (carbon), if required. Nickel
additions are typically in the range of 1 to 4%. If no carbon
is present the product is designated PM iron-nickel.
The proportions of each element used will depend on the
strength levels required and whether the material is to be
used in the as-sintered or heat treated condition. Other ele-
ments, such as molybdenum, also may be admixed when
appropriate, within the ranges shown for other elements.
Material Characteristics
Unlike carbon, complete diffusion of nickel into the iron
matrix is not attained with normal commercial sintering
cycles. The heterogeneous metallurgical structures devel-
oped contain nickel-rich phases which can impart signifi-
cant improvements in toughness, tensile properties and
hardenability. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or
more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing,
presintering, repressing and sintering.
Application
PM nickel steels are used typically for heat-treatable
structural parts requiring the combination of strength, wear
resistance and impact properties.
Microstructure
The fine nickel powder mixed with the iron and graphite
normally do not completely diffuse during ordinary sinter-
ing. As-sintered nickel steels show light colored, austenitic
nickel-rich islands with needles of martensite or bainite
around their edges. Sintering at elevated temperatures,
above 2100 ˚F (1149 ˚C), will reduce the volume fraction of
austenitic nickel-rich islands. In the heat treated condition,
the nickel-rich islands are light colored, austenitic at their
center and with martensitic needles at the peripheries
(viewed at 1000X). This heterogeneous structure is nor-
mal. The matrix is martensite and, depending on quench-
ing rate, 0-35% fine pearlite.

NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe Ni C Cu Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 1.0 0.0 0.0 Minimum
FN-0200 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 3.0 0.3 2.5 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 1.0 0.3 0.0 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FN-0205 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 3.0 0.6 2.5 Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 1.0 0.6 0.0 Minimum materials: 500 ˚F (260 ˚C).
FN-0208
Bal. 3.0 0.9 2.5 Maximum
Bal. 3.0 0.3 0.0 Minimum
FN-0405 N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 5.5 0.6 2.0 Maximum
Bal. 3.0 0.6 0.0 Minimum
FN-0408
Bal. 5.5 0.9 2.0 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

14
 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

FN-0200 -15 15 25 17 3.0 16.5 0.25 10.0 50 16 55 HRF 10 6.6

-20 20 35 25 5.0 20.5 0.27 20.0 80 18 75 N/D 13 7.0
-25 25 40 30 10.0 23.5 0.28 50.0 105 20 80 15 7.3
FN-0205 -20 20 40 25 1.5 16.5 0.25 6.0 65 25 44 HRB 14 6.6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
-25 25 50 30 2.5 19.5 0.27 12.0 100 30 59 18 6.9
-30 30 60 35 4.0 22.5 0.28 21.0 125 35 69 N/D 22 7.2
-35 35 70 40 5.5 24.5 0.28 34.0 150 40 78 26 7.4
FN-0205 -80HT 80 90 <0.5 16.5 0.25 3.5 120 60 23 HRC 55 HRC 26 6.6
-105HT 105 120 <0.5 19.5 0.27 4.5 160 80 29 55 35 6.9
-130HT 130 145 (D) <0.5 21.5 0.27 6.0 190 100 33 55 42 7.1
-155HT 155 160 <0.5 22.5 0.28 7.0 215 120 36 55 47 7.2
-180HT 180 185 <0.5 24.5 0.28 9.5 250 140 40 55 54 7.4
15

FN-0208 -30 30 45 35 1.5 17.5 0.25 5.5 85 35 63 HRB 16 6.7

-35 35 55 40 1.5 19.5 0.27 8.0 105 40 71 20 6.9
-40 40 70 45 2.0 21.5 0.27 11.0 130 45 77 N/D 25 7.1
-45 45 80 50 2.5 23.5 0.28 16.0 155 50 83 28 7.3
-50 50 90 55 3.0 24.5 0.28 21.0 170 55 88 32 7.4
FN-0208 -80HT 80 90 <0.5 17.5 0.25 4.0 120 99 26 HRC 57 HRC 29 6.7
-105HT 105 120 <0.5 19.5 0.27 4.5 150 124 31 57 38 6.9
-130HT 130 145 (D) <0.5 20.5 0.27 5.5 185 136 35 57 46 7.0
-155HT 155 170 <0.5 22.5 0.28 7.0 220 162 39 57 54 7.2
-180HT 180 195 <0.5 24.5 0.28 8.0 250 188 42 57 62 7.4
FN-0405 -25 25 40 30 <1.0 15.5 0.25 4.5 65 33 49 HRB 14 6.5
-35 35 60 40 3.0 20.5 0.27 14.5 120 40 71 N/D 22 7.0
-45 45 90 50 4.5 24.5 0.28 33.5 175 45 84 32 7.4
FN-0405 -80HT 80 85 <0.5 15.5 0.25 4.0 115 67 99 HRB 55 HRC 26 6.5
-105HT 105 110 <0.5 18.5 0.27 5.0 145 89 25 HRC 55 34 6.8
-130HT 130 135 (D) <0.5 20.5 0.27 6.5 200 103 31 HRC 55 42 7.0
-155HT 155 160 <0.5 23.5 0.28 9.5 245 124 37 HRC 55 49 7.3
-180HT 180 185 <0.5 24.5 0.28 13.0 280 132 40 HRC 55 57 7.4
FN-0408 -35 35 45 40 1.0 15.5 0.25 4.0 75 37 67 HRB 16 6.5
-45 45 65 50 1.0 19.5 0.27 7.5 115 50 78 N/D 23 6.9
-55 55 80 60 1.0 22.5 0.28 11.0 150 59 87 28 7.2

2007 Edition
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2007
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Prealloyed Steel
(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde-
num, manganese and chromium as the major alloying
elements. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the
prealloyed steel powder to provide the necessary level of
carbon in the final material.
Material Characteristics
Prealloyed steel powders are normally used in medium
to high density PM applications. These materials provide
greater hardenability than is possible with admixed copper
or nickel steels. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3
or more, these materials may be manufactured by press-
ing, presintering, repressing and sintering.
Application
Prealloyed steels are used typically where high perfor-
mance materials capable of being heat treated are
required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear
resistance after heat treatment.
Microstructure
The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is
not the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon sys-
tems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a
way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined; there-
fore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon content
metallographically. Prealloyed steels may contain up to 5%
unalloyed iron. After heat treatment the prealloyed steels
exhibit a uniform tempered martensitic structure.

Chemical Composition, % – Prealloyed Steel Material Code Designation

(formerly Low-Alloy Steel) Prealloy Prealloy
Material
FL - 4405 - XX FL - 48105 - XX
Designation Fe C Ni Mo Mn Cr Element
Prealloy Grade % Carbon Prealloy Grade % Carbon
Bal. 0.4 — 0.40 0.05 — Minimum Chemistry Modification
FL-4005
Bal. 0.7 — 0.60 0.30 — Maximum
Bal. 0.4 0.35 0.50 0.20 — Minimum
FL-4205 NOTES:
Bal. 0.7 0.55 0.85 0.40 — Maximum (A) Suffix numbers represent strength values in 103 psi
Bal. 0.0 — 0.75 0.05 — Minimum (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and
FL-4400 ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
Bal. 0.3 — 0.95 0.30 — Maximum
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 0.4 — 0.75 0.05 — Minimum
FL-4405 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 0.7 — 0.95 0.30 — Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 0.4 1.70 0.45 0.05 — Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FL-4605 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 0.7 2.00 0.60 0.30 — Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materi-
Bal. 0.4 1.20 1.10 0.30 — Minimum als: 350 ˚F (177 ˚C).
FL-4805
Bal. 0.7 1.60 1.40 0.50 — Maximum (G) Tempering temperature for the FL-5305 material:
Bal. 0.4 1.65 0.85 0.30 — Minimum 400 ˚F (204 ˚C).
FL-48105
Bal. 0.7 2.05 1.15 0.55 — Maximum N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 0.4 — 1.30 0.05 — Minimum
FL-4905
Bal. 0.7 — 1.70 0.30 — Maximum
Bal. 0.6 — 0.15 0.05 1.3 Minimum
FL-5208
Bal. 0.8 — 0.30 0.30 1.7 Maximum
Bal. 0.4 — 0.40 0.05 2.7 Minimum
FL-5305
Bal. 0.6 — 0.60 0.30 3.3 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added
for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

16
 Prealloyed Steel
(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

FL-4205 -35 35 52 42 1.0 18.5 0.27 6.0 100 42 60 HRB 20 6.80

-40 40 58 47 1.0 20.0 0.27 9.0 115 47 66 N/D 27 6.95
-45 45 66 52 1.5 21.5 0.27 12.0 125 52 70 32 7.10
-50 50 73 58 2.0 23.5 0.28 17.0 150 56 75 40 7.30

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FL-4205 -80HT 80 90 <0.5 16.5 0.25 5.0 135 80 28 HRC 60 HRC 30 6.60
-100HT 100 110 (D) <0.5 18.5 0.27 7.0 160 110 32 60 37 6.80
-120HT 120 130 <0.5 20.5 0.27 8.0 185 140 36 60 44 7.00
-140HT 140 150 <0.5 22.5 0.28 12.0 215 170 39 60 50 7.20
FL-4405 -35 35 52 42 1.0 17.5 0.25 6.0 100 39 60 HRB 20 6.70
-40 40 58 47 1.0 19.5 0.27 11.0 125 45 67 N/D 27 6.90
-45 45 66 52 1.5 21.5 0.27 16.0 140 52 73 32 7.10
-50 50 73 58 2.0 23.5 0.28 22.0 165 56 80 40 7.30
17

FL-4405 -100HT 100 110 <1.0 17.5 0.25 5.5 160 135 24 HRC 60 HRC 34 6.70
-125HT 125 135 (D) <1.0 19.5 0.27 7.0 200 155 29 60 42 6.90
-150HT 150 160 <1.0 21.5 0.27 9.0 230 175 34 60 48 7.10
-175HT 175 185 <1.0 23.5 0.28 14.0 280 195 38 60 58 7.30
FL-4605 -35 35 52 42 1.0 18.0 0.27 6.0 100 42 60 HRB 20 6.75
-40 40 58 47 1.0 20.0 0.27 11.0 120 45 65 N/D 27 6.95
-45 45 66 52 1.5 22.0 0.28 16.0 140 52 71 32 7.15
-50 50 73 58 2.0 24.0 0.28 22.0 165 57 77 40 7.35
FL-4605 -80HT 80 85 <0.5 16.0 0.25 4.5 130 91 24 HRC 60 HRC 29 6.55
-100HT 100 110 (D) <0.5 18.0 0.27 6.0 165 114 29 60 37 6.75
-120HT 120 130 <0.5 20.0 0.27 8.0 195 139 34 60 46 6.95
-140HT 140 155 <0.5 22.5 0.28 12.0 230 170 39 60 53 7.20
FL-5208 -65 65 90 70 1.0 17.5 0.25 9.0 160 60 83 HRB 28 6.70
-75 75 110 80 1.5 19.5 0.27 12.0 190 75 88 N/D 32 6.90
-80 80 120 87 2.0 21.5 0.27 15.0 220 85 93 36 7.10
-85 85 135 95 3.0 23.5 0.28 18.0 255 95 98 40 7.30
FL-5305 -75 75 110 85 <1.0 17.5 0.25 8.0 185 75 90 HRB 27 6.70
-90 90 125 100 <1.0 19.5 0.27 10.0 210 87 20 HRC N/D 32 6.90
-105 105 140 115 <1.0 21.0 0.27 11.0 230 100 26 HRC 37 7.10
-120 120 160 130 <1.0 23.5 0.28 13.0 250 115 33 HRC 42 7.30

2007 Edition
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2007
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde-
num and manganese as the major alloying elements, to
which varying amounts of elemental metal powder(s) have
been admixed. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with
the steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon
in the final material.
Material Characteristics
Hybrid low-alloy steel powders are normally used
in medium to high density PM applications. These
materials provide greater hardenability than is possible
with admixed copper or nickel steels. When the final den-
sity is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be
manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and
sintering.
Application
Hybrid low-alloy PM steels are used typically where high
performance materials capable of being heat treated are
required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear
resistance after heat treatment.
Microstructure
The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is not
the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon sys-
tems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a
way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined;
therefore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon
content metallographically. Hybrid low-alloy steels may
contain up to 5% unalloyed iron. The elemental metal pow-
der additions to the base prealloyed steel powder produce
a heterogeneous microstructure similar to the admixed and
diffusion-alloyed steels. Alloys containing copper additions
may show bainite and/or martensite in the as-sintered
structure. After heat treatment the hybrid low-alloy steels
exhibit a tempered martensitic structure with nickel-rich
areas in those alloys containing admixed nickel.

Chemical Composition, % – Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Material Code Designation

Material Major Elemental Addition
Designation Fe C Ni Mo Mn Cu Element Prealloy % Elemental Addition
2nd Elemental Addition
Bal. 0.4 1.55 0.40 0.05 1.3 Minimum FL N2C- 4005 - XX
FLN2C-4005
Bal. 0.7 1.95 0.60 0.30 1.7 Maximum Prealloy Grade % Carbon
Bal. 0.4 3.60 0.40 0.05 1.3 Minimum
FLN4C-4005
Bal. 0.7 4.40 0.60 0.30 1.7 Maximum
FLN-4205 Bal. 0.4 1.35* 0.49 0.20 — Minimum NOTES:
(formerly (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 2.50* 0.85 0.40 — Maximum
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Bal. 0.0 1.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
FLN2-4400
Bal. 0.3 3.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
FLN2-4405 Bal. 0.4 1.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
(formerly manufacturing conditions.
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 3.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum
Bal. 0.0 3.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FLN4-4400 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 0.3 5.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materials:
FLN4-4405 Bal. 0.4 3.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum 350 °F (177 °C).
(formerly
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 5.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum (F) Alloys containing copper additions may have lower
FLN6-4405 Bal. 0.4 5.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum impact and fatigue limit as compared with the values in
(formerly
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 7.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum the data tables.
(G) Tempering temperature for the heat-treated FLN2C
FLNC-4405 Bal. 0.4 1.00 0.65 0.05 1.0 Minimum
(formerly and FLN4C material: 400 °F (204 °C).
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 3.00 0.95 0.30 3.0 Maximum
*At least 1% of the nickel is admixed as elemental powder. N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Other elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

18
 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

FLN2C-4005-60 60 70 65 <1.0 17.5 0.25 7.0 145 55 81 HRB 25* 6.70

-65 65 90 70 1.0 19.5 0.27 11.0 175 60 84 N/D 31* 6.90
-70 70 105 75 2.0 21.5 0.27 16.0 200 65 88 38* 7.10
-75 75 130 82 4.0 24.5 0.28 29.0 240 75 93 46* 7.40
FLN2C-4005-105HT 105 115 (D) <0.5 17.5 0.25 5.0 185 100 25 HRC 58 HRC 31* 6.70
-140HT 140 150 (D) <0.5 19.5 0.27 9.0 235 130 29 58 45* 6.90
-170HT 170 185 (D) <0.5 21.5 0.27 13.0 290 155 34 58 59* 7.10
-220HT 220 240 180 <1.0 24.5 0.28 19.0 370 200 40 58 79* 7.40

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FLN4C-4005-70 70 85 78 <1.0 17.5 0.25 10.0 170 63 85 HRB 24* 6.70
-75 75 100 82 <1.0 19.5 0.27 15.0 200 68 88 N/D 33* 6.90
-80 80 115 85 <1.0 21.5 0.27 24.0 235 73 94 42* 7.10
-85 85 140 90 1.0 24.5 0.28 46.0 280 80 100 54* 7.40
FLN4C-4005-115HT 115 126 101 <0.5 17.5 0.25 8.0 180 97 22 HRC 55 HRC 36* 6.70
-135HT 135 145 130 <0.5 19.5 0.27 11.0 227 119 25 55 48* 6.90
-170HT 170 184 145 <0.5 21.5 0.27 16.0 275 137 30 55 60* 7.10
-210HT 210 225 184 0.5 24.5 0.28 29.0 345 167 36 55 77* 7.40
19

FLN-4205-40 40 58 47 1.0 16.5 0.25 6.0 105 45 64 HRB 20 6.60

-45 45 66 52 1.0 18.5 0.27 8.0 125 50 70 N/D 27 6.80
(1.) -50 50 73 58 1.5 21.0 0.27 13.0 150 56 77 32 7.05
-55 55 87 63 2.0 23.5 0.28 22.0 175 60 83 40 7.30
FLN-4205-80HT 80 90 <1.0 16.5 0.25 5.0 130 125 24 HRC 60 HRC 28 6.60
-105HT 105 115 (D) <1.0 18.5 0.27 7.0 170 145 30 60 36 6.80
(1.) -140HT 140 150 <1.0 21.0 0.27 9.0 230 170 36 60 47 7.05
-175HT 175 185 1.0 23.5 0.28 14.0 290 200 42 60 58 7.30
FLN2-4405-45 45 59 53 0.5 16.5 0.25 5.0 125 50 75 HRB 19 6.60
-50 50 66 58 1.0 18.5 0.27 7.0 155 55 80 N/D 25 6.80
(1.) -55 55 80 64 1.5 21.0 0.27 12.0 190 62 85 32 7.05
-60 60 100 70 2.0 23.5 0.28 22.0 220 70 90 41 7.30
FLN2-4405-90HT 90 100 (D) <0.5 16.5 0.25 4.0 155 100 28 HRC 60 HRC 32 6.60
-120HT 120 130 125 <0.5 18.5 0.27 6.0 210 125 32 60 41 6.80
(1.) -160HT 160 170 145 <0.5 21.0 0.27 10.0 260 160 38 60 50 7.05
-190HT 190 210 180 0.5 23.5 0.28 13.0 320 190 44 60 59 7.30
FLN4-4405-55 55 68 64 <1.0 16.5 0.25 5.0 100 50 78 HRB 22 6.60
-70 70 82 77 <1.0 18.5 0.27 8.0 140 55 83 N/D 27 6.80
-85 85 103 95 <1.0 21.0 0.27 12.0 190 60 90 32 7.05
-100 100 125 113 <1.0 23.5 0.28 26.0 240 70 98 41 7.30
FLN4-4405-90HT 90 100 <0.5 16.5 0.25 6.0 128 80 20 HRC 60 HRC 26 6.60
-120HT 120 130 (D) <0.5 18.5 0.27 8.0 182 105 25 60 37 6.80
-165HT 165 175 <0.5 21.0 0.27 12.0 246 135 32 60 49 7.05
-195HT 195 215 <0.5 23.5 0.28 18.0 316 165 39 60 63 7.30
2007 Edition (1.) Formerly Low-Alloy Steel
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2007 *converted from axial fatigue test results
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Sinter-Hardened Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde-
num and manganese as the major alloying elements and
elemental copper, and in some cases, elemental nickel.
Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed to provide the nec-
essary level of carbon in the final material.
Material Characteristics
Sinter-hardenable materials are normally used in medi-
um to high density PM applications. These materials pro-
vide sufficient hardenability to enable hardening during the
cooling cycle following sintering. When the final density
is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be
manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and
sintering.
Application
Sinter-hardened PM steels are used typically where
high strength and wear resistance are required.
Advantages of using sinter hardening include dimensional
control, cleanliness and reduction in the number of pro-
cessing steps. Sinter-hardened materials are not readily
machined.
Microstructure
The sinter-hardened steels exhibit a predominantly
martensitic microstructure. It is also common to find
regions of fine pearlite, bainite and retained austenite.
Nickel-rich areas may be found in alloys containing
admixed nickel.

Chemical Composition, % – Sinter-Hardened Steel Chemical Composition, % – Sinter-Hardened Steel

Material Material
Designation Fe C Ni Mo Cu Mn Element Designation Fe C Ni Mo Cu Mn Element
Bal. 0.6 1.0 0.65 — 0.05 Minimum Bal. 0.6 1.6 0.80 1.0 0.30 Minimum
FLN2-4408 FLC-48108
Bal. 0.9 3.0 0.95 — 0.30 Maximum Bal. 0.9 2.0 1.10 3.0 0.50 Maximum
Bal. 0.6 3.0 0.65 — 0.05 Minimum Bal. 0.6 3.6* 0.80 — 0.30 Minimum
FLN4-4408 FLN-48108
Bal. 0.9 5.0 0.95 — 0.30 Maximum (formerly FLN-4608) Bal. 0.9 5.0* 1.10 — 0.50 Maximum
Bal. 0.6 5.0 0.65 — 0.05 Minimum Bal. 0.6 — 1.30 1.0 0.05 Minimum
FLN6-4408 FLC-4908
Bal. 0.9 7.0 0.95 — 0.30 Maximum Bal. 0.9 — 1.70 3.0 0.30 Maximum
Bal. 0.6 1.0 0.65 1.0 0.05 Minimum *At least 2% of the nickel is admixed as elemental powder.
FLNC-4408
Bal. 0.9 3.0 0.95 3.0 0.30 Maximum Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
Bal. 0.6 1.6 0.43 1.0 0.05 Minimum elements added for specific purposes.
FLC-4608
Bal. 0.9 2.0 0.60 3.0 0.30 Maximum
Material Code Designations
Bal. 0.5 1.2 1.1 0.75 0.30 Minimum
FLC-4805 Prealloy Prealloy Major Elemental % Elemental
Bal. 0.7 1.6 1.4 1.35 0.50 Maximum Major Elemental Addition Addition
Addition
Bal. 0.6 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.30 Minimum
FLC2-4808 FL NC - 4408 - XX FL N2 - 4408 - XX
Bal. 0.9 1.6 1.4 3.0 0.50 Maximum
% Carbon % Carbon
Prealloy Prealloy
Grade Grade

Prealloy
Major Elemental Addition

FLC - 48108 - XX
Prealloy Grade % Carbon
Chemistry Modification

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

20
 Sinter-Hardened Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Micro- Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield indentation Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro (converted) 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (F) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

FLNC-4408-60HT 60 70 <1.0 16.5 0.25 4.0 160 75 98 HRB 55 HRC 18 6.60

-85HT 85 95 (D) <1.0 18.5 0.27 7.0 190 85 21 HRC 55 26 6.80
-105HT 105 115 <1.0 20.5 0.27 12.0 220 95 25 HRC 55 34 7.00
-130HT 130 140 1.0 22.5 0.28 16.0 250 105 30 HRC 55 42 7.20
FLC-4608-60HT 60 70 <1.0 16.5 0.25 7.0 130 95 28 HRC 55 HRC 18 6.60
-75HT 75 85 (D) <1.0 18.5 0.27 8.0 155 105 32 55 26 6.80

TABLE OF CONTENTS
-95HT 95 105 <1.0 20.5 0.27 11.0 180 115 36 55 34 7.00
-115HT 115 125 <1.0 22.5 0.28 13.0 210 125 39 55 42 7.20
FLC-4805 -70HT 70 75 <0.5 16.5 0.25 5.0 160 100 24 HRC 57 HRC 22* 6.60
-100HT 100 110 (D) <0.5 18.5 0.27 7.0 200 130 29 57 33* 6.80
-140HT 140 150 <0.5 20.5 0.27 10.0 240 160 34 57 44* 7.00
-175HT 175 185 <0.5 22.5 0.28 15.0 285 185 39 57 56* 7.20
FLC2-4808-70HT 70 75 <1.0 16.5 0.25 7.0 135 90 25 HRC 55 HRC 26* 6.60
-85HT 85 90 (D) <1.0 18.5 0.27 11.0 180 115 30 55 35* 6.80
21

-110HT 110 120 <1.0 20.5 0.27 14.0 230 135 35 55 43* 7.00
-145HT 145 155 <1.0 22.5 0.28 17.0 270 160 40 55 51* 7.20
FLC-48108-50HT 50 60 <1.0 16.5 0.25 5.0 120 (C) 20 HRC 55 HRC 16 6.60
-70HT 70 80 (D) <1.0 18.5 0.27 7.0 150 (C) 26 55 24 6.80
-90HT 90 100 <1.0 20.5 0.27 9.0 190 (C) 31 55 33 7.00
-110HT 110 120 <1.0 22.5 0.28 14.0 230 (C) 37 55 42 7.20

*converted from axial fatigue test results

NOTES:
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2);
yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens
sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions using accelerated
cooling.
(C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent editions of this
standard.
(D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-
treated materials (see page 3).
(E) Tempering temperature: 350 ˚F (177 ˚C).
(F) Microindentation hardness values refer to the martensite. If fine pearlite or
bainite is present, these phases typically will measure 25-45 HRC.
2007 Edition (G) Tempering temperature for the FLC-4805 and FLC2-4808 materials:
Approved: 1997 Revised: 2000, 2003, 2007 400 ˚F (204 ˚C).
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Diffusion-Alloyed Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
diffusion-alloyed steel powders using nickel, copper and
molybdenum as the major alloying elements. Graphite
powder (carbon) is admixed with the diffusion-alloyed
steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in
the final material. Varying amounts of elemental powders
may be admixed also.
Material Characteristics
Diffusion-alloyed powders normally are used in medium
to high density PM applications. Elemental nickel may be
added to improve ductility and impact properties. When
the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materi-
als may be manufactured by pressing, presintering,
repressing and sintering.
Application
Diffusion-alloyed steels typically are used in medium to
high strength structural products. These materials may be
heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance.
Microstructure
These materials produce a heterogeneous microstruc-
ture. As-sintered diffusion-alloyed steels show a
microstructure similar to the nickel steels with a greater
proportion of bainite and martensite. After heat treatment
these structures are similar to heat treated nickel steels.

Chemical Composition, % – Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Material Code Designations

Material Diffusion Alloyed Diffusion Alloyed
Designation Fe C Ni Cu Mo Mn Element Prealloy
Diffusion Alloyed Addition
Prealloy
Diffusion Alloyed Addition
% Diffusion Alloyed Addition
Base Base
Bal. 0.0 1.55 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum FLDN2 - 4908 - XX FLDN4 C2 - 4905 - XX
FD-0200
Bal. 0.3 1.95 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum
Prealloy Grade % Carbon % Diffusion % Carbon
Bal. 0.3 1.55 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum Alloyed Addition Prealloy Grade
FD-0205
Bal. 0.6 1.95 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum
Bal. 0.6 1.55 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum NOTES:
FD-0208 (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Bal. 0.9 1.95 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Bal. 0.0 3.60 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
FD-0400
Bal. 0.3 4.40 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 0.3 3.60 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
FD-0405 manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 0.6 4.40 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum
(D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
Bal. 0.6 3.60 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
FD-0408
Bal. 0.9 4.40 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
materials: 350 ˚F (177 ˚C).
Bal. 0.6 1.85 — 1.3* 0.05 Minimum
FLDN2-4908
Bal. 0.9 2.25 — 1.7* 0.30 Maximum
Bal. 0.3 3.60 1.6 1.3* 0.05 Minimum N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
FLDN4C2-4905
Bal. 0.6 4.40 2.4 1.7* 0.30 Maximum
*Prealloyed in the base powder.
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

22
 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

FD-0205-45 45 68 52 1.0 18.0 0.27 8.0 130 47 72 HRB 24 6.75

-50 50 78 57 1.5 20.0 0.27 12.0 155 52 76 N/D 29 6.95
-55 55 88 61 2.0 22.0 0.28 18.0 180 57 80 32 7.15

TABLE OF CONTENTS
-60 60 100 67 2.0 24.5 0.28 28.0 210 62 86 37 7.40
FD-0205-95HT 95 105 <1.0 18.0 0.27 5.0 160 130 28 HRC 55 HRC 42 6.75
-120HT 120 130 (D) <1.0 20.0 0.27 7.0 190 155 33 55 52 6.95
-140HT 140 150 <1.0 22.0 0.28 9.0 210 175 38 55 65 7.15
-160HT 160 170 <1.0 24.5 0.28 11.0 240 200 45 55 75 7.40
FD-0208-50 50 69 58 <1.0 18.0 0.27 7.0 135 58 80 HRB 24 6.75
-55 55 79 63 <1.0 19.5 0.27 9.0 155 62 83 N/D 33 6.90
-60 60 92 68 1.0 21.5 0.27 12.0 180 67 87 38 7.10
23

-65 65 103 73 1.0 23.0 0.28 17.0 195 72 90 46 7.25

FD-0405-55 55 86 62 1.0 18.0 0.27 11.0 160 56 80 HRB 25 6.75
-60 60 103 66 1.0 21.0 0.27 20.0 195 63 85 N/D 28 7.05
-65 65 123 70 2.5 24.0 0.28 27.0 230 73 91 40 7.35
FD-0405-100HT 100 110 <1.0 18.0 0.27 5.0 160 125 30 HRC 55 HRC 26 6.75
-130HT 130 140 (D) <1.0 21.0 0.27 7.0 200 150 35 55 50 7.05
-155HT 155 165 <1.0 24.0 0.28 10.0 235 175 42 55 58 7.35
FD-0408-50 50 71 57 <1.0 17.5 0.25 9.0 130 62 85 HRB 22 6.70
-55 55 90 62 1.0 20.0 0.27 13.0 165 68 89 N/D 27 6.95
-60 60 110 67 1.5 22.5 0.28 18.0 200 73 93 38 7.20
-65 65 125 71 2.0 24.5 0.28 22.0 230 80 95 48 7.40
FLDN2-4908-70 70 82 78 <1.0 18.0 0.27 7.0 160 60 91 HRB 27 6.75
-80 80 96 88 <1.0 20.0 0.27 9.0 190 67 94 N/D 32 6.95
-90 90 117 100 1.0 22.0 0.28 13.0 230 77 98 36 7.15
-100 100 127 108 1.0 23.5 0.28 20.0 255 83 100 40 7.30
FLDN4C2-4905-50 50 85 58 1.0 18.0 0.27 10.0 160 50 85 HRB 19 6.75
-60 60 105 67 1.0 20.0 0.27 11.0 195 60 90 N/D 28 6.95
-70 70 125 77 1.0 22.0 0.28 18.0 235 65 95 36 7.15
-80 80 140 85 1.5 24.0 0.28 37.0 270 75 25 HRC 45 7.35

2007 Edition
Approved: 1997 Revised: 2003, 2007
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
admixtures of iron and/or iron alloy powders with graphite
(carbon) powder in which the voids are largely filled
through infiltration with a copper-base material.
Material Characteristics
Infiltration is the process of filling the interconnected
pores of a PM compact with a molten metal or alloy of
lower melting point by capillary action. Copper-infiltrated
steels are manufactured by compacting iron or iron-base
powder (with or without graphite powder) into a finished
shape and infiltrating the interconnected pores with a cop-
per-base material during the sintering operation. This may
be a single pass or two-stage infiltration. The result is a
steel-copper structure unique to the powder metallurgy
process. Compared with as-sintered iron or carbon steel
PM parts, copper infiltration can improve tensile strength,
elongation, hardness, and impact properties.
Application
Copper-infiltrated steel PM parts may be used in the as-
infiltrated or heat treated condition. Electroplating charac-
teristics are improved because the pores of the steel struc-
ture are sealed with copper thus avoiding entrapment of
plating solutions and subsequent tendency for surface
staining. For the same reason, infiltrated PM parts may be
used in medium pressure hydraulic applications where
pressure tightness is a consideration. Machinability is
improved because interrupted cuts are reduced. The
machined parts have a smooth surface finish.
Assembly of multiple PM parts into one integral unit can
be achieved by pressing the parts separately, assembling,
and then bonding into one unit through the infiltration
process. Infiltrated and wrought parts may be joined by
brazing because the brazing alloy remains at the interface
of the surfaces being brazed, rather than dissipating into
the pores of an as-sintered PM part. The sealed surface of
an infiltrated part permits surface hardening by induction
or flame processes in air without excessive internal oxida-
tion of the steel matrix. Clearly defined cases may be
obtained at high density by carburizing or carbonitriding a
low carbon matrix. This results in hard, wear resistant sur-
faces and a tough internal core.
Microstructure
The copper-rich phase can be seen clearly at 100-
l000X, etched in Nital or unetched. The distribution of the
copper phase through the part can be determined, and
underinfiltrated areas noted, if any exist. Although copper
normally does not fill all the pores, it will first fill the finer
interconnected pores by capillary action. The combined
carbon content is based on the iron phase only.

Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor

Chemical Composition, % – Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel
elements added for specific purposes.
Material
Designation Fe Cu C(1) Element
Bal. 8.0 0.0 Minimum
FX-1000
Bal. 14.9 0.3 Maximum
Bal. 8.0 0.3 Minimum
FX-1005
Bal. 14.9 0.6 Maximum
Bal. 8.0 0.6 Minimum
FX-1008
Bal. 14.9 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 15.0 0.0 Minimum
FX-2000
Bal. 25.0 0.3 Maximum
Bal. 15.0 0.3 Minimum
FX-2005
Bal. 25.0 0.6 Maximum
Bal. 15.0 0.6 Minimum
FX-2008
Bal. 25.0 0.9 Maximum
Carbon,
(1)
on basis of iron only, may be a metallographic
estimate.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

24
 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FX-1000-25 25 51 32 7.0 23.5 0.28 25.0 132 33 65 HRB N/D 19 7.3
FX-1005-40 40 77 50 4.0 23.5 0.28 13.0 158 53 82 HRB N/D 29 7.3
FX-1005-110HT 110 120 (D) <0.5 23.5 0.28 7.0 210 110 38 HRC 55 HRC 33 7.3
FX-1008-50 50 87 60 3.0 23.5 0.28 10.0 166 71 89 HRB N/D 33 7.3
FX-1008-110HT 110 120 (D) <0.5 23.5 0.28 6.5 189 115 43 HRC 58 HRC 41 7.3
25

FX-2000-25 25 46 37 3.0 21.0 0.24 15.0 144 41 66 HRB N/D 17 7.3

FX-2005-45 45 75 60 1.5 21.0 0.24 8.0 148 60 85 HRB N/D 20 7.3
FX-2005-90HT 90 100 (D) <0.5 21.0 0.24 7.0 171 71 36 HRC 55 HRC 23 7.3
FX-2008-60 60 80 70 1.0 21.0 0.24 7.0 156 70 90 HRB N/D 23 7.3
FX-2008-90HT 90 100 (D) <0.5 21.0 0.24 5.0 159 74 36 HRC 58 HRC 27 7.3

NOTE: All data based on single-pass infiltration. NOTES:

(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
manufacturing conditions.
(D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
materials: 350 ˚F (177 ˚C).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

2007 Edition
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Stainless Steel – 300 Series Alloy

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
prealloyed, austenitic stainless steel powders.
Material Characteristics
Stainless steels are normally used as medium to high
density PM materials. With the use of prealloyed powder,
a completely homogeneous steel microstructure is at-
tained under normal commercial sintering cycles.
Processing practices have a strong effect on the
mechanical properties of PM stainless steel. Higher sinter-
ing temperatures (above 2100 ˚F) (1149 ˚C) tend to
increase impact energy, ductility and corrosion resistance.
Sintering in a nitrogen-based atmosphere results in higher
strengths and lower ductility than sintering in vacuum or
hydrogen because of the effect of nitrogen alloying. Cor-
rosion behavior can also be affected by sintering cycles.
Application
Stainless steel PM materials are generally selected
because of their good mechanical properties, corrosion
resistance, and appearance:
SS-303 Austenitic Machining Grades -
SS-303 is preferred for parts requiring extensive
secondary machining. Strength and hardness
are high and corrosion resistance is good.
SS-303 is non-magnetic.
SS-304 General Purpose Austenitic Grades -
SS-304 has good strength properties and corro-
sion resistance. A general purpose grade used
in many applications. SS-304 is non-magnetic.
SS-316 General Purpose Austenitic Grades -
SS-316 has the best combination of properties in
a PM stainless steel alloy. Corrosion resistance
is better than SS-303. First choice for general
purpose applications. Non-magnetic.
Microstructure
The 303, 304 and 316 stainless steel grades are
austenitic with some evidence of twin formation. In the “L”
grades there should be little or no evidence of original par-
ticle boundaries, chromium carbides, nitrides or oxides.

Chemical Composition, % – Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy

Material
Designation Fe Cr Ni Mn Si S C P Mo N Element
Bal. 17.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.15 0.00 0.00 — 0.20 Minimum
SS-303Nl, N2
Bal. 19.0 13.0 2.0 1.0 0.30 0.15 0.20 — 0.60 Maximum
Bal. 17.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.15 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Minimum
SS-303L
Bal. 19.0 13.0 2.0 1.0 0.30 0.03 0.20 — 0.03 Maximum
Bal. 18.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.20 Minimum
SS-304Nl, N2
Bal. 20.0 12.0 2.0 1.0 0.03 0.08 0.04 — 0.60 Maximum
Bal. 18.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Minimum
SS-304H, L
Bal. 20.0 12.0 2.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 Maximum
Bal. 16.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.0 0.20 Minimum
SS-316Nl, N2
Bal. 18.0 14.0 2.0 1.0 0.03 0.08 0.04 3.0 0.60 Maximum
Bal. 16.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.0 0.00 Minimum
SS-316H, L
Bal. 18.0 14.0 2.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 3.0 0.03 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific
purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

26
 Stainless Steel – 300 Series Alloy
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive
Material Strength Minimum Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Fatigue
Designation (A) (E) Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation Strength
Code Yield Ultimate (in 1 in.) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) 107 Cycle Density
103 psi % 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

SS-303N1-25 25 0.0 39 32 0.5 15.5 0.25 3.5 86 38 62 HRB N/D 13 6.4

SS-303N2-35 35 3.0 55 42 5.0 16.5 0.25 19.0 98 46 63 HRB N/D 16 6.5
SS-303N2-38 38 6.0 68 45 10.0 20.0 0.27 35.0 N/D 46 70 HRB N/D 21 6.9
SS-303L-12 12 12.0 39 17 17.5 17.0 0.25 40.0 82 21 21 HRB N/D 15 6.6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SS-303L-15 15 15.0 48 24 20.0 20.0 0.27 55.0 N/D 29 35 HRB N/D 19 6.9
SS-304N1-30 30 0.0 43 38 0.5 15.5 0.25 4.0 112 38 61 HRB N/D 15 6.4
SS-304N2-33 33 5.0 57 40 10.0 16.5 0.25 25.0 127 47 62 HRB N/D 18 6.5
SS-304N2-38 38 8.0 70 45 13.0 20.0 0.27 55.0 N/D 47 68 HRB N/D 23 6.9
SS-304H-20 20 7.0 40 25 10.0 17.0 0.25 20.0 85 25 35 HRB N/D (C) 6.6
SS-304L-13 13 15.0 43 18 23.0 17.0 0.25 45.0 N/D 22 30 HRB N/D 17 6.6
27

SS-304L-18 18 18.0 57 26 26.0 20.0 0.27 80.0 N/D 28 45 HRB N/D 21 6.9
SS-316N1-25 25 0.0 41 34 0.5 15.5 0.25 5.0 108 36 59 HRB N/D 11 6.4
SS-316N2-33 33 5.0 60 39 10.0 16.5 0.25 28.0 125 44 62 HRB N/D 14 6.5
SS-316N2-38 38 8.0 70 45 13.0 20.0 0.27 48.0 N/D 46 65 HRB N/D 19 6.9
SS-316H-20 20 5.0 35 25 7.0 17.0 0.25 20.0 85 25 33 HRB N/D (C) 6.6
SS-316L-15 15 12.0 41 20 18.5 17.0 0.25 35.0 80 22 20 HRB N/D 13 6.6
SS-316L-22 22 15.0 57 30 21.0 20.0 0.27 65.0 N/D 29 45 HRB N/D 17 6.9

N1 - Nitrogen alloyed. Good strength, low elongation. NOTES:

* Sintered at 2100 ˚F (1149 ˚C) in dissociated ammonia.
N2 - Nitrogen alloyed. High strength, medium elongation.
* Sintered at 2350 ˚F (1288 ˚C) in dissociated ammonia.
H - Low carbon. Lower strength, high elongation.
* Sintered at 2100 ˚F (1149 ˚C) in 100% hydrogen.
L - Low carbon. Lower strength, highest elongation.
* Sintered at 2350 ˚F (1288 ˚C) in partial vacuum.
Cooled to avoid nitrogen absorption.
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
manufacturing conditions.
(C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subse-
quent editions of this standard.

*Processing parameters used to generate these data, other N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
conditions could be used.
2007 Edition
Approved: 1987 Revised: 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Stainless Steel – 400 Series Alloy

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from pre-
alloyed ferritic or martensitic stainless steel powders. When
required, carbon content is controlled by admixed graphite pow-
der additions.
Material Characteristics
Stainless steels normally are used as medium to high density
PM materials. With the use of prealloyed powder a homoge-
neous microstructure is attained using normal commercial sin-
tering cycles.
Processing practices have a moderate effect on the mechani-
cal properties of the 400 series stainless steels. Maximum soft
magnetic properties are achieved by high temperature sintering
(above 2100 ˚F) (1149 ˚C) in a nitrogen-free atmosphere (pure
hydrogen or vacuum). The corrosion properties are inferior to the
300 series stainless steel alloys when processed under the same
conditions.
Application
The 400 series stainless steels normally are selected for their
magnetic properties or heat treat response:
SS-409L Selected for welded applications.
SS-410L Selected for soft-magnetic properties and envi-
ronments requiring the least corrosion resistance.
SS-410-90HT Selected for its combination of strength, hard-
ness and wear resistance. Carbon is added to
increase the heat treat response. This alloy
responds to furnace cooling as a sinter-harden-
able alloy. A secondary quench and temper
process will increase hardness. Both corrosion
resistance and machinability are poor.
SS-430 Lower magnetic properties as compared with
SS-410 but somewhat better corrosion resis-
tance.
SS-434 Similar magnetic properties to the SS-430 grade
with slightly better corrosion resistance.
Microstructure
The 410L, 430 and 434 alloys are ferritic in the as-sintered
condition. There should be no evidence of prior particle bound-
aries, oxides or carbides. Even minor residual carbon or nitrogen
will appear as grain boundary precipitates in the microstructure.
The 410-90HT grade is fully martensitic after normal cooling from
the sintering cycle. It also can be hardened separately but, in
either case, generally is tempered for optimum toughness.

Chemical Composition, % – Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy

Material
Designation Fe Cr Ni Mn Si S C P Mo N Cb (Nb) Element
Bal. 10.50 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 8 x %C Minimum
SS-409L
Bal. 11.75 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 0.80 Maximum
Bal. 11.50 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 8 x %C Minimum
SS-409LE(1)
Bal. 13.50 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 0.80 Maximum
Bal. 11.50 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — Minimum
SS-410
Bal. 13.50 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.25 0.04 — 0.60 — Maximum
Bal. 11.50 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — Minimum
SS-410L
Bal. 13.50 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.20 — Minimum
SS-430N2
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.08 0.04 — 0.60 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — Minimum
SS-430L
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.20 — Minimum
SS-434N2
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.08 0.04 1.25 0.60 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 — Minimum
SS-434L
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 1.25 0.03 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.4 Minimum
SS-434LCb
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 1.25 0.03 0.6 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
(1)
LE = L grade, Extended chemistry
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

28
 Stainless Steel – 400 Series Alloy
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Minimum Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate (in 1 in.) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density

TABLE OF CONTENTS
103 psi % 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

SS-410-90HT 90 0.0 105 (D) <0.5 18.0 0.25 2.5 113 93 23 HRC 55 HRC 35 6.5
SS-410L-20 20 10.0 48 26 16.0 24.0 0.27 50 N/D 28 45 HRB N/D 18 6.9
SS-430N2-28 28 3.0 60 35 5.0 25.0 0.27 25 N/D 33 70 HRB N/D 25 7.1
SS-430L-24 24 14.0 50 30 20.0 25.0 0.27 80 N/D 33 45 HRB N/D 25 7.1
SS-434N2-28 28 4.0 60 35 8.0 24.0 0.27 15 N/D 33 65 HRB N/D 22 7.0
29

SS-434L-24 24 10.0 50 30 15.0 24.0 0.27 65 N/D 33 50 HRB N/D 22 7.0

N2 - Nitrogen alloyed. High strength, medium elongation. NOTES:

* Sintered at 2350 ˚F (1288 ˚C) in dissociated ammonia.
L - Low carbon. Lower strength, highest elongation.
* Sintered at 2350 ˚F (1288 ˚C) in partial vacuum.
Cooled to avoid nitrogen absorption.
HT - Martensitic grade, heat treated. Highest strength.
* Sinter hardened at 2100 ˚F (1149 ˚C) in dissociated ammonia.
*Processing parameters used to generate these data, other
conditions could be used.
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
manufacturing conditions.
(D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
materials: 350 °F (177 °C).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

2007 Edition
Approved: 1987 Revised: 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Copper and Copper Alloys

This subsection covers PM copper, brasses, nickel-silver materials
and bronze for structural application (not bearings). They are manu-
factured from prealloyed powders with the exception of pure copper
and the bronze materials that are usually made from admixed ele-
mental copper and tin powders.
Material Characteristics
PM copper has the typical “copper” color and commonly is used for
its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. The pure copper grade
at a nominal 8.0 g/cm3 density has a conductivity of 85% IACS* while
the 8.3 g/cm3 material has a conductivity of 90% IACS*. PM brass
materials are available in numerous compositions with zinc content
ranging from 10 to 30%, balance copper. PM bronze contains 10% tin,
balance copper. Nickel-silver PM materials are nominally alloys of
18% zinc, 18% nickel, balance copper. They do not contain silver.
Brasses and nickel silver may contain from 1 to 2% lead for improved
machinability. The lead content is metallurgically contained.
Machinability is comparable to cast and wrought stock of the same
composition.
CZ-1000 (90-10 brass) has a reddish bronze color and is common-
ly used for mechanical components and hardware applications.
CZP-2002 (80-20 brass) has the classic yellow “brass” color and
improved strength for structural and hardware components. It may be
repressed for closer tolerance. CZP-3002 (70-30 brass) also has the
classic “brass” color and the highest strength for structural and hard-
ware components. It may also be repressed for control of dimension-
al tolerances. Ductility is good.
Nickel silver has properties similar to brass but with improved cor-
rosion resistance and a silvery gray color. Tensile strengths are above
the brass range. Ductility is somewhat less. The material polishes and
burnishes well for an attractive appearance. Parts can be repressed
for dimensional control and improved mechanical properties.
CT-1000 (90-10 bronze) while most commonly used as a self-lubri-
cating bearing material is also used at higher densities (6.8 g/cm3 or
more) in structural applications where strength, corrosion resistance
and appearance are important.
The values shown in the property data for yield strength are based
on as-sintered specimens, except those noted as repressed. Cold
working by repressing these materials increases yield strengths,
depending upon the amount of deformation. The increase in strength
is accompanied by a decrease in elongation and an increase in appar-
ent hardness.
Application
Pure copper is used in applications requiring excellent thermal or
electrical conductivity. Brass, nickel-silver, and bronze PM parts have
a wide variety of applications in structural parts requiring good corro-
sion resistance, good machinability, attractive appearance and ductili-
ty. (Also see Material Characteristics above.)
Microstructure
Copper, brass, bronze and nickel silver will sinter to the point where
very few original particle boundaries are observable. In well-sintered
bronze the alpha bronze grains have grown from their original fine
grain clusters and there is no evidence of blue-gray Cu-Sn intermetal-
lic compounds.
*IACS = International Annealed Copper Standard, measured @ 20 ˚C in the
annealed condition with thermal conductivity of 0.93 cal/cm2/cm/˚C/s and
electrical resistivity of 1.73 microohm-cm (electrical conductivity of 0.58
megmho-cm).

Chemical Composition, % – Copper and Copper Alloys

Material Material
Designation Cu Zn Pb Sn Ni Element Designation Cu Zn Pb Sn Ni Element
99.8 — — — — Minimum 68.5 Bal. — — — Minimum
C-0000 CZ-3000
100.0 — — — — Maximum 71.5 Bal. — — — Maximum
88.0 Bal. — — — Minimum 68.5 Bal. 1.0 — — Minimum
CZ-1000 CZP-3002
91.0 Bal. — — — Maximum 71.5 Bal. 2.0 — — Maximum
88.0 Bal. 1.0 — — Minimum 62.5 Bal. — — 16.5 Minimum
CZP-1002 CNZ-1818
91.0 Bal. 2.0 — — Maximum 65.5 Bal. — — 19.5 Maximum
77.0 Bal. — — — Minimum 62.5 Bal. 1.0 — 16.5 Minimum
CZ-2000 CNZP-1816
80.0 Bal. — — — Maximum 65.5 Bal. 2.0 — 19.5 Maximum
77.0 Bal. 1.0 — — Minimum 87.5 — — 9.5 — Minimum
CZP-2002 CT-1000
80.0 Bal. 2.0 — — Maximum 90.5 — — 10.5 — Maximum
Other Elements: For the C-0000 material 0.2% max; for all other
copper-based alloys 2.0% max.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

30
 Copper and Copper Alloys
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS

Minimum Unnotched Compressive

Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro-
Designation (A) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation
Code Yield Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Density
10 psi
3
10 psi
3
10 psi
3
% 10 psi
6
ft lbf
• 10 psi
3
10 psi
3
Rockwell g/cm3

C-0000-5 5 23.0 6.0 20.0 12.5 0.31 25.0 N/D 7 25 HRH N/D 8.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS
C-0000-7 7 28.0 8.5 25.0 13.5 0.31 45.0 N/D 10 30 HRH* N/D 8.3
CZ-1000 -9 9 18.0 9.5 9.0 11.5 0.31 15.0 39 12 65 HRH N/D 7.6
-10 10 20.0 11.0 10.5 13.0 0.31 24.0 46 12 72 N/D 7.9
-11 11 23.0 12.0 12.0 14.5 0.31 31.0 52 12 80 N/D 8.1
CZP-1002-7 7 20.0 8.5 10.0 13.0 0.31 24.0 45 10 66 HRH N/D 7.9
CZ-2000 -11 11 23.0 13.5 9.0 12.5 0.31 27.0 52 12 73 HRH N/D 7.6
-12 12 35.0 17.0 18.0 14.5 0.31 45.0 70 14 82 N/D 8.0
31

CZP-2002 -11 11 23.0 13.5 9.0 12.5 0.31 27.0 52 12 73 HRH N/D 7.6
-12 12 35.0 17.0 18.0 14.5 0.31 45.0 70 14 82 N/D 8.0
CZ-3000 -14 14 28.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 0.31 23.0 62 18 84 HRH N/D 7.6
-16 16 34.0 19.0 17.0 13.0 0.31 38.0 86 19 92 N/D 8.0
CZP-3002-13 13 27.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 0.31 12.0 57 12 80 HRH N/D 7.6
-14 14 31.5 16.5 16.0 13.0 0.31 25.0 71 15 88 N/D 8.0
CNZ-1818-17 17 34.0 20.0 11.0 13.5 0.31 24.0 73 24 90 HRH N/D 7.9
CNZP-1816-13 13 26.0 15.0 10.0 13.5 0.31 22.0 50 18 86 HRH N/D 7.9
CT-1000-13
(repressed) 13 22.0 16.0 4.0 8.5 0.31 4.0 45 20 82 HRH N/D 7.2

*If C-0000-7 is repressed, typical hardness is 60 HRH NOTES:

(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in
103 psi
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory pre-
pared test specimens sintered under commercial manu-
facturing conditions.

2007 Edition N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
iron-based powders for use in soft-magnetic product appli-
cations. The base iron powder may be used unalloyed or
with admixtures of ferroalloys as a source of phosphorus
or silicon. Prealloyed powders are required for the iron-
nickel alloy system. Magnetic properties are degraded by
the presence of carbon and therefore carbon is not a
desired alloying element in soft-magnetic alloys. For a
given material, magnetic induction is directly related to
product density – higher density yields higher induction.
Coercive field and permeability are sensitive to sintering
conditions and interstitial impurities – higher sintering tem-
peratures and lower impurities yield lower coercive field
and higher permeability.
Material Characteristics
Soft-magnetic alloys normally are used in the medium to
high-density range. When the final density is greater than
7.1 g/cm3 these materials may be manufactured by
pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Magnetic
properties are sensitive to sintering conditions – both
atmosphere composition and sintering temperature. For a
given density, processing changes that improve magnetic
properties may result in lower mechanical strength and
apparent hardness than listed in the data table.
Application
Soft-magnetic alloys are used primarily for their magnet-
ic response characteristics in DC magnetic fields. Post-
sinter annealing normally is not required for the PM soft-
magnetic alloys. However, some secondary operations,
such as repressing or steam treatment, may degrade
magnetic properties. The pure iron and iron-phosphorus
alloys may also be used in structural applications requiring
high ductility and impact energy. Plating or steam treat-
ment are used to improve surface wear characteristics
since a quench and temper heat treatment is not possible
due to the lack of carbon in these alloys.
Microstructure
The typical structure of a soft-magnetic alloy consists of
a single phase, ferritic structure with large, equiaxed
grains. The higher the sintering temperature and longer
the sintering time the larger the average grain size and
more rounded the porosity. The greater extent to which
these two microstructure features are present lead to an
improved magnetic response. The microstructure should
not have any evidence of a second phase, such as pearlite
or undissolved ferroalloy particles.

NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Soft-Magnetic Alloys
(A) Suffix numbers represent maximum coercive field values
Material (oersteds x 10); letter code represents minimum density
Designation Fe Ni Si P C O N Element (see page 6).
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FF-0000 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. — — — 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. — — 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent
FY-4500 editions of this standard.
Bal. — — 0.50 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum
Bal. — — 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FY-8000
Bal. — — 0.85 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. — 2.7 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FS-0300
Bal. — 3.3 — 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum
Bal. 46.0 — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FN-5000
Bal. 51.0 — — 0.02 0.10 0.01 Maximum

Other Elements: 0.5% maximum may include other minor

elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

32
 Soft-Magnetic Alloys
PM Material Properties
MANDATORY VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
MAGNETIC RESPONSE @ 15 Oe TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS

Unnotched Compressive Fatigue

Material Maximum Yield Charpy Yield Hardness Limit
Designation Minimum Coercive Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Poisson’s Impact Strength Macro 90%
Code Density Field Bm Br HC µmax Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy (0.1%) (Apparent) Survival Density
g/cm3 Oe kG kG Oe 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3

FF-0000-23U 6.5 2.3 9.0 7.8 2.1 1700 18.0 11.0 6 16.5 0.25 (C) N/D 40 HRF (C) 6.6
-20U 6.5 2.0 9.5 8.2 1.8 1800 19.0 11.0 8 16.5 0.25 (C) N/D 40 HRF (C) 6.6
FF-0000-23W 6.9 2.3 10.5 9.0 2.1 2100 27.5 17.0 11 19.5 0.27 (C) N/D 50 HRF (C) 7.0
-20W 6.9 2.0 10.5 9.7 1.8 2300 28.0 17.0 12 19.5 0.27 (C) N/D 50 HRF (C) 7.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FF-0000-23X 7.1 2.3 12.0 10.5 2.1 2700 37.0 22.5 16 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 55 HRF (C) 7.2
-20X 7.1 2.0 12.0 11.0 1.8 2900 37.0 22.5 17 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 55 HRF (C) 7.2
FY-4500-20V 6.7 2.0 10.5 8.5 1.8 2300 40.0 30.0 5 18.5 0.27 (C) 30 40 HRB (C) 6.8
FY-4500-20W 6.9 2.0 11.5 9.0 1.8 2600 45.0 32.0 7 20.5 0.27 (C) 36 45 HRB (C) 7.0
-17W 6.9 1.7 11.5 9.0 1.5 3000 45.0 32.0 10 20.5 0.27 (C) 29 45 HRF (C) 7.0
FY-4500-20X 7.1 2.0 12.5 10.0 1.8 2700 50.0 35.0 7 22.5 0.28 (C) 40 55 HRB (C) 7.2
33

-17X 7.1 1.7 12.5 10.0 1.5 3200 55.0 39.0 12 22.5 0.28 (C) 32 55 HRF (C) 7.2
FY-4500-20Y 7.3 2.0 13.0 11.5 1.8 3200 55.0 38.0 9 24.5 0.28 (C) 45 65 HRB (C) 7.4
-17Y 7.3 1.7 13.5 11.0 1.5 3600 60.0 41.0 15 24.5 0.28 (C) 35 65 HRF (C) 7.4
FY-8000-17V 6.7 1.7 11.0 10.0 1.5 3500 48.0 40.0 2 18.5 0.27 (C) N/D 55 HRB (C) 6.8
FY-8000-17W 6.9 1.7 12.0 11.0 1.5 4000 50.0 45.0 3 20.5 0.27 (C) N/D 65 HRB (C) 7.0
-15W 6.9 1.5 12.0 10.5 1.3 4000 53.0 45.0 4 20.5 0.27 (C) N/D 65 HRF (C) 7.0
FY-8000-17X 7.1 1.7 13.0 12.0 1.5 4500 55.0 50.0 3 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 70 HRB (C) 7.2
-15X 7.1 1.5 13.0 11.5 1.3 4500 57.0 48.0 4 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 70 HRF (C) 7.2
FY-8000-15Y 7.3 1.5 13.5 13.0 1.3 5000 62.0 53.0 4 24.5 0.28 (C) N/D 75 HRB (C) 7.4
FS-0300-14V 6.7 1.4 11.0 9.0 1.2 3000 45.0 30.0 8 18.5 0.27 (C) N/D 65 HRB (C) 6.8
FS-0300-14W 6.9 1.4 12.0 10.0 1.2 4000 50.0 35.0 10 20.5 0.27 (C) N/D 70 HRB (C) 7.0
FS-0300-12X 7.1 1.2 13.0 11.0 1.0 5000 55.0 40.0 15 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 75 HRB (C) 7.2
FS-0300-11Y 7.3 1.1 14.0 12.0 0.9 6000 60.0 45.0 20 24.5 0.28 (C) N/D 80 HRB (C) 7.4
FN-5000-5W 6.9 0.5 9.0 7.5 0.3 8000 35.0 20.0 9 12.5 0.32 33 N/D 28 HRB (C) 7.0
FN-5000-5Z 7.4 0.5 12.0 9.0 0.3 10000 40.0 25.0 15 16.0 0.34 68 N/D 40 HRB (C) 7.5

2007 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2003, 2007
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Iron and Carbon Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
elemental iron powders that are essentially free of other
alloying elements except carbon.
Material Characteristics
These materials are manufactured by pressing and sin-
tering iron powder with or without graphite additions to
introduce carbon. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3
or more, it may be reached by pressing, presintering,
repressing and sintering.
Application
Unalloyed PM iron (F-0000) materials are typically used
for lightly loaded structural applications and also for struc-
tural parts requiring self-lubrication when strength is not
critical. At high densities, unalloyed iron is used for soft-
magnetic applications. (See pages 32 and 56.)
PM carbon steel (F-0005) materials are used primarily
where moderate strength and hardness combined with
machinability (drilling, tapping, lathe turning, milling, etc.)
are desired.
PM steels with higher carbon content (F-0008) are used
when loading is moderate. F-0008 is more difficult to
machine than F-0005. F-0008 and F-0005 materials may
be heat treated to enhance strength and wear resistance.
They may also be steam treated for improved shelf life,
pore closure and to increase hardness.
All of the iron and carbon steel materials with densities
of 7.0 g/cm3 or less may be oil impregnated when self-
lubricating properties are required.
Microstructure
The carbon content of a sintered structure can be esti-
mated metallographically from the area fraction of pearlite
where 100% pearlite is equivalent to approximately 0.8%
carbon. Carbon dissolves rapidly in iron; therefore, after
about five minutes at 1038 ˚C (1900 ˚F) it is unusual to see
uncombined carbon.

NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron and Carbon Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe C Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 0.0 Minimum
F-0000 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 0.3 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 0.3 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
F-0005 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 0.6 Maximum (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 0.6 Minimum materials: 177 ˚C (350 ˚F).
F-0008
Bal. 0.9 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

34
 Iron and Carbon Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
F-0000 -10 70 120 90 1.5 105 0.25 4 250 110 40 HRF 46 6.1
-15 100 170 120 2.5 120 0.25 8 340 120 60 N/D 65 6.7
-20 140 260 170 7.0 160 0.28 47 660 130 80 99 7.3
F-0005 -15 100 170 120 <1.0 105 0.25 4 330 125 25 HRB 60 6.1
-20 140 220 160 1.0 115 0.25 5 440 160 40 N/D 80 6.6
-25 170 260 190 1.5 135 0.27 7 520 190 55 100 6.9
35

F-0005 -50HT 340 410 <0.5 115 0.25 4 720 300 20 HRC 58 HRC 160 6.6
-60HT 410 480 (D) <0.5 130 0.27 5 830 360 22 58 190 6.8
-70HT 480 550 <0.5 140 0.27 5 970 420 25 58 220 7.0
F-0008 -20 140 200 170 <0.5 85 0.25 3 350 190 35 HRB 80 5.8
-25 170 240 210 <0.5 110 0.25 4 420 210 50 N/D 100 6.2
-30 210 290 240 <1.0 115 0.25 5 510 210 60 120 6.6
-35 240 390 260 1.0 140 0.27 7 690 250 70 170 7.0
F-0008 -55HT 380 450 <0.5 115 0.25 4 690 480 22 HRC 60 HRC 180 6.3
-65HT 450 520 (D) <0.5 115 0.25 5 790 550 28 60 210 6.6
-75HT 520 590 <0.5 135 0.27 6 900 620 32 60 240 6.9
-85HT 590 660 <0.5 150 0.27 7 1000 690 35 60 280 7.1

2007 Edition
Approved: 1994 Revised: 1997, 2000

SI U
N
IT
S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Iron-Copper and Copper Steel

This subsection covers PM materials produced from
admixtures of elemental iron powder and elemental cop-
per powder with or without graphite powder (carbon). The
proportions of each depend on the strength levels required
and whether the material is to be used in the as-sintered
or heat treated condition.
Material Characteristics
Because graphite diffuses readily into an iron powder
matrix during sintering, combined carbon of 0.8% or more
is attainable. Copper powder is added to increase strength,
hardness and wear resistance. Wear resistance can be
enhanced by heat treatment. When the final density is to
be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be manufac-
tured by pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering.
Application
PM iron-copper and copper-steel materials find wide
usage in medium strength structural applications. Copper
contents of 2% are typical. When secondary machining is
required, combined carbon contents of less than 0.5%
should be specified. Material in this category also can be
heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance.
Higher copper content materials (in the range of 5%) are
recommended when maximum wear resistance is
required and when heat treating is not practical. Low den-
sity parts can be oil-impregnated for self-lubrication in use.
Microstructure
Admixed copper powder melts at approximately 1082˚C
(1980˚F), flows between the iron particles and into small
pores, and thus helps the sintering of the steel. Normally
sintered alloys with 2% copper show little or no undis-
solved copper. At higher percentages, the copper will be
seen as a separate phase. The copper dissolves in the
iron but does not penetrate to the center of the larger iron
particles. When copper melts, it diffuses or migrates leav-
ing behind fairly large pores. These pores remain and can
easily be seen in the microstructure.

NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron-Copper and Copper Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe Cu C Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 1.5 0.0 Minimum
FC-0200 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 3.9 0.3 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 1.5 0.3 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FC-0205 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 3.9 0.6 Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 1.5 0.6 Minimum materials: 177 ˚C (350 ˚F).
FC-0208
Bal. 3.9 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 4.0 0.3 Minimum
FC-0505 N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 6.0 0.6 Maximum
Bal. 4.0 0.6 Minimum
FC-0508
Bal. 6.0 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 7.0 0.6 Minimum
FC-0808
Bal. 9.0 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 9.0 0.0 Minimum
FC-1000
Bal. 11.0 0.3 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

36
 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3

FC-0200 -15 100 170 140 1.0 95 0.25 6 310 120 60 HRF 70 6.0
-18 120 190 160 1.5 115 0.25 7 350 140 65 HRF N/D 72 6.3
-21 140 210 180 1.5 115 0.25 7 390 160 26 HRB 80 6.6
-24 170 230 200 2.0 135 0.27 8 430 180 36 HRB 87 6.9

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FC-0205 -30 210 240 240 <1.0 95 0.25 <3 410 240 37 HRB 90 6.0
-35 240 280 280 <1.0 115 0.25 4 520 280 48 N/D 100 6.3
-40 280 340 310 <1.0 120 0.25 7 660 310 60 140 6.7
-45 310 410 340 <1.0 150 0.27 10 790 340 72 210 7.1
FC-0205 -60HT 410 480 <0.5 110 0.25 3 660 390 99 HRB 58 HRC 190 6.2
-70HT 480 550 (D) <0.5 105 0.25 5 760 490 25 HRC 58 210 6.5
-80HT 550 620 <0.5 130 0.27 6 830 590 31 HRC 58 230 6.8
-90HT 620 690 <0.5 140 0.27 7 930 660 36 HRC 58 260 7.0
37

FC-0208 -30 210 240 240 <1.0 85 0.25 <3 410 280 50 HRB 90 5.8
-40 280 340 310 <1.0 115 0.25 3 620 310 61 N/D 120 6.3
-50 340 410 380 <1.0 120 0.25 7 860 340 73 160 6.7
-60 410 520 450 <1.0 155 0.28 9 1070 380 84 230 7.2
FC-0208 -50HT 340 450 <0.5 105 0.25 3 660 400 20 HRC 60 HRC 170 6.1
-65HT 450 520 (D) <0.5 120 0.27 5 760 500 27 60 210 6.4
-80HT 550 620 <0.5 130 0.27 6 900 630 35 60 240 6.8
-95HT 660 720 <0.5 150 0.27 7 1030 720 43 60 280 7.1
FC-0505 -30 210 300 250 <0.5 85 0.25 4 530 340 51 HRB 114 5.8
-40 280 400 320 <0.5 115 0.25 6 700 370 62 N/D 152 6.3
-50 340 490 390 <1.0 120 0.25 7 850 400 72 186 6.7
FC-0508 -40 280 400 340 <0.5 90 0.25 4 690 400 60 HRB 152 5.9
-50 340 470 410 <0.5 115 0.25 5 830 430 68 N/D 179 6.3
-60 410 570 480 <1.0 130 0.27 6 1000 470 80 217 6.8
FC-0808 -45 310 380 340 <0.5 95 0.27 4 590 430 65 HRB N/D 144 6.0
FC-1000 -20 140 210 180 <1.0 95 0.27 5 370 230 60 HRF N/D 80 6.0

SI U
N
2007 Edition

IT
Approved: 1994 Revised: 1997, 2000, 2007

S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
admixtures of elemental iron powder, elemental nickel
powder and graphite powder (carbon), if required. Nickel
additions are typically in the range of 1 to 4%. If no carbon
is present the product is designated PM iron-nickel.
The proportions of each element used will depend on
the strength levels required and whether the material is to
be used in the as-sintered or heat treated condition. Other
elements, such as molybdenum, also may be admixed
when appropriate, within the ranges shown for other
elements.
Material Characteristics
Unlike carbon, complete diffusion of nickel into the iron
matrix is not attained with normal commercial sintering
cycles. The heterogeneous metallurgical structures devel-
oped contain nickel-rich phases which can impart signifi-
cant improvements in toughness, tensile properties and
hardenability. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or
more, these materials may be manufactured by pressing,
presintering, repressing and sintering.
Application
PM nickel steels are used typically for heat-treatable
structural parts requiring the combination of strength, wear
resistance and impact properties.
Microstructure
The fine nickel powder mixed with the iron and graphite
normally do not completely diffuse during ordinary sinter-
ing. As-sintered nickel steels show light colored, austenitic
nickel-rich islands with needles of martensite or bainite
around their edges. Sintering at elevated temperatures,
above 1149 ˚C (2100 ˚F), will reduce the volume fraction of
austenitic nickel-rich islands. In the heat treated condition,
the nickel-rich islands are light colored, austenitic at their
center and with martensitic needles at the peripheries
(viewed at 1000X). This heterogeneous structure is nor-
mal. The matrix is martensite and, depending on quench-
ing rate, 0-35% fine pearlite.

NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe Ni C Cu Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 1.0 0.0 0.0 Minimum
FN-0200 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 3.0 0.3 2.5 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 1.0 0.3 0.0 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FN-0205 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 3.0 0.6 2.5 Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 1.0 0.6 0.0 Minimum materials: 260 ˚C (500 ˚F).
FN-0208
Bal. 3.0 0.9 2.5 Maximum
Bal. 3.0 0.3 0.0 Minimum
FN-0405 N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 5.5 0.6 2.0 Maximum
Bal. 3.0 0.6 0.0 Minimum
FN-0408
Bal. 5.5 0.9 2.0 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

38
 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3

FN-0200 -15 100 170 120 3.0 115 0.25 14 340 110 55 HRF 70 6.6
-20 140 240 170 5.0 140 0.27 27 550 120 75 N/D 91 7.0
-25 170 280 210 10.0 160 0.28 68 720 140 80 103 7.3
FN-0205 -20 140 280 170 1.5 115 0.25 8 450 170 44 HRB 100 6.6

TABLE OF CONTENTS
-25 170 340 210 2.5 135 0.27 16 690 210 59 120 6.9
-30 210 410 240 4.0 155 0.28 28 860 240 69 N/D 150 7.2
-35 240 480 280 5.5 170 0.28 46 1030 280 78 180 7.4
FN-0205 -80HT 550 620 <0.5 115 0.25 5 830 410 23 HRC 55 HRC 180 6.6
-105HT 720 830 <0.5 135 0.27 6 1110 550 29 55 240 6.9
-130HT 900 1000 (D) <0.5 150 0.27 8 1310 690 33 55 290 7.1
-155HT 1070 1100 <0.5 155 0.28 9 1480 830 36 55 320 7.2
-180HT 1240 1280 <0.5 170 0.28 13 1720 970 40 55 370 7.4
39

FN-0208 -30 210 310 240 1.5 120 0.25 7 590 240 63 HRB 110 6.7
-35 240 380 280 1.5 135 0.27 11 720 280 71 140 6.9
-40 280 480 310 2.0 150 0.27 15 900 310 77 N/D 170 7.1
-45 310 550 340 2.5 160 0.28 22 1070 340 83 190 7.3
-50 340 620 380 3.0 170 0.28 28 1170 380 88 220 7.4
FN-0208 -80HT 550 620 <0.5 120 0.25 5 830 680 26 HRC 57 HRC 200 6.7
-105HT 720 830 <0.5 135 0.27 6 1030 850 31 57 260 6.9
-130HT 900 1000 (D) <0.5 140 0.27 7 1280 940 35 57 320 7.0
-155HT 1070 1170 <0.5 155 0.28 9 1520 1120 39 57 370 7.2
-180HT 1240 1340 <0.5 170 0.28 11 1720 1300 42 57 430 7.4
FN-0405 -25 170 280 210 <1.0 105 0.25 6 450 230 49 HRB 100 6.5
-35 240 410 280 3.0 140 0.27 20 830 280 71 N/D 150 7.0
-45 310 620 340 4.5 170 0.28 45 1210 310 84 220 7.4
FN-0405 -80HT 550 590 <0.5 105 0.25 5 790 460 99 HRB 55 HRC 180 6.5
-105HT 720 760 <0.5 130 0.27 7 1000 610 25 HRC 55 230 6.8
-130HT 900 930 (D) <0.5 140 0.27 9 1380 710 31 HRC 55 290 7.0
-155HT 1070 1100 <0.5 160 0.28 13 1690 850 37 HRC 55 340 7.3
-180HT 1240 1280 <0.5 170 0.28 18 1930 910 40 HRC 55 390 7.4
FN-0408 -35 240 310 280 1.0 105 0.25 5 520 260 67 HRB 110 6.5
-45 310 450 340 1.0 135 0.27 10 790 340 78 N/D 160 6.9
-55 380 550 410 1.0 155 0.28 15 1030 410 87 190 7.2

SI U
N
2007 Edition

IT
Approved: 1994 Revised: 1997, 2000, 2007

S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Prealloyed Steel
(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde-
num, manganese and chromium as the major alloying
elements. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the
prealloyed steel powder to provide the necessary level of
carbon in the final material.
Material Characteristics
Prealloyed steel powders are normally used in medium
to high density PM applications. These materials provide
greater hardenability than is possible with admixed copper
or nickel steels. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3
or more, these materials may be manufactured by press-
ing, presintering, repressing and sintering.
Application
Prealloyed steels are used typically where high perfor-
mance materials capable of being heat treated are
required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear
resistance after heat treatment.
Microstructure
The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is
not the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon sys-
tems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a
way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined; there-
fore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon content
metallographically. Prealloyed steels may contain up to 5%
unalloyed iron. After heat treatment the prealloyed steels
exhibit a uniform tempered martensitic structure.

Chemical Composition, % – Prealloyed Steel Material Code Designations

(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
Prealloy Prealloy
Material
FL - 4405 - XX FL - 48105 - XX
Designation Fe C Ni Mo Mn Cr Element
Bal. 0.4 — 0.40 0.05 — Minimum Prealloy Grade % Carbon Prealloy Grade % Carbon
FL-4005 Chemistry Modification
Bal. 0.7 — 0.60 0.30 — Maximum
Bal. 0.4 0.35 0.50 0.20 — Minimum
FL-4205
Bal. 0.7 0.55 0.85 0.40 — Maximum NOTES:
Bal. 0.0 — 0.75 0.05 — Minimum (A) Suffix numbers represent strength values in 103 psi
FL-4400 (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered condition and
Bal. 0.3 — 0.95 0.30 — Maximum ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
Bal. 0.4 — 0.75 0.05 — Minimum (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
FL-4405 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 0.7 — 0.95 0.30 — Maximum
manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 0.4 1.70 0.45 0.05 — Minimum
FL-4605 (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
Bal. 0.7 2.00 0.60 0.30 — Maximum the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 0.4 1.20 1.10 0.30 — Minimum (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT) materi-
FL-4805 als: 177 ˚C (1350 ˚F).
Bal. 0.7 1.60 1.40 0.50 — Maximum
(G) Tempering temperature for the FL-5305 material:
Bal. 0.4 1.65 0.85 0.30 — Minimum 204 ˚C (400 ˚F).
FL-48105
Bal. 0.7 2.05 1.15 0.55 — Maximum
N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 0.4 — 1.30 0.05 — Minimum
FL-4905
Bal. 0.7 — 1.70 0.30 — Maximum
Bal. 0.6 — 0.15 0.05 1.3 Minimum
FL-5208
Bal. 0.8 — 0.30 0.30 1.7 Maximum
Bal. 0.4 — 0.40 0.05 2.7 Minimum
FL-5305
Bal. 0.6 — 0.60 0.30 3.3 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added
for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

40
 Prealloyed Steel
(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
FL-4205 -35 240 360 290 1.0 130 0.27 8 690 290 60 HRB 140 6.80
-40 280 400 320 1.0 140 0.27 12 790 320 66 N/D 190 6.95
-45 310 460 360 1.5 150 0.27 16 860 360 70 220 7.10
-50 340 500 400 2.0 160 0.28 23 1030 390 75 280 7.30

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FL-4205 -80HT 550 620 <0.5 115 0.25 7 930 550 28 HRC 60 HRC 210 6.60
-100HT 690 760 (D) <0.5 130 0.27 9 1100 760 32 60 260 6.80
-120HT 830 900 <0.5 140 0.27 11 1280 970 36 60 300 7.00
-140HT 970 1030 <0.5 155 0.28 16 1480 1170 39 60 340 7.20
FL-4405 -35 240 360 290 1.0 120 0.25 8 690 270 60 HRB 140 6.70
-40 280 400 320 1.0 135 0.27 15 860 310 67 N/D 190 6.90
-45 310 460 360 1.5 150 0.27 22 970 360 73 220 7.10
-50 340 500 400 2.0 160 0.28 30 1140 390 80 280 7.30
41

FL-4405 -100HT 690 760 <1.0 120 0.25 7 1100 930 24 HRC 60 HRC 230 6.70
-125HT 860 930 (D) <1.0 135 0.27 9 1380 1070 29 60 290 6.90
-150HT 1030 1100 <1.0 150 0.27 12 1590 1210 34 60 330 7.10
-175HT 1210 1280 <1.0 160 0.28 19 1930 1340 38 60 400 7.30
FL-4605 -35 240 360 290 1.0 125 0.27 8 690 290 60 HRB 140 6.75
-40 280 400 320 1.0 140 0.27 15 830 310 65 N/D 190 6.95
-45 310 460 360 1.5 150 0.28 22 970 360 71 220 7.15
-50 340 500 400 2.0 165 0.28 30 1140 390 77 280 7.35
FL-4605 -80HT 550 590 <0.5 110 0.25 6 900 630 24 HRC 60 HRC 200 6.55
-100HT 690 760 (D) <0.5 125 0.27 8 1140 790 29 60 260 6.75
-120HT 830 900 <0.5 140 0.27 11 1340 960 34 60 320 6.95
-140HT 970 1070 <0.5 155 0.28 16 1590 1170 39 60 370 7.20
FL-5208 -65 450 620 480 1.0 120 0.25 12 1100 410 83 HRB 190 6.70
-75 520 760 550 1.5 135 0.27 16 1310 520 88 N/D 220 6.90
-80 550 830 600 2.0 150 0.27 20 1520 590 93 250 7.10
-85 590 930 660 3.0 160 0.28 24 1760 660 98 280 7.30
FL-5305 -75 520 760 590 <1.0 120 0.25 11 1280 520 90 HRB 190 6.70
-90 620 860 690 <1.0 135 0.27 14 1450 600 20 HRC N/D 220 6.90
-105 720 970 790 <1.0 150 0.27 15 1590 690 26 HRC 260 7.10
-120 830 1100 900 <1.0 160 0.28 18 1720 790 33 HRC 290 7.30
2007 Edition
Approved: 1994 Revised: 1997, 2000, 2003, 2007

SI U
N
IT
S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde-
num and manganese as the major alloying elements, to
which varying amounts of elemental metal powder(s) have
been admixed. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with
the steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon
in the final material.
Material Characteristics
Hybrid low-alloy steel powders are normally used
in medium to high density PM applications. These
materials provide greater hardenability than is possible
with admixed copper or nickel steels. When the final den-
sity is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be
manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and
sintering.
Application
Hybrid low-alloy PM steels are used typically where high
performance materials capable of being heat treated are
required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear
resistance after heat treatment.
Microstructure
The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is not
the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon sys-
tems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a
way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined;
therefore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon
content metallographically. Hybrid low-alloy steels may
contain up to 5% unalloyed iron. The elemental metal pow-
der additions to the base prealloyed steel powder produce
a heterogeneous microstructure similar to the admixed and
diffusion-alloyed steels. Alloys containing copper additions
may show bainite and/or martensite in the as-sintered
structure. After heat treatment the hybrid low-alloy steels
exhibit a tempered martensitic structure with nickel-rich
areas in those alloys containing admixed nickel.

Chemical Composition, % – Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel Material Code Designations

Material Major Elemental Addition
Prealloy % Elemental Addition
Designation Fe C Ni Mo Mn Cu Element 2nd Elemental Addition
Bal. 0.4 1.55 0.40 0.05 1.3 Minimum FL N2C- 4005 - XX
FLN2C-4005
Bal. 0.7 1.95 0.60 0.30 1.7 Maximum Prealloy Grade % Carbon
Bal. 0.4 3.60 0.40 0.05 1.3 Minimum
FLN4C-4005
Bal. 0.7 4.40 0.60 0.30 1.7 Maximum
FLN-4205 Bal. 0.4 1.35* 0.49 0.20 — Minimum NOTES:
(formerly (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 2.50* 0.85 0.40 — Maximum
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Bal. 0.0 1.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum
FLN2-4400 dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
Bal. 0.3 3.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
FLN2-4405 Bal. 0.4 1.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
(formerly
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 3.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 0.0 3.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FLN4-4400 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 0.3 5.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for-heat treated (HT) materials:
FLN4-4405 Bal. 0.4 3.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum 177 °C (350 °F).
(formerly
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 5.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum (F) Alloys containing copper additions may have lower
FLN6-4405 Bal. 0.4 5.00 0.65 0.05 — Minimum impact and fatigue limit as compared with the values in
(formerly
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 7.00 0.95 0.30 — Maximum the data tables.
FLNC-4405 Bal. 0.4 1.00 0.65 0.05 1.0 Minimum (G) Tempering temperature for the heat-treated FLN2C
(formerly and FLN4C material: 204 °C (400 °F).
Low-Alloy Steel) Bal. 0.7 3.00 0.95 0.30 3.0 Maximum
*At least 1% of the nickel is admixed as elemental powder. N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Other elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

42
 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
FLN2C-4005-60 410 480 450 <1.0 120 0.25 9 1000 380 81 HRB 170* 6.70
-65 450 620 480 1.0 135 0.27 15 1210 410 84 N/D 210* 6.90
-70 480 720 520 2.0 150 0.27 22 1380 450 88 260* 7.10
-75 520 900 570 4.0 170 0.28 39 1650 520 93 320* 7.40
FLN2C-4005-105HT 720 790 (D) <0.5 120 0.25 7 1280 690 25 HRC 58 HRC 210* 6.70
-140HT 970 1030 (D) <0.5 135 0.27 12 1620 900 29 58 310* 6.90
-170HT 1170 1280 (D) <0.5 150 0.27 18 2000 1070 34 58 410* 7.10
-220HT 1520 1650 1240 <1.0 170 0.28 26 2550 1380 40 58 540* 7.40

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FLN4C-4005-70 480 590 540 <1.0 120 0.25 14 1170 430 85 HRB 165* 6.70
-75 520 690 570 <1.0 135 0.27 20 1380 470 88 N/D 230* 6.90
-80 550 790 590 <1.0 150 0.27 33 1620 500 94 290* 7.10
-85 590 970 620 1.0 170 0.28 62 1930 550 100 370* 7.40
FLN4C-4005-115HT 790 870 700 <0.5 120 0.25 11 1240 670 22 HRC 55 HRC 250* 6.70
-135HT 930 1000 900 <0.5 135 0.27 15 1570 820 25 55 330* 6.90
-170HT 1170 1270 1000 <0.5 150 0.27 22 1900 940 30 55 415* 7.10
-210HT 1450 1550 1270 0.5 170 0.28 39 2380 1150 36 55 530* 7.40
43

FLN-4205-40 280 400 320 1.0 115 0.25 8 720 310 64 HRB 140 6.60
-45 310 460 360 1.0 130 0.27 11 860 340 70 N/D 190 6.80
(1.) -50 340 500 400 1.5 145 0.27 18 1030 390 77 220 7.05
-55 380 600 430 2.0 160 0.28 30 1210 410 83 280 7.30
FLN-4205-80HT 550 620 <1.0 115 0.25 7 900 860 24 HRC 60 HRC 190 6.60
-105HT 720 790 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 9 1170 1000 30 60 250 6.80
(1.) -140HT 970 1030 <1.0 145 0.27 12 1590 1170 36 60 320 7.05
-175HT 1210 1280 1.0 160 0.28 19 2000 1380 42 60 400 7.30
FLN2-4405-45 310 410 360 0.5 115 0.25 7 860 340 75 HRB 130 6.60
-50 340 450 400 1.0 130 0.27 9 1070 380 80 N/D 170 6.80
(1.) -55 380 550 440 1.5 145 0.27 16 1310 430 85 220 7.05
-60 410 690 480 2.0 160 0.28 30 1520 480 90 280 7.30
FLN2-4405-90HT 620 690 (D) <0.5 115 0.25 5 1070 690 28 HRC 60 HRC 220 6.60
-120HT 830 900 860 <0.5 130 0.27 8 1450 860 32 60 280 6.80
(1.) -160HT 1100 1170 1000 <0.5 145 0.27 14 1800 1100 38 60 340 7.05
-190HT 1310 1450 1240 0.5 160 0.28 18 2210 1310 44 60 410 7.30
FLN4-4405-55 380 470 440 <1.0 115 0.25 7 690 340 78 HRB 150 6.60
-70 480 570 530 <1.0 130 0.27 11 970 380 83 N/D 190 6.80
-85 590 710 650 <1.0 145 0.27 16 1310 410 90 220 7.05
-100 690 860 780 <1.0 160 0.28 35 1650 480 98 280 7.30
FLN4-4405-90HT 620 690 <0.5 115 0.25 8 880 550 20 HRC 60 HRC 180 6.60
-120HT 830 900 (D) <0.5 130 0.27 11 1260 720 25 60 260 6.80
-165HT 1140 1210 <0.5 145 0.27 16 1700 930 32 60 340 7.05

S
-195HT 1340 1480 <0.5 160 0.28 24 2180 1140 39 60 430 7.30

I U
N
2007 Edition (1.) Formerly Low-Alloy Steel

IT
Approved: 1994 Revised: 1987, 2000, 2003, 2007 *converted from axial fatigue test results

S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Sinter-Hardened Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde-
num and manganese as the major alloying elements and
elemental copper, and in some cases, elemental nickel.
Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed to provide the nec-
essary level of carbon in the final material.
Material Characteristics
Sinter-hardenable materials are normally used in medi-
um to high density PM applications. These materials pro-
vide sufficient hardenability to enable hardening during the
cooling cycle following sintering. When the final density
is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be
manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and
sintering.
Application
Sinter-hardened PM steels are used typically where
high strength and wear resistance are required.
Advantages of using sinter hardening include dimensional
control, cleanliness and reduction in the number of pro-
cessing steps. Sinter-hardened materials are not readily
machined.
Microstructure
The sinter-hardened steels exhibit a predominantly
martensitic microstructure. It is also common to find
regions of fine pearlite, bainite and retained austenite.
Nickel-rich areas may be found in alloys containing
admixed nickel.

Chemical Composition, % – Sinter-Hardened Steel Chemical Composition, % – Sinter-Hardened Steel

Material Material
Designation Fe C Ni Mo Cu Mn Element Designation Fe C Ni Mo Cu Mn Element
Bal. 0.6 1.0 0.65 — 0.05 Minimum Bal. 0.6 1.6 0.80 1.0 0.30 Minimum
FLN2-4408 FLC-48108
Bal. 0.9 3.0 0.95 — 0.30 Maximum Bal. 0.9 2.0 1.10 3.0 0.50 Maximum
Bal. 0.6 3.0 0.65 — 0.05 Minimum Bal. 0.6 3.6* 0.80 — 0.30 Minimum
FLN4-4408 FLN-48108
Bal. 0.9 5.0 0.95 — 0.30 Maximum (formerly FLN-4608) Bal. 0.9 5.0* 1.10 — 0.50 Maximum
Bal. 0.6 5.0 0.65 — 0.05 Minimum Bal. 0.6 — 1.30 1.0 0.05 Minimum
FLN6-4408 FLC-4908
Bal. 0.9 7.0 0.95 — 0.30 Maximum Bal. 0.9 — 1.70 3.0 0.30 Maximum
Bal. 0.6 1.0 0.65 1.0 0.05 Minimum *At least 2% of the nickel is admixed as elemental powder.
FLNC-4408
Bal. 0.9 3.0 0.95 3.0 0.30 Maximum Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
Bal. 0.6 1.6 0.43 1.0 0.05 Minimum elements added for specific purposes.
FLC-4608
Bal. 0.9 2.0 0.60 3.0 0.30 Maximum
Material Code Designations
Bal. 0.5 1.2 1.1 0.75 0.30 Minimum
FLC-4805 Prealloy Prealloy Major Elemental % Elemental
Bal. 0.7 1.6 1.4 1.35 0.50 Maximum Major Elemental Addition Addition
Addition
Bal. 0.6 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.30 Minimum
FLC2-4808 FL NC - 4408 - XX FL N2 - 4408 - XX
Bal. 0.9 1.6 1.4 3.0 0.50 Maximum
% Carbon % Carbon
Prealloy Prealloy
Grade Grade

Prealloy
Major Elemental Addition

FLC - 48108 - XX
Prealloy Grade % Carbon
Chemistry Modification

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

44
 Sinter-Hardened Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Micro- Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield indentation Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro (converted) 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (F) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3

FLNC-4408-60HT 410 480 <1.0 115 0.25 5 1100 520 98 HRB 55 HRC 120 6.60
-85HT 590 660 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 9 1310 590 21 HRC 55 180 6.80
-105HT 720 790 <1.0 140 0.27 16 1520 660 25 HRC 55 230 7.00
-130HT 900 970 1.0 155 0.28 22 1720 720 30 HRC 55 290 7.20
FLC-4608-60HT 410 480 <1.0 115 0.25 9 900 660 28 HRC 55 HRC 120 6.60
-75HT 520 590 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 11 1070 720 32 55 180 6.80

TABLE OF CONTENTS
-95HT 660 720 <1.0 140 0.27 15 1240 790 36 55 230 7.00
-115HT 790 860 <1.0 155 0.28 18 1450 860 39 55 290 7.20
FLC-4805-70HT 480 520 <0.5 115 0.25 7 1100 690 24 HRC 57 HRC 150* 6.60
-100HT 690 760 (D) <0.5 130 0.27 9 1380 900 29 57 230* 6.80
-140HT 970 1030 <0.5 140 0.27 14 1650 1100 34 57 300* 7.00
-175HT 1210 1280 <0.5 155 0.28 20 1970 1280 39 57 390* 7.20
FLC2-4808-70HT 480 520 <1.0 115 0.25 9 930 620 25 HRC 55 HRC 180* 6.60
45

-85HT 590 620 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 15 1240 790 30 55 240* 6.80
-110HT 760 830 <1.0 140 0.27 19 1590 930 35 55 295* 7.00
-145HT 1000 1070 <1.0 155 0.28 23 1860 1100 40 55 350* 7.20
FLC-48108-50HT 340 410 <1.0 115 0.25 7 830 (C) 20 HRC 55 HRC 110 6.60
-70HT 480 550 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 9 1030 (C) 26 55 160 6.80
-90HT 620 690 <1.0 140 0.27 12 1310 (C) 31 55 230 7.00
-110HT 760 830 <1.0 155 0.28 19 1590 (C) 37 55 290 7.20
*converted from axial fatigue test results
NOTES:
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2);
yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens
sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions using accelerated
cooling.
(C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent editions of this
standard.
(D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-
treated materials (see page 3).
(E) Tempering temperature: 177 ˚C (350 ˚F).
(F) Microindentation hardness values refer to the martensite. If fine pearlite or
bainite is present, these phases typically will measure 25-45 HRC.

SI
(G) Tempering temperature for the FLC-4805 and FLC2-4808 materials:

U
204 ˚C (400 ˚F).

N
2007 Edition

IT
Approved: 1997 Revised: 2000, 2003, 2007

S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Diffusion-Alloyed Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
diffusion-alloyed steel powders using nickel, copper and
molybdenum as the major alloying elements. Graphite
powder (carbon) is admixed with the diffusion-alloyed
steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in
the final material. Varying amounts of elemental powders
may be admixed also.
Material Characteristics
Diffusion-alloyed powders normally are used in medium
to high density PM applications. Elemental nickel may be
added to improve ductility and impact properties. When
the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materi-
als may be manufactured by pressing, presintering,
repressing and sintering.
Application
Diffusion-alloyed steels typically are used in medium to
high strength structural products. These materials may be
heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance.
Microstructure
These materials produce a heterogeneous microstruc-
ture. As-sintered diffusion-alloyed steels show a
microstructure similar to the nickel steels with a greater
proportion of bainite and martensite. After heat treatment
these structures are similar to heat treated nickel steels.

Chemical Composition, % – Diffusion-Alloyed Steel Material Code Designations

Material Diffusion Alloyed Diffusion Alloyed
Designation Fe C Ni Cu Mo Mn Element Prealloy
Diffusion Alloyed Addition
Prealloy
Diffusion Alloyed Addition
% Diffusion Alloyed Addition
Base Base
Bal. 0.0 1.55 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum FLDN2 - 4908 - XX FLDN4 C2 - 4905 - XX
FD-0200
Bal. 0.3 1.95 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum
Prealloy Grade % Carbon % Diffusion % Carbon
Bal. 0.3 1.55 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum Alloyed Addition Prealloy Grade
FD-0205
Bal. 0.6 1.95 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum
Bal. 0.6 1.55 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum NOTES:
FD-0208 (A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Bal. 0.9 1.95 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Bal. 0.0 3.60 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
FD-0400
Bal. 0.3 4.40 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum (B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 0.3 3.60 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
FD-0405 manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 0.6 4.40 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum
(D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
Bal. 0.6 3.60 1.3 0.4 0.05 Minimum the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
FD-0408
Bal. 0.9 4.40 1.7 0.6 0.30 Maximum (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
materials: 177 ˚C (350 ˚F).
Bal. 0.6 1.85 — 1.3* 0.05 Minimum
FLDN2-4908
Bal. 0.9 2.25 — 1.7* 0.30 Maximum
Bal. 0.3 3.60 1.6 1.3* 0.05 Minimum N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
FLDN4C2-4905
Bal. 0.6 4.40 2.4 1.7* 0.30 Maximum
*Prealloyed in the base powder.
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

46
 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3

FD-0205-45 310 470 360 1.0 125 0.27 11 900 320 72 HRB 170 6.75
-50 340 540 390 1.5 140 0.27 16 1070 360 76 N/D 200 6.95
-55 380 610 420 2.0 150 0.28 24 1240 390 80 220 7.15

TABLE OF CONTENTS
-60 410 690 460 2.0 170 0.28 38 1450 430 86 260 7.40
FD-0205-95HT 660 720 <1.0 125 0.27 7 1100 900 28 HRC 55 HRC 290 6.75
-120HT 830 900 (D) <1.0 140 0.27 9 1310 1070 33 55 360 6.95
-140HT 970 1030 <1.0 150 0.28 12 1450 1210 38 55 450 7.15
-160HT 1100 1170 <1.0 170 0.28 15 1650 1380 45 55 520 7.40
FD-0208-50 340 480 400 <1.0 125 0.27 9 930 400 80 HRB 170 6.75
-55 380 540 430 <1.0 135 0.27 12 1070 430 83 N/D 230 6.90
-60 410 630 470 1.0 150 0.27 16 1240 460 87 260 7.10
47

-65 450 710 500 1.0 160 0.28 23 1340 500 90 320 7.25
FD-0405-55 380 590 430 1.0 125 0.27 15 1100 390 80 HRB 170 6.75
-60 410 710 460 1.0 145 0.27 27 1340 430 85 N/D 200 7.05
-65 450 850 480 2.5 165 0.28 37 1590 500 91 280 7.35
FD-0405-100HT 690 760 <1.0 125 0.27 7 1100 860 30 HRC 55 HRC 180 6.75
-130HT 900 970 (D) <1.0 145 0.27 9 1380 1030 35 55 340 7.05
-155HT 1070 1140 <1.0 165 0.28 14 1620 1210 42 55 400 7.35
FD-0408-50 340 490 390 <1.0 120 0.25 12 900 430 85 HRB 150 6.70
-55 380 620 430 1.0 140 0.27 18 1140 470 89 N/D 190 6.95
-60 410 760 460 1.5 155 0.28 24 1380 500 93 260 7.20
-65 450 860 490 2.0 170 0.28 30 1590 550 95 330 7.40
FLDN2-4908-70 480 570 540 <1.0 125 0.27 9 1100 410 91 HRB 190 6.75
-80 550 660 610 <1.0 140 0.27 12 1310 460 94 N/D 220 6.95
-90 620 810 690 1.0 150 0.28 18 1590 530 98 250 7.15
-100 690 880 740 1.0 160 0.28 27 1760 570 100 280 7.30
FLDN4C2-4905-50 340 590 400 1.0 125 0.27 14 1100 340 85 HRB 130 6.75
-60 410 720 460 1.0 140 0.27 15 1340 410 90 N/D 190 6.95
-70 480 860 530 1.0 150 0.28 24 1620 450 95 250 7.15
-80 550 970 590 1.5 165 0.28 50 1860 520 25 HRC 310 7.35

2007 Edition

SI
Approved: 1997 Revised: 2003, 2007

U
N
IT
S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
admixtures of iron and/or iron alloy powders with graphite
(carbon) powder in which the voids are largely filled
through infiltration with a copper-base material.
Material Characteristics
Infiltration is the process of filling the interconnected
pores of a PM compact with a molten metal or alloy of
lower melting point by capillary action. Copper-infiltrated
steels are manufactured by compacting iron or iron-base
powder (with or without graphite powder) into a finished
shape and infiltrating the interconnected pores with a cop-
per-base material during the sintering operation. This may
be a single pass or two-stage infiltration. The result is a
steel-copper structure unique to the powder metallurgy
process. Compared with as-sintered iron or carbon steel
PM parts, copper infiltration can improve tensile strength,
elongation, hardness, and impact properties.
Application
Copper-infiltrated steel PM parts may be used in the as-
infiltrated or heat treated condition. Electroplating charac-
teristics are improved because the pores of the steel struc-
ture are sealed with copper thus avoiding entrapment of
plating solutions and subsequent tendency for surface
staining. For the same reason, infiltrated PM parts may be
used in medium pressure hydraulic applications where
pressure tightness is a consideration. Machinability is
improved because interrupted cuts are reduced. The
machined parts have a smooth surface finish.
Assembly of multiple PM parts into one integral unit can
be achieved by pressing the parts separately, assembling,
and then bonding into one unit through the infiltration
process. Infiltrated and wrought parts may be joined by
brazing because the brazing alloy remains at the interface
of the surfaces being brazed, rather than dissipating into
the pores of an as-sintered PM part. The sealed surface of
an infiltrated part permits surface hardening by induction
or flame processes in air without excessive internal oxida-
tion of the steel matrix. Clearly defined cases may be
obtained at high density by carburizing or carbonitriding a
low carbon matrix. This results in hard, wear resistant sur-
faces and a tough internal core.
Microstructure
The copper-rich phase can be seen clearly at 100-
l000X, etched in Nital or unetched. The distribution of the
copper phase through the part can be determined, and
underinfiltrated areas noted, if any exist. Although copper
normally does not fill all the pores, it will first fill the finer
interconnected pores by capillary action. The combined
carbon content is based on the iron phase only.

Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor

Chemical Composition, % – Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel
elements added for specific purposes.
Material
Designation Fe Cu C(1) Element
Bal. 8.0 0.0 Minimum
FX-1000
Bal. 14.9 0.3 Maximum
Bal. 8.0 0.3 Minimum
FX-1005
Bal. 14.9 0.6 Maximum
Bal. 8.0 0.6 Minimum
FX-1008
Bal. 14.9 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 15.0 0.0 Minimum
FX-2000
Bal. 25.0 0.3 Maximum
Bal. 15.0 0.3 Minimum
FX-2005
Bal. 25.0 0.6 Maximum
Bal. 15.0 0.6 Minimum
FX-2008
Bal. 25.0 0.9 Maximum
Carbon, on basis of iron only, may be a metallographic
(1)

estimate.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

48
 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3

FX-1000-25 170 350 220 7.0 160 0.28 34 910 230 65 HRB N/D 133 7.3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FX-1005-40 280 530 340 4.0 160 0.28 18 1090 370 82 HRB N/D 200 7.3
FX-1005-110HT 760 830 (D) <0.5 160 0.28 9 1450 760 38 HRC 55 HRC 230 7.3
FX-1008-50 340 600 410 3.0 160 0.28 14 1140 490 89 HRB N/D 230 7.3
FX-1008-110HT 760 830 (D) <0.5 160 0.28 9 1300 790 43 HRC 58 HRC 280 7.3
FX-2000-25 170 320 260 3.0 145 0.24 20 990 280 66 HRB N/D 122 7.3
FX-2005-45 310 520 410 1.5 145 0.24 11 1020 410 85 HRB N/D 140 7.3
49

FX-2005-90HT 620 690 (D) <0.5 145 0.24 9 1180 490 36 HRC 55 HRC 160 7.3
FX-2008-60 410 550 480 1.0 145 0.24 9 1080 480 90 HRB N/D 160 7.3
FX-2008-90HT 620 690 (D) <0.5 145 0.24 7 1100 510 36 HRC 58 HRC 190 7.3

NOTE: All data based on single-pass infiltration. NOTES:

(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
manufacturing conditions.
(D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
materials: 177 ˚C (350 ˚F).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

2007 Edition
Approved: 1994 Revised: 1997

SI U
N
IT
S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Stainless Steel – 300 Series Alloy

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
prealloyed, austenitic stainless steel powders.
Material Characteristics
Stainless steels are normally used as medium to high
density PM materials. With the use of prealloyed powder,
a completely homogeneous steel microstructure is at-
tained under normal commercial sintering cycles.
Processing practices have a strong effect on the
mechanical properties of PM stainless steel. Higher sinter-
ing temperatures (above 1149 ˚C) (2100 ˚F) tend to
increase impact energy, ductility and corrosion resistance.
Sintering in a nitrogen-based atmosphere results in higher
strengths and lower ductility than sintering in vacuum or
hydrogen because of the effect of nitrogen alloying. Cor-
rosion behavior can also be affected by sintering cycles.
Application
Stainless steel PM materials are generally selected
because of their good mechanical properties, corrosion
resistance, and appearance:
SS-303 Austenitic Machining Grades -
SS-303 is preferred for parts requiring extensive
secondary machining. Strength and hardness
are high and corrosion resistance is good.
SS-303 is non-magnetic.
SS-304 General Purpose Austenitic Grades -
SS-304 has good strength properties and corro-
sion resistance. A general purpose grade used
in many applications. SS-304 is non-magnetic.
SS-316 General Purpose Austenitic Grades -
SS-316 has the best combination of properties in
a PM stainless steel alloy. Corrosion resistance
is better than SS-303. First choice for general
purpose applications. Non-magnetic.
Microstructure
The 303, 304 and 316 stainless steel grades are
austenitic with some evidence of twin formation. In the “L”
grades there should be little or no evidence of original par-
ticle boundaries, chromium carbides, nitrides or oxides.

Chemical Composition, % – Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy

Material
Designation Fe Cr Ni Mn Si S C P Mo N Element
Bal. 17.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.15 0.00 0.00 — 0.20 Minimum
SS-303Nl, N2
Bal. 19.0 13.0 2.0 1.0 0.30 0.15 0.20 — 0.60 Maximum
Bal. 17.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.15 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Minimum
SS-303L
Bal. 19.0 13.0 2.0 1.0 0.30 0.03 0.20 — 0.03 Maximum
Bal. 18.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.20 Minimum
SS-304Nl, N2
Bal. 20.0 12.0 2.0 1.0 0.03 0.08 0.04 — 0.60 Maximum
Bal. 18.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 Minimum
SS-304H, L
Bal. 20.0 12.0 2.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 Maximum
Bal. 16.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.0 0.20 Minimum
SS-316Nl, N2
Bal. 18.0 14.0 2.0 1.0 0.03 0.08 0.04 3.0 0.60 Maximum
Bal. 16.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.0 0.00 Minimum
SS-316H, L
Bal. 18.0 14.0 2.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 3.0 0.03 Maximum

Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific
purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

50
 Stainless Steel – 300 Series Alloy
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive
Material Strength Minimum Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Fatigue
Designation (A) (E) Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation Strength
Code Yield Ultimate (in 25.4 mm) Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) 107 Cycle Density
MPa % MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3

SS-303N1-25 170 0.0 270 220 0.5 105 0.25 5 590 260 62 HRB N/D 90 6.4
SS-303N2-35 240 3.0 380 290 5.0 115 0.25 26 680 320 63 HRB N/D 110 6.5
SS-303N2-38 260 6.0 470 310 10.0 140 0.27 47 N/D 320 70 HRB N/D 145 6.9

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SS-303L-12 80 12.0 270 120 17.5 120 0.25 54 570 140 21 HRB N/D 105 6.6
SS-303L-15 100 15.0 330 170 20.0 140 0.27 75 N/D 200 35 HRB N/D 130 6.9
SS-304N1-30 210 0.0 300 260 0.5 105 0.25 5 770 260 61 HRB N/D 105 6.4
SS-304N2-33 230 5.0 390 280 10.0 115 0.25 34 880 320 62 HRB N/D 125 6.5
SS-304N2-38 260 8.0 480 310 13.0 140 0.27 75 N/D 320 68 HRB N/D 160 6.9
SS-304H-20 140 7.0 280 170 10.0 120 0.25 27 590 170 35 HRB N/D (C) 6.6
51

SS-304L-13 90 15.0 300 120 23.0 120 0.25 61 N/D 150 30 HRB N/D 115 6.6
SS-304L-18 120 18.0 390 180 26.0 140 0.27 108 N/D 190 45 HRB N/D 145 6.9
SS-316N1-25 170 0.0 280 230 0.5 105 0.25 7 740 250 59 HRB N/D 75 6.4
SS-316N2-33 230 5.0 410 270 10.0 115 0.25 38 860 300 62 HRB N/D 95 6.5
SS-316N2-38 260 8.0 480 310 13.0 140 0.27 65 N/D 320 65 HRB N/D 130 6.9
SS-316H-20 140 5.0 240 170 7.0 120 0.25 27 590 170 33 HRB N/D (C) 6.6
SS-316L-15 100 12.0 280 140 18.5 120 0.25 47 550 150 20 HRB N/D 90 6.6
SS-316L-22 150 15.0 390 210 21.0 140 0.27 88 N/D 200 45 HRB N/D 115 6.9

N1 - Nitrogen alloyed. Good strength, low elongation. NOTES:

* Sintered at 1149 ˚C (2100 ˚F) in dissociated ammonia.
N2 - Nitrogen alloyed. High strength, medium elongation.
* Sintered at 1288 ˚C (2350 ˚F) in dissociated ammonia.
H - Low carbon. Lower strength, high elongation.
* Sintered at 1149˚C (2100 ˚F) in 100% hydrogen.
L - Low carbon. Lower strength, highest elongation.
* Sintered at 1288 ˚C (2350 ˚F) in partial vacuum.
Cooled to avoid nitrogen absorption.
*Processing parameters used to generate these data, other
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
manufacturing conditions.
(C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subse-
quent editions of this standard.
N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

S
conditions could be used.

I U
2007 Edition

N
IT
Approved: 1994 Revised: 1997, 2000, 2003

S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Stainless Steel – 400 Series Alloy

This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from pre-
alloyed ferritic or martensitic stainless steel powders. When
required, carbon content is controlled by admixed graphite pow-
der additions.
Material Characteristics
Stainless steels normally are used as medium to high density
PM materials. With the use of prealloyed powder a homoge-
neous microstructure is attained using normal commercial sin-
tering cycles.
Processing practices have a moderate effect on the mechani-
cal properties of the 400 series stainless steels. Maximum soft
magnetic properties are achieved by high temperature sintering
(above 1149 ˚C) (2100 ˚F) in a nitrogen-free atmosphere (pure
hydrogen or vacuum). The corrosion properties are inferior to the
300 series stainless steel alloys when processed under the same
conditions.
Application
The 400 series stainless steels normally are selected for their
magnetic properties or heat treat response:
SS-409L Selected for welded applications.
SS-410L Selected for soft-magnetic properties and envi-
ronments requiring the least corrosion resistance.
SS-410-90HT Selected for its combination of strength, hard-
ness and wear resistance. Carbon is added to
increase the heat treat response. This alloy
responds to furnace cooling as a sinter-harden-
able alloy. A secondary quench and temper
process will increase hardness. Both corrosion
resistance and machinability are poor.
SS-430 Lower magnetic properties as compared with
SS-410 but somewhat better corrosion resis-
tance.
SS-434 Similar magnetic properties to the SS-430 grade
with slightly better corrosion resistance.
Microstructure
The 410L, 430 and 434 alloys are ferritic in the as-sintered
condition. There should be no evidence of prior particle bound-
aries, oxides or carbides. Even minor residual carbon or nitrogen
will appear as grain boundary precipitates in the microstructure.
The 410-90HT grade is fully martensitic after normal cooling from
the sintering cycle. It also can be hardened separately but, in
either case, generally is tempered for optimum toughness.

Chemical Composition, % – Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy

Material
Designation Fe Cr Ni Mn Si S C P Mo N Cb (Nb) Element
Bal. 10.50 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 8 x %C Minimum
SS-409L
Bal. 11.75 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 0.80 Maximum
Bal. 11.50 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 8 x %C Minimum
SS-409LE(1)
Bal. 13.50 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 0.80 Maximum
Bal. 11.50 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — Minimum
SS-410
Bal. 13.50 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.25 0.04 — 0.60 — Maximum
Bal. 11.50 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — Minimum
SS-410L
Bal. 13.50 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.20 — Minimum
SS-430N2
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.08 0.04 — 0.60 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 — 0.00 — Minimum
SS-430L
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 — 0.03 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.20 — Minimum
SS-434N2
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.08 0.04 1.25 0.60 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 — Minimum
SS-434L
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 1.25 0.03 — Maximum
Bal. 16.00 — 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.4 Minimum
SS-434LCb
Bal. 18.00 — 1.0 1.0 0.03 0.03 0.04 1.25 0.03 0.6 Maximum

Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
(1) LE = L grade, Extended chemistry
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

52
 Stainless Steel – 400 Series Alloy
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Minimum Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate (in 25.4mm) Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density

TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPa % MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3

SS-410-90HT 620 0.0 720 (D) <0.5 125 0.25 3 780 640 23 HRC 55 HRC 240 6.5
SS-410L-20 140 10.0 330 180 16.0 165 0.27 68 N/D 190 45 HRB N/D 125 6.9
SS-430N2-28 190 3.0 410 240 5.0 170 0.27 34 N/D 230 70 HRB N/D 170 7.1
SS-430L-24 170 14.0 340 210 20.0 170 0.27 108 N/D 230 45 HRB N/D 170 7.1
SS-434N2-28 190 4.0 410 240 8.0 165 0.27 20 N/D 230 68 HRB N/D 150 7.0
53

SS-434L-24 170 10.0 340 210 15.0 165 0.27 88 N/D 230 50 HRB N/D 150 7.0

N2 - Nitrogen alloyed. High strength, medium elongation. NOTES:

* Sintered at 1288 ˚C (2350 ˚F) in dissociated ammonia.
L - Low carbon. Lower strength, highest elongation.
* Sintered at 1288 ˚C (2350 ˚F) in partial vacuum.
Cooled to avoid nitrogen absorption.
HT - Martensitic grade, heat treated. Highest strength.
* Sinter hardened at 1149 ˚C (2100 ˚F) in dissociated ammonia.
*Processing parameters used to generate these data, other
conditions could be used.
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
manufacturing conditions.
(D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
materials: 177 ˚C (350 ˚F).

N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.

2007 Edition
Approved: 1994 Revised: 1997, 2000, 2007

SI U
N
IT
S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Copper and Copper Alloys

This subsection covers PM copper, brasses, nickel-silver materials
and bronze for structural application (not bearings). They are manu-
factured from prealloyed powders with the exception of pure copper
and the bronze materials that are usually made from admixed ele-
mental copper and tin powders.
Material Characteristics
PM copper has the typical “copper” color and commonly is used for
its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. The pure copper grade
at a nominal 8.0 g/cm3 density has a conductivity of 85% IACS* while
the 8.3 g/cm3 material has a conductivity of 90% IACS.* PM brass
materials are available in numerous compositions with zinc content
ranging from 10 to 30%, balance copper. PM bronze contains 10% tin,
balance copper. Nickel-silver PM materials are nominally alloys of
18% zinc, 18% nickel, balance copper. They do not contain silver.
Brasses and nickel silver may contain from 1 to 2% lead for improved
machinability. The lead content is metallurgically contained.
Machinability is comparable to cast and wrought stock of the same
composition.
CZ-1000 (90-10 brass) has a reddish bronze color and is common-
ly used for mechanical components and hardware applications.
CZP-2002 (80-20 brass) has the classic yellow “brass” color and
improved strength for structural and hardware components. It may be
repressed for closer tolerance. CZP-3002 (70-30 brass) also has the
classic “brass” color and the highest strength for structural and hard-
ware components. It may also be repressed for control of dimension-
al tolerances. Ductility is good.
Nickel silver has properties similar to brass but with improved cor-
rosion resistance and a silvery gray color. Tensile strengths are above
the brass range. Ductility is somewhat less. The material polishes and
burnishes well for an attractive appearance. Parts can be repressed
for dimensional control and improved mechanical properties.
CT-1000 (90-10 bronze) while most commonly used as a self-lubri-
cating bearing material is also used at higher densities (6.8 g/cm3 or
more) in structural applications where strength, corrosion resistance
and appearance are important.
The values shown in the property data for yield strength are based
on as-sintered specimens, except those noted as repressed. Cold
working by repressing these materials increases yield strengths,
depending upon the amount of deformation. The increase in strength
is accompanied by a decrease in elongation and an increase in appar-
ent hardness.
Application
Pure copper is used in applications requiring excellent thermal or
electrical conductivity. Brass, nickel-silver, and bronze PM parts have
a wide variety of applications in structural parts requiring good corro-
sion resistance, good machinability, attractive appearance and ductili-
ty. (Also see Material Characteristics above.)
Microstructure
Copper, brass, bronze and nickel silver will sinter to the point where
very few original particle boundaries are observable. In well-sintered
bronze the alpha bronze grains have grown from their original fine
grain clusters and there is no evidence of blue-gray Cu-Sn intermetal-
lic compounds.
*IACS = International Annealed Copper Standard, measured @ 20 ˚C in the
annealed condition with thermal conductivity of 0.93 cal/cm2/cm/˚C/s and
electrical resistivity of 1.73 microohm-cm (electrical conductivity of 0.58
megmho-cm).

Chemical Composition, % – Copper and Copper Alloys

Material Material
Designation Cu Zn Pb Sn Ni Element Designation Cu Zn Pb Sn Ni Element
99.8 — — — — Minimum 68.5 Bal. — — — Minimum
C-0000 CZ-3000
100.0 — — — — Maximum 71.5 Bal. — — — Maximum
88.0 Bal. — — — Minimum 68.5 Bal. 1.0 — — Minimum
CZ-1000 CZP-3002
91.0 Bal. — — — Maximum 71.5 Bal. 2.0 — — Maximum
88.0 Bal. 1.0 — — Minimum 62.5 Bal. — — 16.5 Minimum
CZP-1002 CNZ-1818
91.0 Bal. 2.0 — — Maximum 65.5 Bal. — — 19.5 Maximum
77.0 Bal. — — — Minimum 62.5 Bal. 1.0 — 16.5 Minimum
CZ-2000 CNZP-1816
80.0 Bal. — — — Maximum 65.5 Bal. 2.0 — 19.5 Maximum
77.0 Bal. 1.0 — — Minimum 87.5 — — 9.5 — Minimum
CZP-2002 CT-1000
80.0 Bal. 2.0 — — Maximum 90.5 — — 10.5 — Maximum
Other Elements: For the C-0000 material 0.2% max; for all other
copper-based alloys 2.0% max.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

54
 Copper and Copper Alloys
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS

Minimum Unnotched Compressive

Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro-
Designation (A) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation
Code Yield Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell g/cm3

C-0000-5 35 160 40 20.0 85 0.31 34 N/D 50 25 HRH N/D 8.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS
C-0000-7 50 190 60 25.0 90 0.31 61 N/D 70 30 HRH* N/D 8.3
CZ-1000 -9 60 120 70 9.0 80 0.31 20 270 80 65 HRH N/D 7.6
-10 70 140 80 10.5 90 0.31 33 320 80 72 N/D 7.9
-11 80 160 80 12.0 100 0.31 42 360 80 80 N/D 8.1
CZP-1002-7 50 140 60 10.0 90 0.31 33 310 70 66 HRH N/D 7.9
CZ-2000 -11 80 160 90 9.0 85 0.31 37 360 80 73 HRH N/D 7.6
55

-12 80 240 120 18.0 100 0.31 61 480 100 82 N/D 8.0
CZP-2002-11 80 160 90 9.0 85 0.31 37 360 80 73 HRH N/D 7.6
-12 80 240 120 18.0 100 0.31 61 480 100 82 N/D 8.0
CZ-3000 -14 100 190 110 14.0 80 0.31 31 430 120 84 HRH N/D 7.6
-16 110 230 130 17.0 90 0.31 52 590 130 92 N/D 8.0
CZP3002-13 90 190 100 14.0 80 0.31 16 390 80 80 HRH N/D 7.6
-14 100 220 110 16.0 90 0.31 34 490 100 88 N/D 8.0
CNZ-1818-17 120 230 140 11.0 95 0.31 33 500 170 90 HRH N/D 7.9
CNZP-1816-13 90 180 100 10.0 95 0.31 30 340 120 86 HRH N/D 7.9
CT-1000-13
(repressed) 90 150 110 4.0 60 0.31 5 310 140 82 HRH N/D 7.2

*If C-0000-7 is repressed, typical hardness is 60 HRH NOTES:

(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in
103 psi
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory pre-
pared test specimens sintered under commercial manu-
facturing conditions.

2007 Edition N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Approved: 1994 Revised: 1997, 2000

SI U
N
IT
S
 S
IT
N TABLE OF CONTENTS
U
SI

PM Structural Material Section—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from
iron-based powders for use in soft-magnetic product appli-
cations. The base iron powder may be used unalloyed or
with admixtures of ferroalloys as a source of phosphorus
or silicon. Prealloyed powders are required for the iron-
nickel alloy system. Magnetic properties are degraded by
the presence of carbon and therefore carbon is not a
desired alloying element in soft-magnetic alloys. For a
given material, magnetic induction is directly related to
product density – higher density yields higher induction.
Coercive field and permeability are sensitive to sintering
conditions and interstitial impurities – higher sintering tem-
peratures and lower impurities yield lower coercive field
and higher permeability.
Material Characteristics
Soft-magnetic alloys normally are used in the medium to
high-density range. When the final density is greater than
7.1 g/cm3 these materials may be manufactured by
pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Magnetic
properties are sensitive to sintering conditions – both
atmosphere composition and sintering temperature. For a
given density, processing changes that improve magnetic
properties may result in lower mechanical strength and
apparent hardness than listed in the data table.
Application
Soft-magnetic alloys are used primarily for their magnet-
ic response characteristics in DC magnetic fields. Post-
sinter annealing normally is not required for the PM soft-
magnetic alloys. However, some secondary operations,
such as repressing or steam treatment, may degrade
magnetic properties. The pure iron and iron-phosphorus
alloys may also be used in structural applications requiring
high ductility and impact energy. Plating or steam treat-
ment are used to improve surface wear characteristics
since a quench and temper heat treatment is not possible
due to the lack of carbon in these alloys.
Microstructure
The typical structure of a soft-magnetic alloy consists of
a single phase, ferritic structure with large, equiaxed
grains. The higher the sintering temperature and longer
the sintering time the larger the average grain size and
more rounded the porosity. The greater extent to which
these two microstructure features are present lead to an
improved magnetic response. The microstructure should
not have any evidence of a second phase, such as pearlite
or undissolved ferroalloy particles.

NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Soft-Magnetic Alloys
(A) Suffix numbers represent maximum coercive field values
Material (oersteds x 10); letter code represents minimum density
Designation Fe Ni Si P C O N Element (see page 6).
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FF-0000 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. — — — 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. — — 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent
FY-4500 editions of this standard.
Bal. — — 0.50 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum
Bal. — — 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FY-8000
Bal. — — 0.85 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. — 2.7 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FS-0300
Bal. — 3.3 — 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum
Bal. 46.0 — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FN-5000
Bal. 51.0 — — 0.02 0.10 0.01 Maximum

Other Elements: 0.5% maximum may include other minor

elements added for specific purposes.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.

56
 Soft-Magnetic Alloys
PM Material Properties
MANDATORY VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
MAGNETIC RESPONSE @ 15 Oe TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS

Unnotched Compressive Fatigue

Material Maximum Yield Charpy Yield Hardness Limit
Designation Minimum Coercive Ultimate Strength Elongation Young’s Poisson’s Impact Strength Macro 90%
Code Density Field Bm Br Hc µmax Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy (0.1%) (Apparent) Survival Density
g/cm3 A/m T T A/m MPa MPa % GPa J MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3

FF-0000-23U 6.5 185 0.90 0.78 165 1700 125 75 6 115 0.25 (C) N/A 40 HRF (C) 6.6
-20U 6.5 160 0.95 0.82 145 1800 130 75 8 115 0.25 (C) N/A 40 HRF (C) 6.6
FF-0000-23W 6.9 185 1.05 0.90 165 2100 190 115 11 140 0.27 (C) N/A 50 HRF (C) 7.0
-20W 6.9 160 1.05 0.97 145 2300 195 115 12 140 0.27 (C) N/A 50 HRF (C) 7.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FF-0000-23X 7.1 185 1.20 1.05 165 2700 255 155 16 155 0.28 (C) N/A 55 HRF (C) 7.2
-20X 7.1 160 1.20 1.10 145 2900 255 155 17 155 0.28 (C) N/A 55 HRF (C) 7.2
FY-4500-20V 6.7 160 1.05 0.85 145 2300 275 205 5 130 0.27 (C) 210 40 HRB (C) 6.8
FY-4500-20W 6.9 160 1.15 0.90 145 2600 310 220 7 140 0.27 (C) 250 45 HRB (C) 7.0
-17W 6.9 135 1.15 0.90 120 3000 310 220 10 140 0.27 (C) 200 45 HRB (C) 7.0
FY-4500-20X 7.1 160 1.25 1.00 145 2700 345 240 7 155 0.28 (C) 280 55 HRB (C) 7.2
57

-17X 7.1 135 1.25 1.00 120 3200 380 270 12 155 0.28 (C) 220 55 HRB (C) 7.2
FY-4500-20Y 7.3 160 1.30 1.15 145 3200 380 260 9 170 0.28 (C) 310 65 HRB (C) 7.4
-17Y 7.3 135 1.35 1.10 120 3600 415 280 15 170 0.28 (C) 240 65 HRB (C) 7.4
FY-8000-17V 6.7 135 1.10 1.00 120 3500 330 275 2 130 0.27 (C) N/A 55 HRB (C) 6.8
FY-8000-17W 6.9 135 1.20 1.10 120 4000 345 310 3 140 0.27 (C) N/A 65 HRB (C) 7.0
-15W 6.9 120 1.20 1.05 105 4000 365 310 4 140 0.27 (C) N/A 65 HRB (C) 7.0
FY-8000-17X 7.1 135 1.30 1.20 120 4500 380 345 3 155 0.28 (C) N/A 70 HRB (C) 7.2
-15X 7.1 120 1.30 1.15 105 4500 390 330 4 155 0.28 (C) N/A 70 HRB (C) 7.2
FY-8000-15Y 7.3 120 1.35 1.30 105 5000 430 365 4 170 0.28 (C) N/A 75 HRB (C) 7.4
FS-0300-14V 6.7 110 1.10 0.90 95 3000 310 205 8 130 0.27 (C) N/A 65 HRB (C) 6.8
FS-0300-14W 6.9 110 1.20 1.00 95 4000 345 240 10 140 0.27 (C) N/A 70 HRB (C) 7.0
FS-0300-12X 7.1 95 1.30 1.10 80 5000 380 275 15 155 0.28 (C) N/A 75 HRB (C) 7.2
FS-0300-11Y 7.3 90 1.40 1.20 70 6000 415 310 20 170 0.28 (C) N/A 80 HRB (C) 7.4
FN-5000-5W 6.9 40 0.90 0.75 25 8000 240 140 9 85 0.32 45 N/A 28 HRB (C) 7.0
FN-5000-5Z 7.4 40 1.20 0.90 25 10000 275 170 15 110 0.34 92 N/A 40 HRB (C) 7.5

2007 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2003, 2007

SI U
N
IT
S
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SI Units – Conversion Table

Quantities/Terms Used in MPIF Standards
Approx.
Conversion
Quantity Designation Inch-Pound Units Preferred Working Unit Symbol to SI Units*

Apparent Density ρa g/cm3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm3 --

Applied Magnetic Field H oersteds (Oe) amperes-turns/metre A/m X 79.6
Atmosphere Flow -- ft3/min cubic centimetre per second cm3/s X 472.0
CFH cubic centimetre per second cm3/s X 7.867
Belt Speed -- ipm millimetre per minute mm/min X 25.40
Bulk Density -- lbm/ft3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm3 X 0.016
lbm/gal gram per cubic centimetre g/cm3 X 0.120
Coercive Field Hc oersteds (Oe) ampere-turns/metre A/m X 79.6
Compacting Pressure -- tsi megapascals MPa X 13.79
Crush Strength K 103 psi megapascals MPa X 6.895
Flow Time -- s/50 g second per 50 grams s/50 g --
Green Density ρg g/cm3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm3 --
Green Strength -- psi megapascals MPa X 0.0069
Heating Rate -- degree Fahrenheit per
second (˚F/sec) degree Celsius per second ˚C/s X 0.556
Impact Energy -- ft•lbf joule J X 1.356
Magnetic Induction B kilogauss (kG) tesla T X 0.1
Particle Size -- 10-3 in. micrometre µm --
Powder Mass -- pound (lbm) kilogram kg X 0.454
ton megagram Mg X 0.907
ton metric ton t X 0.907
Sintered Density ρs g/cm3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm3 --
Specific Surface -- m2/g square metre per gram m2/g --
Surface Finish -- microinches micrometre µm X 0.0254
Tap Density ρt g/cm3 gram per cubic centimetre g/cm3 --
Temperature -- degree Fahrenheit (˚F) degree Celsius ˚C 5/9 (˚F -32)
Tensile Strength -- 103 psi megapascals MPa X 6.895
Transverse Rupture Strength -- 103 psi megapascals MPa X 6.895
Yield Strength -- 103 psi megapascals MPa X 6.895
Young's Modulus -- 106 psi gigapascals GPa X 6.895

* Example: 1 psi = 0.0069 MPa

If 100,000 psi, then MPa = 0.0069 X 100,000 = 690 MPa

58
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Engineering Information
Introduction
The Engineering Information section includes a wide variety of engineering
data that will be helpful to product design engineers, and includes thermal,
mechanical, fatigue, machinability and hardenability data. These engineering
data do not constitute specification values. The data in this section were
developed through several different testing programs under the guidance of the
MPIF Standards Committee or The Center for Powder Metallurgy Technology.
These test conditions may not represent individual production operating
conditions. The values in the following data tables should be used as guidelines,
not minimum values or design values.

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and
design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer. In
many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is
limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be taken
in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a
PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of these data.

THE PM ENGINEERING INFORMATION IN THIS SECTION INCLUDES:

• Hardenability
• Axial Fatigue
• Rolling Contact Fatigue (RBF)
• Machinability
• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)
• Fracture Toughness
• Corrosion Resistance
• Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials
• Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part

59
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Hardenability
Hardenability is a measure of the depth of hardening
that can be achieved with a PM steel; the higher the value
the more hardenable the steel. The hardenability depth
was determined from a standard Jominy test (ASTM A
255) and the hardness versus depth curve produced using
the HRA hardness scale. The depth, in sixteenths of an
inch, where the hardness value falls below 65 HRA is list-
ed as the J Depth. If a PM steel did not reach 65 HRA at
the surface, the J Depth was listed as <1. Since the hard-
enability data listed in the following table were measured
using the apparent hardness technique, the results show
the effect of density. In order to compare the hardenability
of PM steels, the comparison should be made at the same
density.

HARDENABILITY DATA HARDENABILITY DATA

Depth to 65 HRA Depth to 65 HRA
Depth in Depth in
Material Material Density 1/16 inch units Material Material Density 1/16 inch units
System Designation g/cm3 J 65 System Designation g/cm3 J 65
Iron & Carbon F-0005 6.65 < 1.0 Prealloyed Steel FL-5208 6.70 3.5
Steel 6.87 1.0 (cont’d) 6.85 4.5
7.03 1.0 (formerly Low- 7.27 5.0
Alloy Steel)
F-0008 6.78 1.5 FL-5305 6.70 15.5
6.91 2.0 6.86 17.5
7.06 2.0 7.32 44.0
Iron-Copper & FC-0205 6.50 < 1.0 Hybrid Low-Alloy FLN2C-4005 6.73 < 1.0
Copper Steel 6.82 1.5 Steel 6.88 5.5
6.96 1.5 (*formerly Low- 7.27 10.5
FC-0208 6.40 1.5 Alloy Steel) FLN4C-4005 6.73 5.0
6.81 2.0 6.97 8.0
7.15 2.5 7.28 40.0
Iron-Nickel & FN-0205 6.90 1.5 *FLN-4205 6.68 2.0
Nickel Steel 7.10 1.5 7.00 5.0
7.38 2.5 7.29 6.0
FN-0208 6.88 2.0 *FLN2-4405 6.71 7.5
6.97 2.0 7.11 10.5
7.37 3.0 7.22 10.5
Prealloyed Steel FL-4205 6.75 2.5 *FLN4-4405 6.72 8.5
(formerly Low- 7.00 3.5 7.10 14.5
Alloy Steel) 7.20 3.5 7.23 17.5
FL-4405 6.64 2.0 *FLN6-4405 6.79 13.0
6.94 3.0 7.15 18.0
7.20 4.5 7.30 26.0
FL-4605 6.76 2.5
6.99 5.0
7.12 7.0

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

60
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Hardenability (continued)
HARDENABILITY DATA HARDENABILITY DATA
Depth to 65 HRA Depth to 65 HRA
Depth in Depth in
Material Material Density 1/16 inch units Material Material Density 1/16 inch units
System Designation g/cm3 J 65 System Designation g/cm3 J 65
Sinter-Hardened FLNC-4408 6.65 9.0 Diffusion-Alloyed FD-0205 6.98 2.5
Steel 7.06 11.0 Steel 7.24 2.5
7.22 15.5 7.32 4.5
FLC-4608 6.63 26.0 FD-0208 6.78 4.0
6.92 32.0 6.97 9.5
7.24 > 56.0 7.29 12.0
FLC-4805 6.73 22.0 FD-0405 6.70 2.0
6.87 33.0 7.13 4.0
7.25 35.0 7.26 10.0
FLC2-4808 6.75 36.0 FD-0408 6.70 3.0
7.00 52.0 7.08 8.0
7.34 > 56.0 7.21 15.0
FLC-48108 6.63 26.0 FLDN2-4908 6.72 8.0
6.86 48.0 6.97 8.5
7.06 > 56.0 7.32 9.0
7.30 > 56.0 FLDN4C2-4905 6.72 5.0
FLN-48108 6.82 22.5 6.99 10.0
(formerly FLN-4608) 6.92 28.0 7.29 > 56.0
7.26 46.0 Copper-Infiltrated FX-1005 7.40 2.0
7.36 > 56.0 Iron & Steel FX-1008 7.39 2.5
FLC-4908 6.72 8.5
7.08 9.5 FX-2005 7.38 < 1.0
7.16 10.5

2007 Edition
Approved: 1997 Revised: 2007
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

61
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Axial Fatigue
Axial fatigue tests were performed using the same test
sample configuration as described in MPIF Std. 56 for rotat-
ing beam fatigue testing. The test sample was gripped using
hydraulic grips in a servo-hydraulic testing machine operating
at 100 Hz, using a constant force, sinusoidal waveform (fully
reversed R = -1) per ASTM E 466. Exacting alignment
procedures, using a strain gauged calibration sample were
performed to ensure proper sample alignment during the test.
Tests were run until failure or a run out at 10 million cycles.
The test results were analyzed using the same procedure as
for rotating beam fatigue measurements (see MPIF Std. 56).
A correlation analysis between axial fatigue limit and rotat-
ing beam fatigue limit found the axial fatigue limit equal to
84% of the rotating beam fatigue limit.

Material Axial Fatigue Material Axial Fatigue

Material Designation/ Density Limit 90% Survival Material Designation/ Density Limit 90% Survival
System Condition g/cm3 103 psi MPa System Condition g/cm3 103 psi MPa
Copper Steel FC-0208 6.28 13 90 Hybrid Low- FLN4C-4005-HT 6.70 30 210
6.72 19 130 Alloy Steel 6.90 40 280
7.18 28 190 (cont’d) 7.10 50 340
FC-0208-HT 6.40 26 180 7.40 65 450
6.83 32 220 FLN-4205-HT 6.72 27 190
7.08 37 260 (formerly Low- 7.01 39 270
Nickel Steel FN-0205-HT 6.92 29 200 Alloy Steel) 7.33 50 340
7.10 36 250 Sinter-Hardened FLC-4805-HT 6.69 24 170
7.40 46 320 Steel 6.92 32 220
FN-0208-HT 6.89 32 220 7.29 51 350
7.02 38 260 FLC2-4808-HT 6.60 22 150
7.40 53 370 6.80 29 200
FN-0405-HT 6.82 29 200 7.00 36 250
7.02 36 250 7.20 43 300
7.43 48 330 Diffusion- FD-0205-HT 6.70 34 230
Prealloyed Steel FL-4205-HT 6.78 33 230 Alloyed Steel 7.01 45 310
(formerly Low- 6.98 37 260 7.28 53 370
Alloy Steel) 7.17 44 300 FD-0405-HT 6.79 30 110
FL-4405-HT 6.77 32 220 7.03 32 220
7.00 38 260 7.32 50 340
7.30 48 330 Copper-Infiltrated
FL-4605-HT 6.73 32 220 Iron & Steel FX-1005-HT 7.40 25 170
6.95 39 270 FX-1008 7.39 28 190
7.15 45 310
FX-1008-HT 7.39 31 210
Hybrid Low- FLN2C-4005 6.80 23 160
Alloy Steel 6.93 28 190 Stainless Steel
7.33 37 260 400 Series Alloy SS-410-HT 6.54 25 170
FLN2C-4005-HT 6.80 33 230
6.93 38 260
7.33 63 430
FLN4C-4005 6.70 20 140
6.90 28 190
7.10 35 240
7.40 45 310

2007 Edition
Approved: 2003 Revised: 2007

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

62
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF)

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) tests were conducted using the
Caterpillar style test machine. A test roller and load roller were placed
in contact under load through a lever arm and dead weights. Using a
gear set that drives the roller and test specimen, a –43% slip was
induced (surface velocity of the load roller was 43% faster than the test
specimen) as compared with pure rolling where the surface velocities
of the roller and test specimen are equal. The specimen rotated at
1330 rpm in a bath of 194 °F (90 °C) transmission fluid. A 10 microme-
tre ceramic element filter removed wear particles from the fluid and the
entire fluid system was changed after 1,000 hours of operation. Failure
was determined by formation of a pit, spall or surface crack using a
vibration transducer to stop the test when such an irregularity was indi-
cated. The test was considered a run out after 7 million cycles. At least
6 tests were run at the failure stress to provide sufficient data for a
Weibull analysis of the test results.
A series of 19 test materials were manufactured by industrial
sources representing a variety of materials and processing conditions,
using densities from 7.1 g/cm3 to near pore-free density. A wrought
steel is included to serve as a reference.
The RCF test specimens were machined from blanks provided by
11 different sources. Final dimensions were 2.3 inch (58.4 mm) outer
diameter, 0.948 inch (24.1 mm) inner diameter and a stepped face
width (loaded width either 0.302 or 0.202 inch [7.67 or 5.13 mm],
depending on tensile strength). The blanks were rough machined and
ground, then returned to the source for final treatment (such as heat
treatment, surface densification, etc.) then final ground and polished.
The load rollers were machined from the same wrought steel (AISI
4620M) that was used for the wrought steel test specimen. The rollers
were 3.75 inch (95.25 mm) outer diameter, 1.75 inch (44.45 mm) inner
diameter and 0.50 inch (12.7 mm) wide, the width selected to ensure
complete coverage of the entire test specimen width while under test.
The load rollers were case carburized to 58-63 HRC at a depth of
0.075-0.105 inch (1.9-2.7 mm).
The RCF life (in millions of cycles) for the given stress is listed in the
columns identified as “G50” and “G10” where G50 indicates the cycles
to achieve a 50% failure rate and G10 indicates the number of cycles to
achieve a 10% failure rate, statistically analyzed at a 50% confidence
level. The column entitled “contact fatigue stress” for a G50 failure rate
at 10 million cycles lists the calculated contact stress for a 50% failure
rate at 10 million cycles. The Weibull slope value is the slope of the line
for the Weibull distribution of the data; typically a higher number is
favored.

Contact Fatigue Stress

RCF Life, 106 Cycles 103 psi (MPa)
G50 G10 G50
Material Density Sinter Heat Treat Stress 50% 50% @ 107 Weibull
Designation g/cm3 Process Process 3
10 psi (MPa) Confidence Confidence Cycles Slope
FN-0205 7.10 Std Q&T 180 (1240) 3.5 2.1 165 (1140) 3.6
FD-0200 7.12 HTS Case 185 (1275) 6.8 3.1 178 (1230) 2.4
FLN2-4405 7.11 Std Q&T 180 (1240) 4.1 1.5 163 (1125) 1.8
FLN2-4400 7.12 HTS Case 210 (1240) 3.1 1.2 184 (1270) 2.1
FLN2-4405 7.35 Std Q&T 215 (1485) 5.8 3.3 202 (1395) 3.3
FLN2-4400 7.38 Std Case 225 (1550) 3.3 1.8 199 (1370) 2.9
FLC-4608 7.30 SH — 210 (1450) 6.0 4.7 198 (1365) 8.0
FL-4200 7.31 Std Case 215 (1485) 5.9 3.5 203 (1400) 3.6
FLN2-4405 7.49 Std Q&T 225 (1550) 4.1 3.1 204 (1405) 3.3
FLN2-4400 7.51 HTS Case 275 (1895) 2.9 1.6 240 (1655) 3.2
FL-4200 7.51 HTS Case 250 (1725) 6.1 4.4 237 (1635) 5.6
Fe-3.5Mo 7.63 HTS Case 275 (1895) 4.1 2.5 249 (1715) 3.7
FL-4400 7.5* Std Case 282 (1945) 6.2 3.6 267 (1840) 3.5
7.7+
FL-4400 7.7+ Std+ Case+FNC 260 (1795) 3.0 1.8 227 (1565) 3.4
FL-4400 7.7+ Std+ Case 300 (2070) 3.0 1.7 262 (1805) 3.3
Fe-0.9Mn-0.5Mo 7.5* HTS Case 305 (2105) 3.9 2.4 275 (1895) 3.8
7.8+
Wrought 4620M 7.85+ — Case 300 (2070) 5.9 4.0 283 (1950) 5.0
*Surface densified process; bulk density 7.5 g/cm3; surface density as indicated
Sinter Process Key Heat Treat Process Key
Std = conventional 2040-2080 °F (1116-1138 °C); Q&T = oil quench + temper; Case = case hardened;
Std+ = 2160 °F (1182 °C); HTS = high temperature sinter FNC = ferritic nitrocarburized
2300-2350 °F (1280-1288 °C); SH = 2050 °F (1120 °C) + rapid cool
2007 Edition Approved: 2003
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

63
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Machinability
Machinability of PM steels can be determined by drilling, NORMALIZED MACHINABILITY RATING
turning or other machining methods. For the purpose of (Drilling Method)
this standard, the machinability was determined by mea-
suring the number of holes that can be drilled using a Material Rating
given set of test conditions and normalizing the results to FD-0208 5
a well established baseline. For this measure of machin- FN-0208 18
ability the PM steels were compared with wrought AISI
FC-0208 22
1045 steel in the normalized condition. A value of 100 was
established for the 1045 steel. More machinable PM FL-4605 24
steels (greater number of holes drilled) have a rating FL-4205 35
greater than 100, while PM steels with a machinability FD-0405 44
rating less than 100 have correspondingly poorer
machinability than 1045 steel. The machinability rating FD-0208 + 0.5 MnS 55
was determined from the following equation: FD-0405 + 0.5 MnS 66

Machinability Rating = Number of Holes Drilled in PM Steel X 100 AISI 1045 100
Number of Holes Drilled in 1045 Steel

The test conditions used to develop this machinability FL-4405 105

rating are summarized in the chart below. FLN-4205 110
The machinability ratings listed do not include the effect FLN-4205 + 0.5 MnS 114
of density since over the density range of 6.7-7.3 g/cm3 no
FN-0205 146
meaningful difference was found. In general, a carbon
content greater than 0.5% reduces machinability; adding FD-0205 153
0.5% MnS to the steel or resin impregnation following F-0008 157
sintering improves machinability by drilling. These results FC-0205 160
may or may not be applicable to other machining methods.
FC-0208 + 0.5 MnS 168
FL-4205 + 0.5 MnS 171
F-0005 177
MACHINABILITY TEST CONDITIONS FN-0208 + 0.5 MnS 181
FL-4605 + 0.5 MnS 184
Drill Size 0.375 in. (9.5 mm)
FC-0205 + 0.5 MnS 201
Configuration M7 HSS, 118° point angle, polished
FD-0205 + 0.5 MnS 220
Speed 1250 rpm FN-0205 + 0.5 MnS 220
Feed 0.009 in. /rev (0.23 mm/rev) F-0008 + 0.5 MnS 222
Coolant None F-0005 + 0.5 MnS 263
Drill/sample Sample 1.062 in. (27 mm) thick; blind FC-0208 + IMP 286
geometry hole 1.00 in. (25.4 mm) deep FC-0208 + 0.5 MnS + IMP 305
Failure criteria Cutting edge wear >0.015 in. FN-0208 + IMP 310
(0.38 mm) or drill breakage F-0008 + IMP 317
2007 Edition FC-0205 + IMP 328
Approved: 2000 NOTE: IMP = resin impregnated

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

64
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)

The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for a series
of PM materials in accordance with ASTM E 228. A push-rod
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 3.6 °F (2 °C)/minute
heating rate in a nitrogen atmosphere. The mean CTE was deter-
mined from room temperature up to a series of temperatures. Both
as-sintered and heat treated materials were evaluated. The heat
treated steel alloys had been tempered at 350 °F (177 °C) prior to
the CTE test. The CTE response is dependent upon the tempering
temperature, i.e. this low temperature tempering cycle allows for a
contraction in the heat treated steel over the temperature range of
600-700 °F (315-370 °C). Once heated through this temperature
range this contraction will not recur in subsequent heating cycles.

AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL EXPANSION, 10-6/°F (10-6/°C)

Material Density 200 °F 300 °F 400 °F 500 °F 600 °F 700 °F 800 °F
Designation g/cm3 (93 °C) (149 °C) (204 °C) (260 °C) (316 °C) (371 °C) (427 °C)
PM steel 6.6-7.4 5.9 6.2 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.2 7.4
0.5% C sintered (10.7) (11.1) (11.6) (12.1) (12.5) (12.9) (13.3)
PM steel 6.6-7.4 5.4 5.8 6.2 6.6 6.9 7.2 7.4
0.8% C sintered (9.8) (10.5) (11.2) (11.9) (12.5) (12.9) (13.4)
PM steel 6.9-7.1 5.6 6.3 6.8 7.0 6.5 6.6 6.7
0.5% C heat treated (10.0) (11.4) (12.2) (12.6) (11.7) (11.8) (12.1)
PM steel 6.7-6.8 6.8 7.1 7.4 7.6 6.1 6.0 6.2
0.8% C heat treated (12.2) (12.8) (13.4) (13.6) (11.0) (10.8) (11.2)
SS-316N2 6.5-6.8 8.6 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.7
(15.4) (15.7) (16.2) (16.6) (16.9) (17.2) (17.5)
SS-430N2 6.5 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.5
(9.0) (9.7) (10.4) (10.9) (11.3) (11.5) (11.7)
CZP-2002 7.6 9.7 9.9 10.1 10.4 10.6 10.8 10.9
(17.4) (17.8) (18.2) (18.7) (19.1) (19.4) (19.6)
2007 Edition Approved: 2000

Fracture Toughness
The fracture toughness of engineered materials allows designers to
determine the effects of pre-existing defects on the mechanical
response of these materials. Plain strain fracture toughness tests
were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 399 using compact ten-
sion specimens. Seven (7) PM steels, including elemental, preal-
loyed and infiltrated grades containing 0.5 and 0.8% carbon were
evaluated in the as-sintered and heat treated condition. Densities
varied from 6.6 to 7.4 g/cm3; the fracture toughness values report-
ed here are considered valid over this density range. A specimen
thickness of 0.75 inch (19 mm) or 1.00 inch (25.4 mm) was select-
ed to ensure the test results satisfied the validity requirements of the
test standard.

Density KIC as-sintered KIC heat treated

g/cm 3 3
10 psi in • 1/2
MPa m • 1/2
10 psi•in1/2
3
MPa•m1/2
6.6 19 21 24 26
6.8 23 25 26 29
7.0 26 29 29 32
7.2 30 33 32 35
7.4 33 36 34 37

2007 Edition Approved: 2000 Revised: 2003

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

65
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Corrosion Resistance
The corrosion resistance of PM stainless steel is dependent Mass Loss Rating
on the corrosive media, the composition of the alloy and the g/dm2/day
processing conditions used to manufacture the material (den-
sity and sintering process parameters). The following data <0.024 0
table provides results of testing in a 2% sulfuric acid solution. 0.024-0.24 1
The following test method was used to rate the resistance 0.24-2.4 2
of the stainless steel alloys to corrosion (see ASTM G 31): >2.4 3
Standard transverse rupture specimens were immersed in a (1) Handbook of Stainless Steels, D. Peckner and I.M.
2% sulfuric acid solution at room temperature for 24 hours. Bernstein, McGraw Hill Books Co., 1977, p. 16-9
Three replicates were tested. The mass loss was determined
and then converted into a mass loss per surface area per day
factor. The alloys were rated using the following system (1):

CORROSION RESISTANCE RATING

Material Rating (2% H2SO4 ) Material Rating (2% H2SO4 )

SS-303N1-25 3 SS-316N1-25 2
SS-303N2-35 2 SS-316N2-33 2
SS-303N2-38 2 SS-316N2-38 1
SS-303L-12 1 SS-316L-15 1
SS-303L-15 1 SS-316L-22 1

SS-304-N1-30 2 SS-410-90HT 3
SS-304N2-33 2 SS-410L-20 3
SS-304N2-38 1 SS-430N2-28 3
SS-304L-13 1 SS-430L-24 3
SS-304L-18 1 SS-434N2-28 3
SS-434L-24 3

Note: Stainless steel grades with modified chemical compositions have demonstrated an improved corrosion rating as com-
pared with the standard 300 series stainless steel alloys. Resin impregnation also improves the corrosion resistance.

2007 Edition
Approved: 1997 Revised: 2007

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

66
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials

The steam oxidation process consists of exposing
ferrous material to a controlled superheated steam
environment at 800-1100 °F (450-590 °C) for 1 to 4 hours.
During the exposure the steam reacts with the ferrous
material to produce an adherent blue-grey iron oxide
(magnetite, Fe3O4):
3Fe + 4H2O (gas) → Fe3O4 + 4H2 (gas)
Both batch furnaces and continuous belt furnaces are
used for the steam treatment of ferrous PM materials.
When operated at similar time/temperature processing
conditions these two types of furnaces will provide similar
results. Since hydrogen is a by-product of the steam oxi-
dation reaction, suitable safety measures must be taken to
eliminate unwanted build-up of hydrogen gas and the pos-
sibility of an explosion.
The depth of penetration of the oxide into the part, prod-
uct mass gain, oxide thickness and hardness of the fin-
ished products depends on the steam oxidation process
parameters (time and temperature), the density of the
material, the type of base powder used to create the part
(atomized or sponge) and previous operations that could
close-off the surface porosity.
Steam oxidation is applied to ferrous PM materials in
order to:
• Seal the product to liquid or gas penetration, either for
a subsequent process such as plating or for leak tight-
ness in the product application.
• Enhance the cosmetic appearance
• Increase apparent hardness to improve abrasive and
adhesive wear resistance
• Increase corrosion resistance and improve shelf life
• Increase compressive yield strength
A study was performed to characterize and evaluate the
mechanical and physical properties of steam treated fer-
rous PM materials. Two steam processes were used,
identified as Process A and Process B. The Process A
cycle was performed for approximately 1 hour in the tem-
perature range of 925-1000 °F (495-540 °C) and the
Process B cycle for approximately 2 hours in the temper-
ature range of 1000-1050 °F (540-565 °C). The results of
these studies, based on the average of five (5) test sam-
ples are summarized in the following tables.

TABLE 1
Process A Cycle Process B Cycle
Nominal Steam Oxide Steam Oxide
Material Green Density Treated Density Mass Gain Thickness Treated Density Mass Gain Thickness
Designation g/cm3 g/cm3 % µm g/cm3 % µm
F-0000 6.7 6.90 2.68 2.0 6.92 2.82 6
F-0008 6.35 6.51 3.24 1.5 6.51 3.67 6
F-0008 6.7 6.84 2.38 1.5 6.86 2.71 6
FC-0205 6.35 6.47 3.50 1.5 6.49 3.75 6
FC-0205 6.7 6.78 2.02 2.0 6.80 2.50 6
FC-0208 6.35 6.48 3.27 1.5 6.48 3.67 7
FC-0208 6.7 6.78 1.93 1.5 6.84 2.38 6
FN-0205 6.7 6.91 2.36 1.5 6.90 2.41 3

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

67
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

TABLE 2
Steam Tensile Strength, 103 psi Transverse Rupture, 103 psi Apparent Hardness,
Treated (MPa) (MPa) HRBW
Material Density As- Proc. Proc. As- Proc. Proc. As- Proc. Proc.
Designation g/cm3 Sint. A B Sint. A B Sint. A B
F-0000 6.91 26 28.4 22.6 53 45 52 — 56-56 34-56
(180) (200) (160) (370) (310) (360)
F-0008 6.51 41 40.3 37.3 92 84 77 47 80-82 77-89
(280) (280) (260) (630) (580) (530)
F-0008 6.85 48 49.8 36.2 108 101 93 65 81-88 81-89
(330) (340) (250) (740) (700) (640)
FC-0205 6.48 46 47.4 36.9 85 87 81 46 81-84 75-88
(320) (330) (250) (590) (600) (560)
FC-0205 6.79 58 51.1 44.7 113 112 97 61 81-85 81-86
(400) (350) (310) (780) (770) (670)
FC-0208 6.48 53 48.3 41.4 106 107 98 63 88-94 86-93
(370) (330) (290) (730) (740) (680)
FC-0208 6.81 65 64.3 45.7 137 139 114 78 93-97 87-93
(450) (440) (320) (940) (960) (790)
FN-0205 6.90 46 46.6 36.2 90 101 92 56 73-85 76-83
(320) (320) (250) (620) (700) (630)

TABLE 3
Steam Compressive Yield Strength, Young’s Modulus, 106 psi Unnotched Charpy Impact
Treated 103 psi (MPa) (GPa) Energy, ft·lbf (J)
Material Density As- Proc. Proc. As- Proc. Proc. As- Proc. Proc.
Designation g/cm3 Sint. A B Sint. A B Sint. A B
F-0000 6.91 10 32.2 32.3 17.5 23.6 24.6 10 3 2
(70) (220) (220) (120) (160) (170) (14) (4) (3)
F-0008 6.51 34 55.2 54.1 17.0 22.2 19.7 6 2 2
(230) (380) (370) (120) (150) (140) (8) (3) (3)
F-0008 6.85 35 53.0 52.4 17.5 23.7 23.2 8 4 4
(240) (360) (360) (120) (160) (160) (11) (5) (5)
FC-0205 6.48 37 61.5 61.0 17.0 19.1 20.5 7 3 2
(260) (420) (420) (120) (130) (140) (9) (4) (3)
FC-0205 6.79 40 68.1 66.8 17.5 21.6 21.8 11 4 3
(280) (470) (460) (120) (150) (150) (15) (5) (4)
FC-0208 6.48 45 68.3 65.2 17.0 20.2 19.2 7 4 2
(310) (470) (450) (120) (140) (130) (9) (5) (3)
FC-0208 6.81 51 70.3 68.8 17.5 21.1 25.0 11 5 5
(350) (480) (470) (120) (150) (170) (15) (7) (7)
FN-0205 6.90 27 50.4 49.0 17.5 22.4 22.2 12 4 4
(190) (350) (340) (120) (150) (150) (16) (5) (5)

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

68
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

Corrosion studies were performed on the FC-0208 processes plus dipping in an oil-base rust preventative.
material, using transverse rupture specimens, by immer- Results of the visual observations and mass loss mea-
sion in distilled water at room temperature (reference surements are listed in Tables 4 and 5.
ASTM B 895). Processing included both steam oxidation

TABLE 4 FC-0208 TEST MATERIAL—IMMERSION CORROSION TEST

Observations
Density Steam Dry/
g/cm3 Treatment Oil Dipped 3 hours 24 hours 2 days 8 days

6.35 Process A Dry Rust at edges Rust at > 30 sites Rust progressing Heavy rust
6.35 Process B Dry Rust at edges Rust at 3 sites Rust at 6 sites Heavy rust
6.35 Process A Oil Dipped Light rust after 2 days; heavier after 14 days
6.35 Process B Oil Dipped Light rust after 2 days; no change after 14 days
6.7 Process A Dry Rust at edges Rust at > 30 sites Superior to
low density Heavy rust
6.7 Process B Dry Rust at edges Rust at 3 sites No change Heavy rust
6.7 Process A Oil Dipped Light rust after 2 days; no change after 14 days
6.7 Process B Oil Dipped No rust after 14 days

TABLE 5 FC-0208 TEST MATERIAL—IMMERSION CORROSION TEST: IRON LOSS, mg/dm2

6.35 g/cm3 Nominal Green Density 6.7 g/cm3 Nominal Green Density
Process A Process B Process A Process B
Oil Oil Oil Oil
Days Immersed Dry Dipped Dry Dipped Dry Dipped Dry Dipped
1 2.8 0.7 5.3 0.9
4 25.6 1.4 11.9
8 67.8 4.6 32.8 8.2
16 117.5 5.0 4.9 2.6 92.6 1.2 12.2 2.8

Coefficient of friction was measured for the FC-0208 at the a carburized 8620 steel ball, per ASTM G 99 (speed
6.7 g/cm3 nominal green density, in four different process- 30 rpm, load 100 g, duration of test 10 minutes, no lubri-
ing conditions, using a 2 inch diameter disc specimen cation) were:
machined on the non-tested surface to fit the test instru-
ment. These processes were: (1) as-sintered, (2) sintered (1) As-sintered – 0.35
plus the Process A steam treatment cycle, (3) sintered (2) Sintered + Process A steam treatment cycle – 0.29
plus the Process B steam treatment cycle and (4) sintered (3) Sintered + Process B steam treatment cycle – 0.25
followed by a quenched and tempered heat treatment. (4) Sintered + quenched and tempered – 0.18
The values determined using a pin-on-disc tester, against

2007 Edition Approved: 2007

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

69
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007
Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part
Although MPIF Standard 35 (Materials Standards for
PM Structural Parts) provides useful physical and
mechanical property design data for engineers familiar
with the PM process, those less experienced with this
manufacturing process may benefit from additional guid-
ance. The following sections offer some guidelines to con-
sider when using the conventional powder metallurgy
process [not metal injection molding (MIM) or hot isostatic
pressing (HIP)] for a new product design.
Part Size – the size limitation of PM parts is based on
powder compressibility and press tonnage. The typical
steel PM part will satisfy the following characteristics:
• projected surface area – less than 50 inch2 (32,000 mm2)
• diameter of less than 7 inch (175 mm) or up to
12 inch (300 mm) for parts with a large bore
• length of 6 inch (150 mm) maximum, 0.060 inch
(1.5 mm) minimum
• length:diameter ratio of 5:1 maximum; length:wall
thickness ratio of 8:1 maximum
If the product design will use a nonferrous material the
projected area can be increased by 50%.
Part Shape – part geometry must be compatible with a
uniaxial compaction motion in the vertical direction (see
part drawing for example). Undercut, re-entrant or thread-
ed features are typically formed or machined in a sec-
ondary operation. Significant variations in part length in
the cross-section require different tooling motions in the
compaction press. These are typically limited to five differ-
ent levels, though additional small changes in part length
(levels) are possible through selected tool designs (see
the MPIF Design Manual for illustrations of complex PM
part designs). Part lengths greater than 1 inch (25 mm) will
result in density variation from the top surface (highest
density) to the mid length position (lower density).
Part Quantity – due to the use of dedicated “hard” tooling
a cost-effective quantity for production orders should be
discussed.
Mechanical / Physical Requirements – Standard 35 pro-
vides a wide range of design properties to assist selection
of the proper material for most product applications. The
medium density steel grades (6.4-6.9 g/cm3) typically
replace cast iron or plain carbon steel; the high density
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.
70
MPIF Standard 35
grades (7.0-7.4 g/cm3) typically replace ductile iron and
many heat treated steels; powder forged and pore-free
material systems typically replace the high performance
steels. If the part design has critical property requirements
beyond the typical values listed in the standard, these
requirements should be specified on the engineering print.
To select a material optimum in both properties and
cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application
be discussed with the PM parts manufacturer. Both the
purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree to
the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a PM
part: minimum strength value, grade selection, chemical
composition, proof testing, typical property values and
processes that may affect the part application.
Part Use – the part specification or drawing should pro-
vide as much additional information regarding the part use
as possible. Providing an assembly drawing is useful in
more fully understanding the part application. The follow-
ing questions are most important for the material and
process selection:
• Will the part operate under a fluid pressure; must it be
leak tight?
• Must the part be protected from corrosion – how
severe?
• Will the part be machined – which surfaces, what
tolerances?
• Will the part require heat treatment – what type?
• Will the part be used in a high impact load application?
• Will the part be used in a wear application – which
surfaces?
• Is surface finish an important design feature, where,
how to measure?
• Will the part be used in a magnetic application?
• Will the part be used in a thermally demanding
application?
• Must the part be burr-free – what type, amount of
corner radius?
• Will the part be welded?
• Is there a region critical to the performance of the
part?
• Are there any unique packaging requirements?
More detailed product design information is available in
the MPIF Design Manual. The MPIF material coding sys-
tem is discussed in the first section of MPIF Standard 35.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35

2007 Edition Approved: 2007

When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.

71
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Index
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems &
Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35
The MPIF Standard 35 family of publications comprises mechanical property data can be found. Information is
four separate publications dealing with materials for: con- also provided for the starting page numbers of the materi-
ventional PM structural parts, PM self-lubricating bearings, al system and is listed for the inch-pound and SI units sec-
powder forged (P/F) steel and metal injection molded tions of this standard.
parts (MIM). The same materials may appear in more than
one publication or section of the standard depending upon INDEX 2 (35SP2-2007) provides similar information on the
their common use, e.g. some structural materials may also other three MPIF Standard 35 publications. Since MPIF
be used in bearing applications and vice versa and stain- standards may be revised at any time by the specific
less steel materials may be manufactured by more than industry group responsible for its development, page num-
one PM process, such as conventional PM or MIM, depen- bers are not listed in this index.
dent upon part design and use.
The following indices provide the user with a reference
tool to more easily locate the information on the standard- MPIF Standard 35 Publication:
ized material needed for a specific application.
KEY
INDEX 1 (35SP1-2007) provides information on materials MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded
contained in this edition of MPIF Standard 35, Materials Parts
Standards for PM Structural Parts. The standardized PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts
material designation codes are listed alphabetically, fol- SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating
lowed by the name of the specific material system section Bearings
of the standard where the chemical composition and/or SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

INDEX 1. (35SP1-2007) Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

Page #
Material Section Inch-Pound Page #
Designation Code Material System Units SI Units Key
C-0000 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
CNZ-1818 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
CNZP-1816 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
CT-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
CZ-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
CZ-2000 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
CZ-3000 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
CZP-1002 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
CZP-2002 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
CZP-3002 Copper and Copper Alloys 30 54 SP
F-0000 Iron and Carbon Steel 10 34 SP
F-0005 Iron and Carbon Steel 10 34 SP
F-0008 Iron and Carbon Steel 10 34 SP
FC-0200 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel 12 36 SP
FC-0205 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel 12 36 SP
FC-0208 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel 12 36 SP
FC-0505 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel 12 36 SP
FC-0508 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel 12 36 SP

72
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDEX 1. (35SP1-2007) Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

Page #
Material Section Inch-Pound Page #
Designation Code Material System Units SI Units Key
FC-0808 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel 12 36 SP
FC-1000 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel 12 36 SP
FD-0200 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel 22 46 SP
FD-0205 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel 22 46 SP
FD-0208 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel 22 46 SP
FD-0400 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel 22 46 SP
FD-0405 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel 22 46 SP
FD-0408 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel 22 46 SP
FF-0000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys 32 56 SP
FL-4005 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FL-4205 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FL-4400 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FL-4405 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FL-4605 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FL-4805 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FL-48105 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FL-4905 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FL-5208 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FL-5305 Prealloyed Steel 16 40 SP
FLC-4608 Sinter-Hardened Steel 20 44 SP
FLC-4805 Sinter-Hardened Steel 20 44 SP
FLC-48108 Sinter-Hardened Steel 20 44 SP
FLC-4908 Sinter-Hardened Steel 20 44 SP
FLC2-4808 Sinter-Hardened Steel 20 44 SP
FLDN2-4908 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel 22 46 SP
FLDN4C2-4905 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel 22 46 SP
FLN-4205 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel 18 42 SP
FLN-48108 Sinter-Hardened Steel 20 44 SP
FLN2-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel 18 42 SP
FLN2-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel 18 42 SP
FLN2-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel 20 44 SP
FLN2C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel 18 42 SP
FLN4-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel 18 42 SP
FLN4-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel 18 42 SP
FLN4-4408 Sinter Hardened Steel 20 42 SP
FLN4C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel 18 42 SP
FLN6-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel 18 42 SP
FLN6-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel 20 44 SP
FLNC-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel 18 42 SP
FLNC-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel 20 44 SP

73
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDEX 1. (35SP1-2007) Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

Page #
Material Section Inch-Pound Page #
Designation Code Material System Units SI Units Key
FN-0200 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel 14 38 SP
FN-0205 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel 14 38 SP
FN-0208 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel 14 38 SP
FN-0405 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel 14 38 SP
FN-0408 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel 14 38 SP
FN-5000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys 32 56 SP
FS-0300 Soft-Magnetic Alloys 32 56 SP
FX-1000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel 24 48 SP
FX-1005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel 24 48 SP
FX-1008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel 24 48 SP
FX-2000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel 24 48 SP
FX-2005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel 24 48 SP
FX-2008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel 24 48 SP
FY-4500 Soft-Magnetic Alloys 32 56 SP
FY-8000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys 32 56 SP
SS-303L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-303N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-303N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-304H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-304L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-304N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-304N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-316H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-316L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-316N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-316N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy 26 50 SP
SS-409L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy 28 52 SP
SS-409LE Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy 28 52 SP
SS-410 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy 28 52 SP
SS-410L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy 28 52 SP
SS-430L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy 28 52 SP
SS-430N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy 28 52 SP
SS-434L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy 28 52 SP
SS-434LCb Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy 28 52 SP
SS-434N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy 28 52 SP

74
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

MPIF Standard 35 Publication KEY

MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings
PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

INDEX 2. (35SP2-20007)
Material Section Key
Designation Code Material System
CFTG-3806-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
CT-1000-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1001-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1004-K Bronze Bearings SLB
F-0000-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0005-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0008-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0200-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-0205-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0208-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0508-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-1000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2008-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FCTG-3604-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
FG-0303-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
FG-0308-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
MIM-17-4 PH Stainless Steel MIM
MIM-2200 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-2200 Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-2700 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-316L Stainless Steel MIM
MIM-430L Stainless Steel MIM
MIM-430L Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-4605 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-Fe-3% Si Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Co Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Ni Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
P/F-1020 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1040 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1060 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-10C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C60 Copper Steel PF

75
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDEX 2. (35SP2-20007)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
P/F-1140 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1160 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-11C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C60 Copper Steel PF
P/F-4220 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4240 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4260 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4620 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4640 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4660 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4680 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF

For a current, comprehensive alphabetical listing of all materials and designation codes found in the family
of MPIF Standard 35 publications, including listings by material systems (ferrous structural, nonferrous
structural, etc.), go to the standards publication section of the MPIF Web site: www.mpif.org.

76
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LATEST EDITION STANDARDS AVAILABLE FROM MPIF
Is Your Company in Compliance?
Do You Have the Latest Industry Standards?
MPIF Materials Standards: The latest editions of MPIF
Standard 35 materials standards are available for YES! Enter me in the Standing Order Plan for
purchase in a variety of formats, including printed hard ALL MPIF Standards
copy, on CDROM and in pdf electronic format. ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
Quantity discounts are available. The following are
the materials standards that are immediately available:
Enter me in the MPIF Standing Order Plan for the
following standards only (check those that apply)
The MPIF Standard 35 Family of
Materials Standards MPIF Std. 35, PM Structural Materials
___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
See INDEX in this standard to view material systems
covered in each of the following: MPIF Std. 35, PM Self-Lubricating Bearings
For structural parts made by the PM (powder metallurgy) ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
process, see MPIF Standard 35,
“Materials Standards for P/M Structural Materials” MPIF Std. 35, P/F Steel Parts
For bearings and bushings made by the PM process, see ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
MPIF Standard 35,
“Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating MPIF Std.35, Metal Injection Molded Parts
Bearings” ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
For steel components made by the powder forging (P/F)
MPIF Test Method Standards
TEAR OUT AND FOLD IN 1/3 AND MAIL

process, see MPIF Standard 35,

“Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts” ___Hard Copy ___CDROM ___PDF
For components made by the metal injection molding Purchase Order # required: ____________________
(MIM) process, see MPIF Standard 35,
“Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts” __________________________________________

Name _____________________________________
Standard Test Methods for Metal
Company __________________________________
Powders and Powder Metallurgy
Address ___________________________________
Products
City________________________ State__________
Contains over 35 standards covering terminology and
recommended methods of test dealing with metal Country____________ Zip/Postal Code __________
powders, powder metal (PM) and metal injection molded Phone #_______________ Fax #_______________
(MIM) parts, metallic filters and powder metallurgy
E-mail: ____________________________________
equipment. The standards represent the latest reference
source for agreement between producer and end-use
To order or for more information on the latest powder
customer. Comparable standards are listed, along with
metallurgy standards or other PM publications,
sources for specialized equipment cited in the standards.
please contact the MPIF Publications Department at:
Available for purchase in a variety of formats, including
printed hard copy, on CDROM and in pdf electronic
format. Quantity discounts are available. Phone: (609) 945-0009

Fax: (609) 987-8523

Standing Order Plan
Web site: www.mpif.org
Be Assured of Being in Compliance with the
Latest Standards! E-mail: info@mpif.org
As soon as any new edition of MPIF standards is
published, the previous or any prior editions of that MPIF, 105 College Road East
standard become obsolete. Enter MPIF’s Standing Princeton, NJ 08540-6692, USA
Order Plan and be assured that your company has the 35SP-07
latest edition of materials or test method standards.
Standards will be shipped and billed immediately This form may be photocopied and mailed with purchase order.
upon publication.
Visit the Publications section of the MPIF Web site at www.mpif.org
or contact the Publications Department by calling 609-945-0009.
77
5M-12/06
Metal Powder Industries Federation ■ 105 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540-6692 U.S.A.
From
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
To: Publications Department
Metal Powder Industries Federation
105 College Road East
Princeton, NJ 08540-6692 U.S.A.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 MPIF Standard 35
Materials
Standards
for PM
Structural
Parts*
*For bearings and bushings
made by the PM process, see
MPIF Standard 35, “Materials
Standards for PM Self-Lubri-
cating Bearings.”
*For steel components made by
the powder forging (P/F)
process, see MPIF Standard 35,
“Materials Standards for P/F
Steel Parts.”
*For PM components made by
the metal injection molding
(MIM) process, see MPIF Stand-
ard 35, “Materials Standards for
Metal Injection Molded Parts”.
Table of Contents – 2007 Edition
Minimum Value Concept ..................................................................................2
Typical Value ....................................................................................................3
Chemical Composition......................................................................................3
Mechanical Properties ......................................................................................3
Heat Treatment.................................................................................................3
Sinter Hardening...............................................................................................3
Surface Finish...................................................................................................3
Microstructure ...................................................................................................4
PM Material Code Designation.........................................................................4
Prefix Letter Code.............................................................................................5
Prefix and Numeric Code .................................................................................5
Suffix Digit Code ...............................................................................................5
Examples of Designation Coding .....................................................................6
Suffix Letter Code .............................................................................................6
Grade Selection ................................................................................................6
Proof Testing ....................................................................................................6
Chemical Analysis.............................................................................................6
Density..............................................................................................................7
Transverse Rupture Strength ...........................................................................7
Impact Energy...................................................................................................7
Ultimate Tensile Strength .................................................................................7
Yield Strength ...................................................................................................7
Elongation .........................................................................................................7
Compressive Yield Strength .............................................................................7
Shear Strength..................................................................................................8
Macrohardness (Apparent) ...............................................................................8
Microindentation Hardness ...............................................................................8
Fatigue Limit and Fatigue Strength ..................................................................8
Elastic Constants ..............................................................................................8
Young’s Modulus (E).........................................................................................8
Shear Modulus (G) ...........................................................................................8
Poisson’s Ratio (v)............................................................................................9
Soft-Magnetic Alloys .........................................................................................9
SI Units .............................................................................................................9
Engineering Information ....................................................................................9
Hardenability .....................................................................................................9
Axial Fatigue .....................................................................................................9
Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF)..........................................................................9
Machinability .....................................................................................................9
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) ..........................................................9
Fracture Toughness..........................................................................................9
Corrosion Resistance........................................................................................9
Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials........................................................9
Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part .................................................................9
Comparable Standards .....................................................................................9
DATA TABLES – INCH-POUND UNITS
Iron and Carbon Steel...........................................................................10-11
Iron-Copper and Copper Steel..............................................................12-13
Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel..................................................................14-15
Prealloyed Steel (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) .........................................16-17
Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel ..........................................................................18-19
Sinter-Hardened Steel...........................................................................20-21
Diffusion-Alloyed Steel ..........................................................................22-23
Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel...........................................................24-25
 Stainless Steel
300 Series Alloy ...............................................................................26-27
400 Series Alloy ...............................................................................28-29
Copper and Copper Alloys....................................................................30-31
Soft-Magnetic Alloys .............................................................................32-33

DATA TABLES - SI UNITS

Iron and Carbon Steel...........................................................................34-35
Iron-Copper and Copper Steel..............................................................36-37
Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel..................................................................38-39
Prealloyed Steel (formerly Low-Alloy Steel) ........................................40-41
Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel ..........................................................................42-43
Sinter-Hardened Steel...........................................................................44-45
Diffusion-Alloyed Steel ..........................................................................46-47
Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel...........................................................48-49
Stainless Steel
300 Series Alloy ...............................................................................50-51
400 Series Alloy ...............................................................................52-53
Copper and Copper Alloys....................................................................54-55
Soft-Magnetic Alloys .............................................................................56-57

SI Units Conversion Table

Quantities/Terms Used in MPIF Standards ...............................................58

ENGINEERING INFORMATION.....................................................................59
Hardenability ..............................................................................................60
Axial Fatigue...............................................................................................62
Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) ...................................................................63
Machinability...............................................................................................64
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) ...................................................65
Fracture Toughness ...................................................................................65
Corrosion Resistance .................................................................................66
Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials .................................................67
Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part ..........................................................70

Index
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems &
Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35 .........................................72

Standards Availability/MPIF Standing Order Form .........................................77