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Mpif 35-2007 粉末冶金结构零件材料标准简介
Mpif 35-2007 粉末冶金结构零件材料标准简介
Mpif 35-2007 粉末冶金结构零件材料标准简介
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Materials Standards
for PM Structural Parts
Issued 1965
Revised 1974, 1976, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2007
Scope
MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying powder met-
allurgy (PM) materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. This section of Standard 35 deals with con-
ventional PM materials for structural parts. It does not apply to materials for PM self-lubricating bearings, powder forged (P/F) or metal
injection molded (MIM) products which are covered in separate editions of MPIF Standard 35. The same materials may appear in more
than one section of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g., some structural materials may also be used in bearing appli-
cations and vice versa. Each section of this standard is divided into subsections based on the various types of PM materials in com-
mon commercial use within that section. Notes at the beginning of each subsection discuss the characteristics of that material.
The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They are
designed to eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in selecting and
obtaining the proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect preclude any member or
non-member of MPIF from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not included in MPIF Standards.
Other such materials may be commercially available.
By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does MPIF undertake to
ensure anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such liability.
Neither MPIF nor any of its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In addi-
tion, MPIF does not accept any liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement of any
minimum or typical values by any supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance with any
Standard.
MPIF Standards are subject to periodic review and may be revised. Users are cautioned to refer to the latest edition. New,
approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF Website. Between published editions, go to
www.mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.
Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree
on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selection, chemical
composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes, that may affect the part application.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
if a test specimen is used to determine this value it shall hardness values shown as Rockwell C were converted
have the dimensions and other characteristics determined from 100 g load (0.981 N) Knoop microindentation hardness
by the manufacturer and prepared specifically for evaluat- measurements. (See MPIF Standard 51.)
ing such material under conditions equivalent to those
used in the manufacture of the part. Heat Treatment
(See Material Properties beginning on page 10.) Ferrous PM parts containing 0.3% or higher combined
carbon can be quench-hardened and tempered for
Typical Value increased strength, hardness and wear resistance. The
For each PM material listed, a set of typical values is percentages of carbon and other alloying elements
shown for properties in addition to strength, e.g., density, effectively combined in the material and its density, deter-
hardness, elongation, etc., some or all of which may be mine the degree of hardening possible for any given
important for a specific application. Typical values at the quench condition. Microindentation hardness values of
densities shown were determined by interpolation and 650 HK 100 g (56 HRC) and higher can be obtained by
extrapolation of graphs of average mechanical properties quench hardening.
versus density. The mechanical property data were The recommended procedure for heat treatment and/ or
derived from interlaboratory studies for the sintering and carburization of ferrous PM parts is with a gas type atmos-
heat-treating of test bars under commercial conditions. phere or vacuum. The use of liquid salts is not recom-
The typical values are listed for general guidance mended because of the possibility of surface absorption
only. They should not be considered minimum values. and subsequent bleed-out of the salts and internal corro-
While achievable through normal manufacturing process- sion. Low density parts may carburize throughout while
ing, they may vary somewhat depending upon the area of higher density parts (7.0 g/cm3 or higher) may develop a
the component chosen for evaluation, or the specific man- carburized case. Process control is necessary to ensure
ufacturing process utilized. Those properties listed under that specified carbon levels are maintained.
the “typical value section” for each material which are (See MPIF Standard 52 for additional details.)
required by the purchaser should be discussed thorough- Tempering or stress relief is required after quenching for
ly with the PM parts manufacturer before establishing the maximum strength and durability; typically one (1) hour at
specification. Required property values, other than those temperature per 1 in. (25.4 mm) of section thickness. A
expressed as minimum, should be separately specified for compromise between hardness and such properties as
each PM part, based on its intended use. impact energy is necessary because the tempering tem-
perature to achieve surface hardness will not necessarily
Chemical Composition provide optimum strength properties. The tempering tem-
The chemical composition table for each material lists perature is a major factor in determining final hardness.
the principal elements by minimum and maximum mass
percentage. “Other elements” include the total other ele- Sinter Hardening
ments and is reported as a maximum percentage. These Some PM materials may, in effect, be quench hardened
may include other minor elements added for specific pur- during the cooling cycle following sintering; this is known
poses. The chemical composition table for each material as sinter hardening. This is especially the case with preal-
specifies the basic material before any oil impregnation, loyed nickel, molybdenum and manganese steels contain-
resin impregnation, steam treating or other such process ing admixed copper. It is also true for martensitic stainless
has taken place. steels. Tempering or stress relief after hardening is
required for maximum strength and durability.
Mechanical Properties
Mechanical property data indicate the minimum and typ- Surface Finish
ical properties that may be expected from test specimens The overall finish and surface reflectivity of PM materials
conforming to the density and chemical composition depends on density, tool condition and secondary opera-
criteria listed. It should be understood that mechanical tions. Conventional profilometer readings give an erroneous
properties used in this Standard were derived from indi- impression of surface finish because a different surface
vidual test specimens prepared specifically for material condition exists from that found on the machined or ground
evaluation and sintered under commercial production surfaces of wrought materials. Conventional readings take
conditions. The impact energy (unnotched Charpy) and into account the peaks and valleys of machined surfaces,
transverse rupture strength data were derived from while PM parts have a series of very smooth surfaces that
standard test specimens designed for this purpose. (See are interrupted with varying sized pores.
MPIF Standards 40 and 41 for additional details.) Effective surface smoothness of PM components
Hardness values of heat treated specimens are given compares favorably with ground or ground and polished
first as apparent hardness and second, when available, surfaces of wrought and cast components. Surface finish
as microindentation hardness values. Microindentation can be improved further by secondary operations such as
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
repressing, honing, burnishing or grinding. The surface enability. The formation of a carbide network embrittles
finish requirements and methods of determination must be the martensite in a hardened part and is generally
established by mutual agreement between purchaser and to be avoided. Minor amounts of carbide in the outer
producer, considering end use of the part. (See MPIF 0.005 inch (0.13 mm) of parts usually cause no problem.
Standard 58 for additional details.) Minor amounts of retained austenite toughen the marten-
sitic structure and usually cause no problem. Higher per-
Microstructure centages are generally avoided because retained austen-
The examination of the microstructure of a PM part can ite can transform to brittle martensite in service.
serve as a diagnostic tool and reveal the degree of sinter- In preparing PM specimens for microstructural examina-
ing and other metallurgical information critical to the pow- tion, the following etchants and procedures are recom-
der metallurgy process. There are several observations mended. Ferrous parts containing carbon are generally
common to most sintered materials, as described briefly etched in 2% nital or concentrated picral. Austenitic stain-
below. Comments on specific materials will be found in the less steel may be etched in glyceregia (10 mL HNO3, 20 mL
subsections devoted to those particular materials. HCI, 30 mL glycerine) by swabbing for one to two minutes.
In selecting a section of a PM part for microstructural Discard the solution after 30 minutes. Marble’s reagent
analysis, an interior plane, parallel to the pressing direc- may also be used (10 grams Cu2SO4, 50 mL HCI, 50 mL
tion is preferred for mounting and polishing. Coarse and H2O). Swab 5 to 60 seconds. To develop grain boundaries
fine polishing should be continued until all of the pores are in small grain clusters in bronze, etch by swabbing for 10
opened to view and the area fraction of porosity repre- to 20 seconds in a mixture of 2 grams of K2Cr2O7, 4 mL of
sents the density of the part. For example, an 80% dense concentrated NaCl solution, 8 mL of H2SO4, 100 mL of
part should show 20% of its area as pores. H2O. To develop a red color in copper-rich regions in
Parts with interconnected porosity can be impregnated bronze, etch by swabbing 10 to 20 seconds in 4% FeCl3
with liquid epoxy during preparation of the specimen for and H2O. For etching brasses, swab for 20 seconds in a
microstructural examination. This will help prevent distor- solution of 5 mL of NH4OH, three drops of H2O2, 5 mL of
tion of the voids during grinding or polishing. H2O. This solution is unstable and should be replaced after
Sintered parts are always examined first in the unetched 20 minutes of usage. The K2Cr2O7 solution may also be
condition. In an average sinter there will be very few or no used on nickel silver.
original particle boundaries seen at 200X. The more
rounded the pores, the higher the strength, ductility and PM Material Code Designation
impact resistance. The PM material code designation or identifying code in
For mixes of iron and carbon with low nickel and copper the case of structural PM parts defines a specific material
content, the approximate carbon content can be estimated as to chemical composition and minimum strength
by the area fraction of pearlite. For an iron-copper carbon expressed in 103 psi. For example, FC-0208-60 is a PM
alloy with less than 5% copper, one hundred percent copper steel material containing nominal 2% copper and
pearlite corresponds to approximately 0.8% combined car- 0.8% combined carbon possessing a minimum yield
bon. Lesser amounts of pearlite mean proportionally less strength of 60 X 103 psi (60,000 psi) (410 MPa) in the as-
carbon. In nickel steels, even with only 2 to 4% by mass of sintered condition.
nickel, the nickel-rich areas occupy a substantial area A coding system offers a convenient means for desig-
fraction. These should be discounted in estimating the nating both the chemical composition and minimum
area fraction of pearlite. The nickel-rich areas should not strength value of any standard PM material. It is based on
be confused with ferrite. Loss of surface carbon is gener- the system established by the industry with the addition of
ally to be avoided because of the lower hardness and a two-or three-digit suffix representing minimum strength
wear resistance. If a part is to have 0.6-0.9% carbon, in place of a suffix letter indicating density range. The
decarburization is indicated if a surface layer measures density is given for each standard material as one of the
less than 0.6% carbon. Minor amounts of surface decar- typical values.
burization are seldom a problem but if the layer is deeper Code designations in this Standard and revisions there-
than 0.010 inch (0.25 mm) it may be necessary to prove of apply only to PM materials for which MPIF Standards
that function has not been impaired. (See ASTM E 1077 have been adopted. In order to avoid confusion, the MPIF
for measuring the depth of decarburization.) coding system is intended for use only with such materials
Heat treated ferrous parts generally show a mixture of and should not be used to create non-standard materials.
martensite and fine pearlite. This is particularly true for the The explanatory notes, property values, and other contents
PM nickel and carbon steels that are of low hardenability. of this Standard have no application to any other materials.
The maximum tensile strength has been found to occur in In the coding system, the prefix letters denote the gen-
parts with 10% to 35% fine pearlite. The prealloyed steels eral type of material. For example, the prefix “CT” repre-
usually show all martensite because of their greater hard- sents copper (C) and tin (T) which is known as bronze.
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
Prefix Letter Code NOTE: When a clear pearlite to ferrite ratio cannot be
A Aluminum FX Copper-Infiltrated determined metallographically, such as with heat treated
C Copper Iron or Steel steels and materials made from prealloyed base powders
CT Bronze FY Iron Phosphorus or diffusion-alloyed powders, then determination of com-
CNZ Nickel Silver G Free graphite bined carbon by normal metallographic methods is not
CZ Brass M Manganese practical. It is recommended that the carbon content of
F Iron N Nickel these materials should be reported as total carbon using
FC Iron-Copper or Copper Steel P Lead the combustion method (ASTM E 1019). The test method
FD Diffusion-Alloyed Steel S Silicon used should be identified in the report and identified as
FF Soft-Magnetic Iron SS Stainless Steel metallurgically combined carbon or total carbon. While
FL Prealloyed Ferrous (prealloyed) total carbon will approximate the combined carbon in
material except T Tin many materials, free graphite and other carbonaceous
Stainless Steel U Sulfur material will raise the total carbon content above the level
FN Iron-Nickel or Nickel Steel Y Phosphorus of combined carbon, possibly causing the total carbon
FS Iron Silicon Z Zinc content to exceed the combined carbon level specified for
the material.
Prefix and Numeric Code
Illustration of PM ferrous material designation coding:
The numeric code following the prefix letter code refer to
the composition of the material. % Major Alloying Minimum
In nonferrous materials, the first two numbers in the Element Yield Strength
PM Nickel Steel: FN 02 05 35
numeric code designate the percentage of the major alloy-
Basic Element % Combined Carbon
ing constituent. The last two numbers of the numeric code
designate the percentage of the minor alloying constitutent.
In the case of PM stainless steels and PM prealloyed
For improved machinability lead is sometimes the third
low-alloy steels, the numeric code is replaced with a des-
alloying element in a nonferrous alloy system. Lead will
ignation derived from modifications of the American Iron
only be indicated by the letter “P” in the prefix. The per-
and Steel Institute alloy coding system, e.g., SS-316L-15,
centage of lead or any other minor alloying element that is
FL-4605-100HT.
excluded from the numeric code is represented in the
When a prealloyed steel powder is modified with
“Chemical Composition” that appears with each standard
elemental additions to create a hybrid low-alloy steel or a
material.
sinter-hardened steel, an alpha-numeric designator is used,
Illustration of PM nonferrous material designation coding: e.g. FLN-4205-40, FLN2-4405-12HT or FLN4C-4005-60.
If the base prealloyed composition has been modified
% Major Alloying Minimum
Element Yield Strength (slight change to increase or decrease one or two elements)
PM Nickel Silver: CNZP 18 16 13 then a numeric designator will be added to the material
Basic Element % Minor Alloying
Element
designation code immediately after the first two digits for the
prealloyed grade, e.g., FLC-48108-50HT.
In ferrous materials, the major alloying elements (except As with other PM materials, the suffix number denotes
combined carbon) are included in the prefix letter code. the specified minimum strength value expressed in 103 psi.
Other elements are excluded from the code but are repre- In the case of soft-magnetic alloys, the phosphorus con-
sented in the “Chemical Composition” that appears with taining irons are treated differently, since the amount of
each Standard material. The first two digits of the numer- phosphorus is usually less than 1%. To indicate more
ic code indicate the percentage of the major alloying con- accurately the nominal amount of phosphorus the code
stituent present. takes the nominal percent phosphorus, multiplies by 100
Combined carbon content in ferrous materials is desig- and uses this number for the first two digits in the code.
nated by the last two digits in the numeric code. The indi- The last two digits remain “00” since no carbon is required.
vidual chemical composition tables show limits of carbon For example, the iron-0.45% phosphorus alloy would be
content for each alloy. designated as: FY-4500.
The range of carbon that is metallurgically combined is
indicated by the coding system. The combined carbon Suffix Digit Code
level can be estimated metallographically for sintered PM The two- or three-digit suffix represents the minimum
steels that have a well defined ferrite/pearlite microstruc- strength value, expressed in 103 psi, that the user can
ture. For compositions with very low allowable carbon lev- expect from the PM material possessing that chemical com-
els (< 0.08 %) total carbon determined analytically (ASTM position. In the as-sintered condition the strength is tensile
E 1019) is the recommended method. yield; in the heat treated condition, it is ultimate tensile.
(See Minimum Value page 2.)
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
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MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
For certain heat treated steels listed in the data tables, to equivalent Rockwell hardness values for comparison
the hardenability of the alloy is not sufficient to completely with other materials.
through-harden the 0.375 inch (9.53 mm) diameter test Care should be taken in converting Knoop to HRC
specimen. Due to variation in hardenability among the heat because the conversion chart listed in ASTM E 140 is
treated steels listed in the data tables, the compressive based on a 500 gf load, while the recommended load for a
yield strength data are appropriate only for 0.375 inch PM material is 100 gf. A description of the microstructure
(9.53 mm) sections. Typically, smaller cross sections have must be reported. The specimen shall be polished to reveal
higher compressive yield strengths and larger sections the porosity and lightly etched to view the phases in the
somewhat lower strengths due to the hardenability microstructure and to determine where to place the hard-
response. Since the cross section of the tensile yield test ness indentation. If the indentor strikes an undisclosed
specimen is smaller than the compressive yield specimen pore, the diamond mark will exhibit curved edges and the
a direct correspondence between tensile and compressive reading must be discarded. Since the data tend to be scat-
yield strength data is not possible. tered compared with pore-free material, it is recommended
that a minimum of 5 indentations be made, anomalous
Shear Strength readings discarded, and an average taken of the remainder.
The yield strength in shear for a limited number of PM (See MPIF Standard 51 for additional details.)
steel alloys (both sintered and heat treated) was determined
using a hollow torsional specimen. The results found the Fatigue Limit and Fatigue Strength
shear yield equal to 55% of the tensile yield for these mate- Fatigue strength, expressed in units of 103 psi (MPa), is
rials, confirming the established ratio for wrought steels. the maximum alternating stress that can be sustained for
a specific number of cycles without failure, the stress
Macrohardness (Apparent) being reversed with each cycle unless otherwise stated.
The hardness value of a PM part when using a conven- The number of cycles survived should be stated with each
tional indentation hardness tester is referred to as “appar- strength listed. The fatigue limit is the stress sustainable
ent hardness” because it represents a combination of for an indefinite number of cycles, and no cycle number is
matrix hardness plus the effect of porosity. Apparent hard- given. For PM ferrous materials, like wrought ferrous
ness measures the resistance to indentation or brinelling. materials, fatigue strengths of 107 cycles duration using
Following is a recommended procedure for measuring the smooth, unnotched specimens on R. R. Moore testing
apparent hardness of a PM material: machines are considered to be sustainable indefinitely
A. Specify a region for evaluation. and are therefore stated as fatigue limits (also termed
B. Remove any burrs that might affect the indentation hard- endurance limits). By contrast, nonferrous PM materials
ness reading both on indentor and support surfaces. do not have 107 cycle maximum fatigue strengths sustain-
C. Obtain a minimum of five hardness readings per part, able for indefinite times and therefore these stress limits
eliminating gross anomalies. remain as simply the 107 cycle fatigue strengths. The
D. Average the readings. fatigue limits in this standard were generated through sta-
E. Report the average results to the nearest whole tistical analysis of rotating bending fatigue strength data.
number. Due to the limited number of data points available for the
Because of possible density variations in a finished analysis, these fatigue limits were determined as the 90%
PM part, the location of critical apparent hardness survival stress, i.e. the fatigue stress at which 90% of the
measurements should be specified on the engineering test specimens survived 107 cycles.
drawing of the purchased part. The manufacturer and
purchaser should agree on the hardness, the measuring Elastic Constants
procedure, and the hardness scale, e.g., HRB or HRC, for Data for the elastic constants in this standard were
each part tested. Also, because of the effect of possible generated from resonant frequency testing. An equation
void closure as a result of polishing or machining, on hard- relating the three elastic constants is:
ness readings, the surface condition should be specified E
and agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. ν = ___ –1
2G
(See MPIF Standard 43 for additional details.)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPIF Standard 35, PM Structural Parts — 2007 Edition
Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This standard includes four characteristic properties of
soft-magnetic materials, measured under DC magnetiza-
tion conditions. These properties are illustrated in the
graph and described below:
Bm is the maximum magnetic induction measured in the
material at a specific magnetizing field. For this standard
the Bm value was measured at a field of 15 Oe.
Br is the remnant magnetic induction that remains in the Idealized Magnetic Hysteresis Curve
material after the magnetizing field has been reduced to Reference: Soft Magnetism, Fundamentals for Powder Metallurgy and
zero from the maximum applied field. Metal Injection Molding, Chaman Lall, Metal Powder Industries
Federation, 1992, p. 11.
Hc is the coercive field strength or magnetic field remain-
ing in the material when the magnetic induction has been
decreased to zero. Comparable Standards
µmax is the maximum slope of the initial magnetization Standards for powder metallurgy structural and soft-
curve. magnetic parts have been issued by both ASTM and ISO.
The ASTM standards for structural parts were adapted
SI Units (See page 58.) from MPIF Standard 35 and use the MPIF nomenclature
Data were determined in inch-pound units and converted system. The ISO standards provide information on various
to SI units in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10. powder metallurgy materials.
ASTM B 783 Standard Specification for Materials for
Engineering Information (See page 59.)
Ferrous Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Structural
Hardenability Parts
See page 60. ASTM B 823 Standard Specification for Materials for
Nonferrous Powder Metallurgy (P/M)
Axial Fatigue Structural Parts
See page 62. ASTM A 811 Standard Specification for Soft Magnetic Iron
Parts Fabricated by Powder Metallurgy (P/M)
Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) Techniques
See page 63. ASTM A 839 Standard Specification for Iron-Phosphorus
Machinability Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Parts for Soft
See page 64. Magnetic Applications
ASTM A 904 Standard Specification for 50 Nickel-50 Iron
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) Powder Metallurgy (P/M) Soft Magnetic Parts
See page 65. ISO 5755 Sintered Metal Materials-Specifications
IEC 404-8-9 Standard Specification for Soft Magnetic
Fracture Toughness Materials
See page 65.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron and Carbon Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe C Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 0.0 Minimum
F-0000 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 0.3 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 0.3 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
F-0005 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 0.6 Maximum (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 0.6 Minimum materials: 350 ˚F (177 ˚C).
F-0008
Bal. 0.9 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
elements added for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
10
Iron and Carbon Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
TABLE OF CONTENTS
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
F-0000 -10 10 18 13 1.5 15.0 0.25 3.0 36 16 40 HRF 7 6.1
-15 15 25 18 2.5 17.5 0.25 6.0 50 18 60 N/D 10 6.7
-20 20 38 25 7.0 23.5 0.28 35.0 95 19 80 14 7.3
F-0005 -15 15 24 18 <1.0 15.0 0.25 3.0 48 18 25 HRB 9 6.1
-20 20 32 23 1.0 16.5 0.25 4.0 64 23 40 N/D 12 6.6
-25 25 38 28 1.5 19.5 0.27 5.0 76 28 55 15 6.9
11
F-0005 -50HT 50 60 <0.5 16.5 0.25 3.0 105 43 20 HRC 58 HRC 23 6.6
-60HT 60 70 (D) <0.5 18.5 0.27 3.5 120 52 22 58 27 6.8
-70HT 70 80 <0.5 20.5 0.27 4.0 140 61 25 58 32 7.0
F-0008 -20 20 29 25 <0.5 12.5 0.25 2.5 51 28 35 HRB 11 5.8
-25 25 35 30 <0.5 16.0 0.25 3.0 61 31 50 N/D 14 6.2
-30 30 42 35 <1.0 16.5 0.25 4.0 74 31 60 17 6.6
-35 35 57 40 1.0 20.5 0.27 5.0 100 36 70 25 7.0
F-0008 -55HT 55 65 <0.5 16.5 0.25 3.0 100 70 22 HRC 60 HRC 26 6.3
-65HT 65 75 (D) <0.5 16.5 0.25 4.0 115 80 28 60 30 6.6
-75HT 75 85 <0.5 19.5 0.27 4.5 130 90 32 60 34 6.9
-85HT 85 95 <0.5 21.5 0.27 5.0 145 100 35 60 38 7.1
2007 Edition
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron-Copper and Copper Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe Cu C Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 1.5 0.0 Minimum
FC-0200 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 3.9 0.3 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 1.5 0.3 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FC-0205 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 3.9 0.6 Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 1.5 0.6 Minimum materials: 350 ˚F (177 ˚C).
FC-0208
Bal. 3.9 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 4.0 0.3 Minimum
FC-0505 N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 6.0 0.6 Maximum
Bal. 4.0 0.6 Minimum
FC-0508
Bal. 6.0 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 7.0 0.6 Minimum
FC-0808
Bal. 9.0 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 9.0 0.0 Minimum
FC-1000
Bal. 11.0 0.3 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
12
Iron-Copper and Copper Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FC-0205 -30 30 35 35 <1.0 14.0 0.25 <2.0 60 35 37 HRB 13 6.0
-35 35 40 40 <1.0 16.5 0.25 3.0 75 40 48 N/D 15 6.3
-40 40 50 45 <1.0 17.5 0.25 5.0 95 45 60 21 6.7
-45 45 60 50 <1.0 21.5 0.27 8.0 115 50 72 31 7.1
FC-0205 -60HT 60 70 <0.5 16.0 0.25 2.5 95 57 99 HRB 58 HRC 27 6.2
-70HT 70 80 (D) <0.5 15.5 0.25 3.5 110 71 25 HRC 58 30 6.5
-80HT 80 90 <0.5 18.5 0.27 4.5 120 86 31 HRC 58 34 6.8
-90HT 90 100 <0.5 20.5 0.27 5.5 135 95 36 HRC 58 38 7.0
13
2007 Edition
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe Ni C Cu Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 1.0 0.0 0.0 Minimum
FN-0200 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 3.0 0.3 2.5 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 1.0 0.3 0.0 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FN-0205 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 3.0 0.6 2.5 Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 1.0 0.6 0.0 Minimum materials: 500 ˚F (260 ˚C).
FN-0208
Bal. 3.0 0.9 2.5 Maximum
Bal. 3.0 0.3 0.0 Minimum
FN-0405 N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 5.5 0.6 2.0 Maximum
Bal. 3.0 0.6 0.0 Minimum
FN-0408
Bal. 5.5 0.9 2.0 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
14
Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-25 25 50 30 2.5 19.5 0.27 12.0 100 30 59 18 6.9
-30 30 60 35 4.0 22.5 0.28 21.0 125 35 69 N/D 22 7.2
-35 35 70 40 5.5 24.5 0.28 34.0 150 40 78 26 7.4
FN-0205 -80HT 80 90 <0.5 16.5 0.25 3.5 120 60 23 HRC 55 HRC 26 6.6
-105HT 105 120 <0.5 19.5 0.27 4.5 160 80 29 55 35 6.9
-130HT 130 145 (D) <0.5 21.5 0.27 6.0 190 100 33 55 42 7.1
-155HT 155 160 <0.5 22.5 0.28 7.0 215 120 36 55 47 7.2
-180HT 180 185 <0.5 24.5 0.28 9.5 250 140 40 55 54 7.4
15
2007 Edition
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Prealloyed Steel
(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from Application
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde- Prealloyed steels are used typically where high perfor-
num, manganese and chromium as the major alloying mance materials capable of being heat treated are
elements. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear
prealloyed steel powder to provide the necessary level of resistance after heat treatment.
carbon in the final material.
Microstructure
Material Characteristics The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is
Prealloyed steel powders are normally used in medium not the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon sys-
to high density PM applications. These materials provide tems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a
greater hardenability than is possible with admixed copper way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined; there-
or nickel steels. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 fore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon content
or more, these materials may be manufactured by press- metallographically. Prealloyed steels may contain up to 5%
ing, presintering, repressing and sintering. unalloyed iron. After heat treatment the prealloyed steels
exhibit a uniform tempered martensitic structure.
16
Prealloyed Steel
(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FL-4205 -80HT 80 90 <0.5 16.5 0.25 5.0 135 80 28 HRC 60 HRC 30 6.60
-100HT 100 110 (D) <0.5 18.5 0.27 7.0 160 110 32 60 37 6.80
-120HT 120 130 <0.5 20.5 0.27 8.0 185 140 36 60 44 7.00
-140HT 140 150 <0.5 22.5 0.28 12.0 215 170 39 60 50 7.20
FL-4405 -35 35 52 42 1.0 17.5 0.25 6.0 100 39 60 HRB 20 6.70
-40 40 58 47 1.0 19.5 0.27 11.0 125 45 67 N/D 27 6.90
-45 45 66 52 1.5 21.5 0.27 16.0 140 52 73 32 7.10
-50 50 73 58 2.0 23.5 0.28 22.0 165 56 80 40 7.30
17
FL-4405 -100HT 100 110 <1.0 17.5 0.25 5.5 160 135 24 HRC 60 HRC 34 6.70
-125HT 125 135 (D) <1.0 19.5 0.27 7.0 200 155 29 60 42 6.90
-150HT 150 160 <1.0 21.5 0.27 9.0 230 175 34 60 48 7.10
-175HT 175 185 <1.0 23.5 0.28 14.0 280 195 38 60 58 7.30
FL-4605 -35 35 52 42 1.0 18.0 0.27 6.0 100 42 60 HRB 20 6.75
-40 40 58 47 1.0 20.0 0.27 11.0 120 45 65 N/D 27 6.95
-45 45 66 52 1.5 22.0 0.28 16.0 140 52 71 32 7.15
-50 50 73 58 2.0 24.0 0.28 22.0 165 57 77 40 7.35
FL-4605 -80HT 80 85 <0.5 16.0 0.25 4.5 130 91 24 HRC 60 HRC 29 6.55
-100HT 100 110 (D) <0.5 18.0 0.27 6.0 165 114 29 60 37 6.75
-120HT 120 130 <0.5 20.0 0.27 8.0 195 139 34 60 46 6.95
-140HT 140 155 <0.5 22.5 0.28 12.0 230 170 39 60 53 7.20
FL-5208 -65 65 90 70 1.0 17.5 0.25 9.0 160 60 83 HRB 28 6.70
-75 75 110 80 1.5 19.5 0.27 12.0 190 75 88 N/D 32 6.90
-80 80 120 87 2.0 21.5 0.27 15.0 220 85 93 36 7.10
-85 85 135 95 3.0 23.5 0.28 18.0 255 95 98 40 7.30
FL-5305 -75 75 110 85 <1.0 17.5 0.25 8.0 185 75 90 HRB 27 6.70
-90 90 125 100 <1.0 19.5 0.27 10.0 210 87 20 HRC N/D 32 6.90
-105 105 140 115 <1.0 21.0 0.27 11.0 230 100 26 HRC 37 7.10
-120 120 160 130 <1.0 23.5 0.28 13.0 250 115 33 HRC 42 7.30
2007 Edition
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
18
Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FLN4C-4005-70 70 85 78 <1.0 17.5 0.25 10.0 170 63 85 HRB 24* 6.70
-75 75 100 82 <1.0 19.5 0.27 15.0 200 68 88 N/D 33* 6.90
-80 80 115 85 <1.0 21.5 0.27 24.0 235 73 94 42* 7.10
-85 85 140 90 1.0 24.5 0.28 46.0 280 80 100 54* 7.40
FLN4C-4005-115HT 115 126 101 <0.5 17.5 0.25 8.0 180 97 22 HRC 55 HRC 36* 6.70
-135HT 135 145 130 <0.5 19.5 0.27 11.0 227 119 25 55 48* 6.90
-170HT 170 184 145 <0.5 21.5 0.27 16.0 275 137 30 55 60* 7.10
-210HT 210 225 184 0.5 24.5 0.28 29.0 345 167 36 55 77* 7.40
19
Sinter-Hardened Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from Application
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde- Sinter-hardened PM steels are used typically where
num and manganese as the major alloying elements and high strength and wear resistance are required.
elemental copper, and in some cases, elemental nickel. Advantages of using sinter hardening include dimensional
Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed to provide the nec- control, cleanliness and reduction in the number of pro-
essary level of carbon in the final material. cessing steps. Sinter-hardened materials are not readily
machined.
Material Characteristics
Sinter-hardenable materials are normally used in medi- Microstructure
um to high density PM applications. These materials pro- The sinter-hardened steels exhibit a predominantly
vide sufficient hardenability to enable hardening during the martensitic microstructure. It is also common to find
cooling cycle following sintering. When the final density regions of fine pearlite, bainite and retained austenite.
is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be Nickel-rich areas may be found in alloys containing
manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and admixed nickel.
sintering.
Prealloy
Major Elemental Addition
FLC - 48108 - XX
Prealloy Grade % Carbon
Chemistry Modification
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
20
Sinter-Hardened Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Micro- Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield indentation Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro (converted) 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (F) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-95HT 95 105 <1.0 20.5 0.27 11.0 180 115 36 55 34 7.00
-115HT 115 125 <1.0 22.5 0.28 13.0 210 125 39 55 42 7.20
FLC-4805 -70HT 70 75 <0.5 16.5 0.25 5.0 160 100 24 HRC 57 HRC 22* 6.60
-100HT 100 110 (D) <0.5 18.5 0.27 7.0 200 130 29 57 33* 6.80
-140HT 140 150 <0.5 20.5 0.27 10.0 240 160 34 57 44* 7.00
-175HT 175 185 <0.5 22.5 0.28 15.0 285 185 39 57 56* 7.20
FLC2-4808-70HT 70 75 <1.0 16.5 0.25 7.0 135 90 25 HRC 55 HRC 26* 6.60
-85HT 85 90 (D) <1.0 18.5 0.27 11.0 180 115 30 55 35* 6.80
21
-110HT 110 120 <1.0 20.5 0.27 14.0 230 135 35 55 43* 7.00
-145HT 145 155 <1.0 22.5 0.28 17.0 270 160 40 55 51* 7.20
FLC-48108-50HT 50 60 <1.0 16.5 0.25 5.0 120 (C) 20 HRC 55 HRC 16 6.60
-70HT 70 80 (D) <1.0 18.5 0.27 7.0 150 (C) 26 55 24 6.80
-90HT 90 100 <1.0 20.5 0.27 9.0 190 (C) 31 55 33 7.00
-110HT 110 120 <1.0 22.5 0.28 14.0 230 (C) 37 55 42 7.20
Diffusion-Alloyed Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from Application
diffusion-alloyed steel powders using nickel, copper and Diffusion-alloyed steels typically are used in medium to
molybdenum as the major alloying elements. Graphite high strength structural products. These materials may be
powder (carbon) is admixed with the diffusion-alloyed heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance.
steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in
the final material. Varying amounts of elemental powders Microstructure
may be admixed also. These materials produce a heterogeneous microstruc-
ture. As-sintered diffusion-alloyed steels show a
Material Characteristics microstructure similar to the nickel steels with a greater
Diffusion-alloyed powders normally are used in medium proportion of bainite and martensite. After heat treatment
to high density PM applications. Elemental nickel may be these structures are similar to heat treated nickel steels.
added to improve ductility and impact properties. When
the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materi-
als may be manufactured by pressing, presintering,
repressing and sintering.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
22
Diffusion-Alloyed Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-60 60 100 67 2.0 24.5 0.28 28.0 210 62 86 37 7.40
FD-0205-95HT 95 105 <1.0 18.0 0.27 5.0 160 130 28 HRC 55 HRC 42 6.75
-120HT 120 130 (D) <1.0 20.0 0.27 7.0 190 155 33 55 52 6.95
-140HT 140 150 <1.0 22.0 0.28 9.0 210 175 38 55 65 7.15
-160HT 160 170 <1.0 24.5 0.28 11.0 240 200 45 55 75 7.40
FD-0208-50 50 69 58 <1.0 18.0 0.27 7.0 135 58 80 HRB 24 6.75
-55 55 79 63 <1.0 19.5 0.27 9.0 155 62 83 N/D 33 6.90
-60 60 92 68 1.0 21.5 0.27 12.0 180 67 87 38 7.10
23
2007 Edition
Approved: 1997 Revised: 2003, 2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
24
Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
103 psi 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FX-1000-25 25 51 32 7.0 23.5 0.28 25.0 132 33 65 HRB N/D 19 7.3
FX-1005-40 40 77 50 4.0 23.5 0.28 13.0 158 53 82 HRB N/D 29 7.3
FX-1005-110HT 110 120 (D) <0.5 23.5 0.28 7.0 210 110 38 HRC 55 HRC 33 7.3
FX-1008-50 50 87 60 3.0 23.5 0.28 10.0 166 71 89 HRB N/D 33 7.3
FX-1008-110HT 110 120 (D) <0.5 23.5 0.28 6.5 189 115 43 HRC 58 HRC 41 7.3
25
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
26
Stainless Steel – 300 Series Alloy
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive
Material Strength Minimum Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Fatigue
Designation (A) (E) Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation Strength
Code Yield Ultimate (in 1 in.) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) 107 Cycle Density
103 psi % 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SS-303L-15 15 15.0 48 24 20.0 20.0 0.27 55.0 N/D 29 35 HRB N/D 19 6.9
SS-304N1-30 30 0.0 43 38 0.5 15.5 0.25 4.0 112 38 61 HRB N/D 15 6.4
SS-304N2-33 33 5.0 57 40 10.0 16.5 0.25 25.0 127 47 62 HRB N/D 18 6.5
SS-304N2-38 38 8.0 70 45 13.0 20.0 0.27 55.0 N/D 47 68 HRB N/D 23 6.9
SS-304H-20 20 7.0 40 25 10.0 17.0 0.25 20.0 85 25 35 HRB N/D (C) 6.6
SS-304L-13 13 15.0 43 18 23.0 17.0 0.25 45.0 N/D 22 30 HRB N/D 17 6.6
27
SS-304L-18 18 18.0 57 26 26.0 20.0 0.27 80.0 N/D 28 45 HRB N/D 21 6.9
SS-316N1-25 25 0.0 41 34 0.5 15.5 0.25 5.0 108 36 59 HRB N/D 11 6.4
SS-316N2-33 33 5.0 60 39 10.0 16.5 0.25 28.0 125 44 62 HRB N/D 14 6.5
SS-316N2-38 38 8.0 70 45 13.0 20.0 0.27 48.0 N/D 46 65 HRB N/D 19 6.9
SS-316H-20 20 5.0 35 25 7.0 17.0 0.25 20.0 85 25 33 HRB N/D (C) 6.6
SS-316L-15 15 12.0 41 20 18.5 17.0 0.25 35.0 80 22 20 HRB N/D 13 6.6
SS-316L-22 22 15.0 57 30 21.0 20.0 0.27 65.0 N/D 29 45 HRB N/D 17 6.9
*Processing parameters used to generate these data, other N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
conditions could be used.
2007 Edition
Approved: 1987 Revised: 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
28
Stainless Steel – 400 Series Alloy
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Minimum Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate (in 1 in.) Strength (0.2%) (in 1 in.) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
TABLE OF CONTENTS
103 psi % 103 psi 103 psi % 106 psi ft • lbf 103 psi 103 psi Rockwell 103 psi g/cm3
SS-410-90HT 90 0.0 105 (D) <0.5 18.0 0.25 2.5 113 93 23 HRC 55 HRC 35 6.5
SS-410L-20 20 10.0 48 26 16.0 24.0 0.27 50 N/D 28 45 HRB N/D 18 6.9
SS-430N2-28 28 3.0 60 35 5.0 25.0 0.27 25 N/D 33 70 HRB N/D 25 7.1
SS-430L-24 24 14.0 50 30 20.0 25.0 0.27 80 N/D 33 45 HRB N/D 25 7.1
SS-434N2-28 28 4.0 60 35 8.0 24.0 0.27 15 N/D 33 65 HRB N/D 22 7.0
29
2007 Edition
Approved: 1987 Revised: 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
30
Copper and Copper Alloys
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
C-0000-5 5 23.0 6.0 20.0 12.5 0.31 25.0 N/D 7 25 HRH N/D 8.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
C-0000-7 7 28.0 8.5 25.0 13.5 0.31 45.0 N/D 10 30 HRH* N/D 8.3
CZ-1000 -9 9 18.0 9.5 9.0 11.5 0.31 15.0 39 12 65 HRH N/D 7.6
-10 10 20.0 11.0 10.5 13.0 0.31 24.0 46 12 72 N/D 7.9
-11 11 23.0 12.0 12.0 14.5 0.31 31.0 52 12 80 N/D 8.1
CZP-1002-7 7 20.0 8.5 10.0 13.0 0.31 24.0 45 10 66 HRH N/D 7.9
CZ-2000 -11 11 23.0 13.5 9.0 12.5 0.31 27.0 52 12 73 HRH N/D 7.6
-12 12 35.0 17.0 18.0 14.5 0.31 45.0 70 14 82 N/D 8.0
31
CZP-2002 -11 11 23.0 13.5 9.0 12.5 0.31 27.0 52 12 73 HRH N/D 7.6
-12 12 35.0 17.0 18.0 14.5 0.31 45.0 70 14 82 N/D 8.0
CZ-3000 -14 14 28.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 0.31 23.0 62 18 84 HRH N/D 7.6
-16 16 34.0 19.0 17.0 13.0 0.31 38.0 86 19 92 N/D 8.0
CZP-3002-13 13 27.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 0.31 12.0 57 12 80 HRH N/D 7.6
-14 14 31.5 16.5 16.0 13.0 0.31 25.0 71 15 88 N/D 8.0
CNZ-1818-17 17 34.0 20.0 11.0 13.5 0.31 24.0 73 24 90 HRH N/D 7.9
CNZP-1816-13 13 26.0 15.0 10.0 13.5 0.31 22.0 50 18 86 HRH N/D 7.9
CT-1000-13
(repressed) 13 22.0 16.0 4.0 8.5 0.31 4.0 45 20 82 HRH N/D 7.2
2007 Edition N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Approved: 1984 Revised: 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from Application
iron-based powders for use in soft-magnetic product appli- Soft-magnetic alloys are used primarily for their magnet-
cations. The base iron powder may be used unalloyed or ic response characteristics in DC magnetic fields. Post-
with admixtures of ferroalloys as a source of phosphorus sinter annealing normally is not required for the PM soft-
or silicon. Prealloyed powders are required for the iron- magnetic alloys. However, some secondary operations,
nickel alloy system. Magnetic properties are degraded by such as repressing or steam treatment, may degrade
the presence of carbon and therefore carbon is not a magnetic properties. The pure iron and iron-phosphorus
desired alloying element in soft-magnetic alloys. For a alloys may also be used in structural applications requiring
given material, magnetic induction is directly related to high ductility and impact energy. Plating or steam treat-
product density – higher density yields higher induction. ment are used to improve surface wear characteristics
Coercive field and permeability are sensitive to sintering since a quench and temper heat treatment is not possible
conditions and interstitial impurities – higher sintering tem- due to the lack of carbon in these alloys.
peratures and lower impurities yield lower coercive field
and higher permeability. Microstructure
The typical structure of a soft-magnetic alloy consists of
Material Characteristics a single phase, ferritic structure with large, equiaxed
Soft-magnetic alloys normally are used in the medium to grains. The higher the sintering temperature and longer
high-density range. When the final density is greater than the sintering time the larger the average grain size and
7.1 g/cm3 these materials may be manufactured by more rounded the porosity. The greater extent to which
pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Magnetic these two microstructure features are present lead to an
properties are sensitive to sintering conditions – both improved magnetic response. The microstructure should
atmosphere composition and sintering temperature. For a not have any evidence of a second phase, such as pearlite
given density, processing changes that improve magnetic or undissolved ferroalloy particles.
properties may result in lower mechanical strength and
apparent hardness than listed in the data table.
NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Soft-Magnetic Alloys
(A) Suffix numbers represent maximum coercive field values
Material (oersteds x 10); letter code represents minimum density
Designation Fe Ni Si P C O N Element (see page 6).
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FF-0000 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. — — — 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. — — 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent
FY-4500 editions of this standard.
Bal. — — 0.50 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum
Bal. — — 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FY-8000
Bal. — — 0.85 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. — 2.7 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FS-0300
Bal. — 3.3 — 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum
Bal. 46.0 — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FN-5000
Bal. 51.0 — — 0.02 0.10 0.01 Maximum
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
32
Soft-Magnetic Alloys
PM Material Properties
MANDATORY VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
MAGNETIC RESPONSE @ 15 Oe TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS
FF-0000-23U 6.5 2.3 9.0 7.8 2.1 1700 18.0 11.0 6 16.5 0.25 (C) N/D 40 HRF (C) 6.6
-20U 6.5 2.0 9.5 8.2 1.8 1800 19.0 11.0 8 16.5 0.25 (C) N/D 40 HRF (C) 6.6
FF-0000-23W 6.9 2.3 10.5 9.0 2.1 2100 27.5 17.0 11 19.5 0.27 (C) N/D 50 HRF (C) 7.0
-20W 6.9 2.0 10.5 9.7 1.8 2300 28.0 17.0 12 19.5 0.27 (C) N/D 50 HRF (C) 7.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FF-0000-23X 7.1 2.3 12.0 10.5 2.1 2700 37.0 22.5 16 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 55 HRF (C) 7.2
-20X 7.1 2.0 12.0 11.0 1.8 2900 37.0 22.5 17 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 55 HRF (C) 7.2
FY-4500-20V 6.7 2.0 10.5 8.5 1.8 2300 40.0 30.0 5 18.5 0.27 (C) 30 40 HRB (C) 6.8
FY-4500-20W 6.9 2.0 11.5 9.0 1.8 2600 45.0 32.0 7 20.5 0.27 (C) 36 45 HRB (C) 7.0
-17W 6.9 1.7 11.5 9.0 1.5 3000 45.0 32.0 10 20.5 0.27 (C) 29 45 HRF (C) 7.0
FY-4500-20X 7.1 2.0 12.5 10.0 1.8 2700 50.0 35.0 7 22.5 0.28 (C) 40 55 HRB (C) 7.2
33
-17X 7.1 1.7 12.5 10.0 1.5 3200 55.0 39.0 12 22.5 0.28 (C) 32 55 HRF (C) 7.2
FY-4500-20Y 7.3 2.0 13.0 11.5 1.8 3200 55.0 38.0 9 24.5 0.28 (C) 45 65 HRB (C) 7.4
-17Y 7.3 1.7 13.5 11.0 1.5 3600 60.0 41.0 15 24.5 0.28 (C) 35 65 HRF (C) 7.4
FY-8000-17V 6.7 1.7 11.0 10.0 1.5 3500 48.0 40.0 2 18.5 0.27 (C) N/D 55 HRB (C) 6.8
FY-8000-17W 6.9 1.7 12.0 11.0 1.5 4000 50.0 45.0 3 20.5 0.27 (C) N/D 65 HRB (C) 7.0
-15W 6.9 1.5 12.0 10.5 1.3 4000 53.0 45.0 4 20.5 0.27 (C) N/D 65 HRF (C) 7.0
FY-8000-17X 7.1 1.7 13.0 12.0 1.5 4500 55.0 50.0 3 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 70 HRB (C) 7.2
-15X 7.1 1.5 13.0 11.5 1.3 4500 57.0 48.0 4 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 70 HRF (C) 7.2
FY-8000-15Y 7.3 1.5 13.5 13.0 1.3 5000 62.0 53.0 4 24.5 0.28 (C) N/D 75 HRB (C) 7.4
FS-0300-14V 6.7 1.4 11.0 9.0 1.2 3000 45.0 30.0 8 18.5 0.27 (C) N/D 65 HRB (C) 6.8
FS-0300-14W 6.9 1.4 12.0 10.0 1.2 4000 50.0 35.0 10 20.5 0.27 (C) N/D 70 HRB (C) 7.0
FS-0300-12X 7.1 1.2 13.0 11.0 1.0 5000 55.0 40.0 15 22.5 0.28 (C) N/D 75 HRB (C) 7.2
FS-0300-11Y 7.3 1.1 14.0 12.0 0.9 6000 60.0 45.0 20 24.5 0.28 (C) N/D 80 HRB (C) 7.4
FN-5000-5W 6.9 0.5 9.0 7.5 0.3 8000 35.0 20.0 9 12.5 0.32 33 N/D 28 HRB (C) 7.0
FN-5000-5Z 7.4 0.5 12.0 9.0 0.3 10000 40.0 25.0 15 16.0 0.34 68 N/D 40 HRB (C) 7.5
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NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron and Carbon Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe C Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 0.0 Minimum
F-0000 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 0.3 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 0.3 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
F-0005 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 0.6 Maximum (E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 0.6 Minimum materials: 177 ˚C (350 ˚F).
F-0008
Bal. 0.9 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
elements added for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
34
Iron and Carbon Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
F-0000 -10 70 120 90 1.5 105 0.25 4 250 110 40 HRF 46 6.1
-15 100 170 120 2.5 120 0.25 8 340 120 60 N/D 65 6.7
-20 140 260 170 7.0 160 0.28 47 660 130 80 99 7.3
F-0005 -15 100 170 120 <1.0 105 0.25 4 330 125 25 HRB 60 6.1
-20 140 220 160 1.0 115 0.25 5 440 160 40 N/D 80 6.6
-25 170 260 190 1.5 135 0.27 7 520 190 55 100 6.9
35
F-0005 -50HT 340 410 <0.5 115 0.25 4 720 300 20 HRC 58 HRC 160 6.6
-60HT 410 480 (D) <0.5 130 0.27 5 830 360 22 58 190 6.8
-70HT 480 550 <0.5 140 0.27 5 970 420 25 58 220 7.0
F-0008 -20 140 200 170 <0.5 85 0.25 3 350 190 35 HRB 80 5.8
-25 170 240 210 <0.5 110 0.25 4 420 210 50 N/D 100 6.2
-30 210 290 240 <1.0 115 0.25 5 510 210 60 120 6.6
-35 240 390 260 1.0 140 0.27 7 690 250 70 170 7.0
F-0008 -55HT 380 450 <0.5 115 0.25 4 690 480 22 HRC 60 HRC 180 6.3
-65HT 450 520 (D) <0.5 115 0.25 5 790 550 28 60 210 6.6
-75HT 520 590 <0.5 135 0.27 6 900 620 32 60 240 6.9
-85HT 590 660 <0.5 150 0.27 7 1000 690 35 60 280 7.1
2007 Edition
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Chemical Composition, % – Iron-Copper and Copper Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe Cu C Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 1.5 0.0 Minimum
FC-0200 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 3.9 0.3 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 1.5 0.3 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FC-0205 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 3.9 0.6 Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 1.5 0.6 Minimum materials: 177 ˚C (350 ˚F).
FC-0208
Bal. 3.9 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 4.0 0.3 Minimum
FC-0505 N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 6.0 0.6 Maximum
Bal. 4.0 0.6 Minimum
FC-0508
Bal. 6.0 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 7.0 0.6 Minimum
FC-0808
Bal. 9.0 0.9 Maximum
Bal. 9.0 0.0 Minimum
FC-1000
Bal. 11.0 0.3 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
36
Iron-Copper and Copper Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
FC-0200 -15 100 170 140 1.0 95 0.25 6 310 120 60 HRF 70 6.0
-18 120 190 160 1.5 115 0.25 7 350 140 65 HRF N/D 72 6.3
-21 140 210 180 1.5 115 0.25 7 390 160 26 HRB 80 6.6
-24 170 230 200 2.0 135 0.27 8 430 180 36 HRB 87 6.9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FC-0205 -30 210 240 240 <1.0 95 0.25 <3 410 240 37 HRB 90 6.0
-35 240 280 280 <1.0 115 0.25 4 520 280 48 N/D 100 6.3
-40 280 340 310 <1.0 120 0.25 7 660 310 60 140 6.7
-45 310 410 340 <1.0 150 0.27 10 790 340 72 210 7.1
FC-0205 -60HT 410 480 <0.5 110 0.25 3 660 390 99 HRB 58 HRC 190 6.2
-70HT 480 550 (D) <0.5 105 0.25 5 760 490 25 HRC 58 210 6.5
-80HT 550 620 <0.5 130 0.27 6 830 590 31 HRC 58 230 6.8
-90HT 620 690 <0.5 140 0.27 7 930 660 36 HRC 58 260 7.0
37
FC-0208 -30 210 240 240 <1.0 85 0.25 <3 410 280 50 HRB 90 5.8
-40 280 340 310 <1.0 115 0.25 3 620 310 61 N/D 120 6.3
-50 340 410 380 <1.0 120 0.25 7 860 340 73 160 6.7
-60 410 520 450 <1.0 155 0.28 9 1070 380 84 230 7.2
FC-0208 -50HT 340 450 <0.5 105 0.25 3 660 400 20 HRC 60 HRC 170 6.1
-65HT 450 520 (D) <0.5 120 0.27 5 760 500 27 60 210 6.4
-80HT 550 620 <0.5 130 0.27 6 900 630 35 60 240 6.8
-95HT 660 720 <0.5 150 0.27 7 1030 720 43 60 280 7.1
FC-0505 -30 210 300 250 <0.5 85 0.25 4 530 340 51 HRB 114 5.8
-40 280 400 320 <0.5 115 0.25 6 700 370 62 N/D 152 6.3
-50 340 490 390 <1.0 120 0.25 7 850 400 72 186 6.7
FC-0508 -40 280 400 340 <0.5 90 0.25 4 690 400 60 HRB 152 5.9
-50 340 470 410 <0.5 115 0.25 5 830 430 68 N/D 179 6.3
-60 410 570 480 <1.0 130 0.27 6 1000 470 80 217 6.8
FC-0808 -45 310 380 340 <0.5 95 0.27 4 590 430 65 HRB N/D 144 6.0
FC-1000 -20 140 210 180 <1.0 95 0.27 5 370 230 60 HRF N/D 80 6.0
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NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values
Material in 103 psi (see page 2); yield in the as-sintered con-
Designation Fe Ni C Cu Element dition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. 1.0 0.0 0.0 Minimum
FN-0200 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. 3.0 0.3 2.5 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. 1.0 0.3 0.0 Minimum (D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately
FN-0205 the same for heat-treated materials (see page 3).
Bal. 3.0 0.6 2.5 Maximum
(E) Tempering temperature for heat-treated (HT)
Bal. 1.0 0.6 0.0 Minimum materials: 260 ˚C (500 ˚F).
FN-0208
Bal. 3.0 0.9 2.5 Maximum
Bal. 3.0 0.3 0.0 Minimum
FN-0405 N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. 5.5 0.6 2.0 Maximum
Bal. 3.0 0.6 0.0 Minimum
FN-0408
Bal. 5.5 0.9 2.0 Maximum
Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor
elements added for specific purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
38
Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
FN-0200 -15 100 170 120 3.0 115 0.25 14 340 110 55 HRF 70 6.6
-20 140 240 170 5.0 140 0.27 27 550 120 75 N/D 91 7.0
-25 170 280 210 10.0 160 0.28 68 720 140 80 103 7.3
FN-0205 -20 140 280 170 1.5 115 0.25 8 450 170 44 HRB 100 6.6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-25 170 340 210 2.5 135 0.27 16 690 210 59 120 6.9
-30 210 410 240 4.0 155 0.28 28 860 240 69 N/D 150 7.2
-35 240 480 280 5.5 170 0.28 46 1030 280 78 180 7.4
FN-0205 -80HT 550 620 <0.5 115 0.25 5 830 410 23 HRC 55 HRC 180 6.6
-105HT 720 830 <0.5 135 0.27 6 1110 550 29 55 240 6.9
-130HT 900 1000 (D) <0.5 150 0.27 8 1310 690 33 55 290 7.1
-155HT 1070 1100 <0.5 155 0.28 9 1480 830 36 55 320 7.2
-180HT 1240 1280 <0.5 170 0.28 13 1720 970 40 55 370 7.4
39
FN-0208 -30 210 310 240 1.5 120 0.25 7 590 240 63 HRB 110 6.7
-35 240 380 280 1.5 135 0.27 11 720 280 71 140 6.9
-40 280 480 310 2.0 150 0.27 15 900 310 77 N/D 170 7.1
-45 310 550 340 2.5 160 0.28 22 1070 340 83 190 7.3
-50 340 620 380 3.0 170 0.28 28 1170 380 88 220 7.4
FN-0208 -80HT 550 620 <0.5 120 0.25 5 830 680 26 HRC 57 HRC 200 6.7
-105HT 720 830 <0.5 135 0.27 6 1030 850 31 57 260 6.9
-130HT 900 1000 (D) <0.5 140 0.27 7 1280 940 35 57 320 7.0
-155HT 1070 1170 <0.5 155 0.28 9 1520 1120 39 57 370 7.2
-180HT 1240 1340 <0.5 170 0.28 11 1720 1300 42 57 430 7.4
FN-0405 -25 170 280 210 <1.0 105 0.25 6 450 230 49 HRB 100 6.5
-35 240 410 280 3.0 140 0.27 20 830 280 71 N/D 150 7.0
-45 310 620 340 4.5 170 0.28 45 1210 310 84 220 7.4
FN-0405 -80HT 550 590 <0.5 105 0.25 5 790 460 99 HRB 55 HRC 180 6.5
-105HT 720 760 <0.5 130 0.27 7 1000 610 25 HRC 55 230 6.8
-130HT 900 930 (D) <0.5 140 0.27 9 1380 710 31 HRC 55 290 7.0
-155HT 1070 1100 <0.5 160 0.28 13 1690 850 37 HRC 55 340 7.3
-180HT 1240 1280 <0.5 170 0.28 18 1930 910 40 HRC 55 390 7.4
FN-0408 -35 240 310 280 1.0 105 0.25 5 520 260 67 HRB 110 6.5
-45 310 450 340 1.0 135 0.27 10 790 340 78 N/D 160 6.9
-55 380 550 410 1.0 155 0.28 15 1030 410 87 190 7.2
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Prealloyed Steel
(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from Application
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde- Prealloyed steels are used typically where high perfor-
num, manganese and chromium as the major alloying mance materials capable of being heat treated are
elements. Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed with the required. These alloys will provide high strength and wear
prealloyed steel powder to provide the necessary level of resistance after heat treatment.
carbon in the final material.
Microstructure
Material Characteristics The eutectoid product in the as-sintered condition is
Prealloyed steel powders are normally used in medium not the same as the fine pearlite of the plain iron-carbon sys-
to high density PM applications. These materials provide tems. The carbide plates are coarser and spaced in such a
greater hardenability than is possible with admixed copper way that the proeutectoid ferrite is not clearly defined; there-
or nickel steels. When the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 fore, it is difficult to estimate the combined carbon content
or more, these materials may be manufactured by press- metallographically. Prealloyed steels may contain up to 5%
ing, presintering, repressing and sintering. unalloyed iron. After heat treatment the prealloyed steels
exhibit a uniform tempered martensitic structure.
40
Prealloyed Steel
(formerly Low-Alloy Steel)
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
FL-4205 -35 240 360 290 1.0 130 0.27 8 690 290 60 HRB 140 6.80
-40 280 400 320 1.0 140 0.27 12 790 320 66 N/D 190 6.95
-45 310 460 360 1.5 150 0.27 16 860 360 70 220 7.10
-50 340 500 400 2.0 160 0.28 23 1030 390 75 280 7.30
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FL-4205 -80HT 550 620 <0.5 115 0.25 7 930 550 28 HRC 60 HRC 210 6.60
-100HT 690 760 (D) <0.5 130 0.27 9 1100 760 32 60 260 6.80
-120HT 830 900 <0.5 140 0.27 11 1280 970 36 60 300 7.00
-140HT 970 1030 <0.5 155 0.28 16 1480 1170 39 60 340 7.20
FL-4405 -35 240 360 290 1.0 120 0.25 8 690 270 60 HRB 140 6.70
-40 280 400 320 1.0 135 0.27 15 860 310 67 N/D 190 6.90
-45 310 460 360 1.5 150 0.27 22 970 360 73 220 7.10
-50 340 500 400 2.0 160 0.28 30 1140 390 80 280 7.30
41
FL-4405 -100HT 690 760 <1.0 120 0.25 7 1100 930 24 HRC 60 HRC 230 6.70
-125HT 860 930 (D) <1.0 135 0.27 9 1380 1070 29 60 290 6.90
-150HT 1030 1100 <1.0 150 0.27 12 1590 1210 34 60 330 7.10
-175HT 1210 1280 <1.0 160 0.28 19 1930 1340 38 60 400 7.30
FL-4605 -35 240 360 290 1.0 125 0.27 8 690 290 60 HRB 140 6.75
-40 280 400 320 1.0 140 0.27 15 830 310 65 N/D 190 6.95
-45 310 460 360 1.5 150 0.28 22 970 360 71 220 7.15
-50 340 500 400 2.0 165 0.28 30 1140 390 77 280 7.35
FL-4605 -80HT 550 590 <0.5 110 0.25 6 900 630 24 HRC 60 HRC 200 6.55
-100HT 690 760 (D) <0.5 125 0.27 8 1140 790 29 60 260 6.75
-120HT 830 900 <0.5 140 0.27 11 1340 960 34 60 320 6.95
-140HT 970 1070 <0.5 155 0.28 16 1590 1170 39 60 370 7.20
FL-5208 -65 450 620 480 1.0 120 0.25 12 1100 410 83 HRB 190 6.70
-75 520 760 550 1.5 135 0.27 16 1310 520 88 N/D 220 6.90
-80 550 830 600 2.0 150 0.27 20 1520 590 93 250 7.10
-85 590 930 660 3.0 160 0.28 24 1760 660 98 280 7.30
FL-5305 -75 520 760 590 <1.0 120 0.25 11 1280 520 90 HRB 190 6.70
-90 620 860 690 <1.0 135 0.27 14 1450 600 20 HRC N/D 220 6.90
-105 720 970 790 <1.0 150 0.27 15 1590 690 26 HRC 260 7.10
-120 830 1100 900 <1.0 160 0.28 18 1720 790 33 HRC 290 7.30
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42
Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
FLN2C-4005-60 410 480 450 <1.0 120 0.25 9 1000 380 81 HRB 170* 6.70
-65 450 620 480 1.0 135 0.27 15 1210 410 84 N/D 210* 6.90
-70 480 720 520 2.0 150 0.27 22 1380 450 88 260* 7.10
-75 520 900 570 4.0 170 0.28 39 1650 520 93 320* 7.40
FLN2C-4005-105HT 720 790 (D) <0.5 120 0.25 7 1280 690 25 HRC 58 HRC 210* 6.70
-140HT 970 1030 (D) <0.5 135 0.27 12 1620 900 29 58 310* 6.90
-170HT 1170 1280 (D) <0.5 150 0.27 18 2000 1070 34 58 410* 7.10
-220HT 1520 1650 1240 <1.0 170 0.28 26 2550 1380 40 58 540* 7.40
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FLN4C-4005-70 480 590 540 <1.0 120 0.25 14 1170 430 85 HRB 165* 6.70
-75 520 690 570 <1.0 135 0.27 20 1380 470 88 N/D 230* 6.90
-80 550 790 590 <1.0 150 0.27 33 1620 500 94 290* 7.10
-85 590 970 620 1.0 170 0.28 62 1930 550 100 370* 7.40
FLN4C-4005-115HT 790 870 700 <0.5 120 0.25 11 1240 670 22 HRC 55 HRC 250* 6.70
-135HT 930 1000 900 <0.5 135 0.27 15 1570 820 25 55 330* 6.90
-170HT 1170 1270 1000 <0.5 150 0.27 22 1900 940 30 55 415* 7.10
-210HT 1450 1550 1270 0.5 170 0.28 39 2380 1150 36 55 530* 7.40
43
FLN-4205-40 280 400 320 1.0 115 0.25 8 720 310 64 HRB 140 6.60
-45 310 460 360 1.0 130 0.27 11 860 340 70 N/D 190 6.80
(1.) -50 340 500 400 1.5 145 0.27 18 1030 390 77 220 7.05
-55 380 600 430 2.0 160 0.28 30 1210 410 83 280 7.30
FLN-4205-80HT 550 620 <1.0 115 0.25 7 900 860 24 HRC 60 HRC 190 6.60
-105HT 720 790 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 9 1170 1000 30 60 250 6.80
(1.) -140HT 970 1030 <1.0 145 0.27 12 1590 1170 36 60 320 7.05
-175HT 1210 1280 1.0 160 0.28 19 2000 1380 42 60 400 7.30
FLN2-4405-45 310 410 360 0.5 115 0.25 7 860 340 75 HRB 130 6.60
-50 340 450 400 1.0 130 0.27 9 1070 380 80 N/D 170 6.80
(1.) -55 380 550 440 1.5 145 0.27 16 1310 430 85 220 7.05
-60 410 690 480 2.0 160 0.28 30 1520 480 90 280 7.30
FLN2-4405-90HT 620 690 (D) <0.5 115 0.25 5 1070 690 28 HRC 60 HRC 220 6.60
-120HT 830 900 860 <0.5 130 0.27 8 1450 860 32 60 280 6.80
(1.) -160HT 1100 1170 1000 <0.5 145 0.27 14 1800 1100 38 60 340 7.05
-190HT 1310 1450 1240 0.5 160 0.28 18 2210 1310 44 60 410 7.30
FLN4-4405-55 380 470 440 <1.0 115 0.25 7 690 340 78 HRB 150 6.60
-70 480 570 530 <1.0 130 0.27 11 970 380 83 N/D 190 6.80
-85 590 710 650 <1.0 145 0.27 16 1310 410 90 220 7.05
-100 690 860 780 <1.0 160 0.28 35 1650 480 98 280 7.30
FLN4-4405-90HT 620 690 <0.5 115 0.25 8 880 550 20 HRC 60 HRC 180 6.60
-120HT 830 900 (D) <0.5 130 0.27 11 1260 720 25 60 260 6.80
-165HT 1140 1210 <0.5 145 0.27 16 1700 930 32 60 340 7.05
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Sinter-Hardened Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from Application
prealloyed low-alloy steel powders using nickel, molybde- Sinter-hardened PM steels are used typically where
num and manganese as the major alloying elements and high strength and wear resistance are required.
elemental copper, and in some cases, elemental nickel. Advantages of using sinter hardening include dimensional
Graphite powder (carbon) is admixed to provide the nec- control, cleanliness and reduction in the number of pro-
essary level of carbon in the final material. cessing steps. Sinter-hardened materials are not readily
machined.
Material Characteristics
Sinter-hardenable materials are normally used in medi- Microstructure
um to high density PM applications. These materials pro- The sinter-hardened steels exhibit a predominantly
vide sufficient hardenability to enable hardening during the martensitic microstructure. It is also common to find
cooling cycle following sintering. When the final density regions of fine pearlite, bainite and retained austenite.
is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materials may be Nickel-rich areas may be found in alloys containing
manufactured by pressing, presintering, repressing and admixed nickel.
sintering.
Prealloy
Major Elemental Addition
FLC - 48108 - XX
Prealloy Grade % Carbon
Chemistry Modification
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
44
Sinter-Hardened Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Micro- Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield indentation Limit
Designation (A) (E) (G) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro (converted) 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (F) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
FLNC-4408-60HT 410 480 <1.0 115 0.25 5 1100 520 98 HRB 55 HRC 120 6.60
-85HT 590 660 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 9 1310 590 21 HRC 55 180 6.80
-105HT 720 790 <1.0 140 0.27 16 1520 660 25 HRC 55 230 7.00
-130HT 900 970 1.0 155 0.28 22 1720 720 30 HRC 55 290 7.20
FLC-4608-60HT 410 480 <1.0 115 0.25 9 900 660 28 HRC 55 HRC 120 6.60
-75HT 520 590 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 11 1070 720 32 55 180 6.80
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-95HT 660 720 <1.0 140 0.27 15 1240 790 36 55 230 7.00
-115HT 790 860 <1.0 155 0.28 18 1450 860 39 55 290 7.20
FLC-4805-70HT 480 520 <0.5 115 0.25 7 1100 690 24 HRC 57 HRC 150* 6.60
-100HT 690 760 (D) <0.5 130 0.27 9 1380 900 29 57 230* 6.80
-140HT 970 1030 <0.5 140 0.27 14 1650 1100 34 57 300* 7.00
-175HT 1210 1280 <0.5 155 0.28 20 1970 1280 39 57 390* 7.20
FLC2-4808-70HT 480 520 <1.0 115 0.25 9 930 620 25 HRC 55 HRC 180* 6.60
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-85HT 590 620 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 15 1240 790 30 55 240* 6.80
-110HT 760 830 <1.0 140 0.27 19 1590 930 35 55 295* 7.00
-145HT 1000 1070 <1.0 155 0.28 23 1860 1100 40 55 350* 7.20
FLC-48108-50HT 340 410 <1.0 115 0.25 7 830 (C) 20 HRC 55 HRC 110 6.60
-70HT 480 550 (D) <1.0 130 0.27 9 1030 (C) 26 55 160 6.80
-90HT 620 690 <1.0 140 0.27 12 1310 (C) 31 55 230 7.00
-110HT 760 830 <1.0 155 0.28 19 1590 (C) 37 55 290 7.20
*converted from axial fatigue test results
NOTES:
(A) Suffix numbers represent minimum strength values in 103 psi (see page 2);
yield in the as-sintered condition and ultimate in the heat-treated condition.
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory prepared test specimens
sintered under commercial manufacturing conditions using accelerated
cooling.
(C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent editions of this
standard.
(D) Yield and ultimate tensile strength are approximately the same for heat-
treated materials (see page 3).
(E) Tempering temperature: 177 ˚C (350 ˚F).
(F) Microindentation hardness values refer to the martensite. If fine pearlite or
bainite is present, these phases typically will measure 25-45 HRC.
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Diffusion-Alloyed Steel
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from Application
diffusion-alloyed steel powders using nickel, copper and Diffusion-alloyed steels typically are used in medium to
molybdenum as the major alloying elements. Graphite high strength structural products. These materials may be
powder (carbon) is admixed with the diffusion-alloyed heat treated to increase strength and wear resistance.
steel powder to provide the necessary level of carbon in
the final material. Varying amounts of elemental powders Microstructure
may be admixed also. These materials produce a heterogeneous microstruc-
ture. As-sintered diffusion-alloyed steels show a
Material Characteristics microstructure similar to the nickel steels with a greater
Diffusion-alloyed powders normally are used in medium proportion of bainite and martensite. After heat treatment
to high density PM applications. Elemental nickel may be these structures are similar to heat treated nickel steels.
added to improve ductility and impact properties. When
the final density is to be 7.0 g/cm3 or more, these materi-
als may be manufactured by pressing, presintering,
repressing and sintering.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
46
Diffusion-Alloyed Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
FD-0205-45 310 470 360 1.0 125 0.27 11 900 320 72 HRB 170 6.75
-50 340 540 390 1.5 140 0.27 16 1070 360 76 N/D 200 6.95
-55 380 610 420 2.0 150 0.28 24 1240 390 80 220 7.15
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-60 410 690 460 2.0 170 0.28 38 1450 430 86 260 7.40
FD-0205-95HT 660 720 <1.0 125 0.27 7 1100 900 28 HRC 55 HRC 290 6.75
-120HT 830 900 (D) <1.0 140 0.27 9 1310 1070 33 55 360 6.95
-140HT 970 1030 <1.0 150 0.28 12 1450 1210 38 55 450 7.15
-160HT 1100 1170 <1.0 170 0.28 15 1650 1380 45 55 520 7.40
FD-0208-50 340 480 400 <1.0 125 0.27 9 930 400 80 HRB 170 6.75
-55 380 540 430 <1.0 135 0.27 12 1070 430 83 N/D 230 6.90
-60 410 630 470 1.0 150 0.27 16 1240 460 87 260 7.10
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-65 450 710 500 1.0 160 0.28 23 1340 500 90 320 7.25
FD-0405-55 380 590 430 1.0 125 0.27 15 1100 390 80 HRB 170 6.75
-60 410 710 460 1.0 145 0.27 27 1340 430 85 N/D 200 7.05
-65 450 850 480 2.5 165 0.28 37 1590 500 91 280 7.35
FD-0405-100HT 690 760 <1.0 125 0.27 7 1100 860 30 HRC 55 HRC 180 6.75
-130HT 900 970 (D) <1.0 145 0.27 9 1380 1030 35 55 340 7.05
-155HT 1070 1140 <1.0 165 0.28 14 1620 1210 42 55 400 7.35
FD-0408-50 340 490 390 <1.0 120 0.25 12 900 430 85 HRB 150 6.70
-55 380 620 430 1.0 140 0.27 18 1140 470 89 N/D 190 6.95
-60 410 760 460 1.5 155 0.28 24 1380 500 93 260 7.20
-65 450 860 490 2.0 170 0.28 30 1590 550 95 330 7.40
FLDN2-4908-70 480 570 540 <1.0 125 0.27 9 1100 410 91 HRB 190 6.75
-80 550 660 610 <1.0 140 0.27 12 1310 460 94 N/D 220 6.95
-90 620 810 690 1.0 150 0.28 18 1590 530 98 250 7.15
-100 690 880 740 1.0 160 0.28 27 1760 570 100 280 7.30
FLDN4C2-4905-50 340 590 400 1.0 125 0.27 14 1100 340 85 HRB 130 6.75
-60 410 720 460 1.0 140 0.27 15 1340 410 90 N/D 190 6.95
-70 480 860 530 1.0 150 0.28 24 1620 450 95 250 7.15
-80 550 970 590 1.5 165 0.28 50 1860 520 25 HRC 310 7.35
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estimate.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
48
Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
MPa MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
FX-1000-25 170 350 220 7.0 160 0.28 34 910 230 65 HRB N/D 133 7.3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FX-1005-40 280 530 340 4.0 160 0.28 18 1090 370 82 HRB N/D 200 7.3
FX-1005-110HT 760 830 (D) <0.5 160 0.28 9 1450 760 38 HRC 55 HRC 230 7.3
FX-1008-50 340 600 410 3.0 160 0.28 14 1140 490 89 HRB N/D 230 7.3
FX-1008-110HT 760 830 (D) <0.5 160 0.28 9 1300 790 43 HRC 58 HRC 280 7.3
FX-2000-25 170 320 260 3.0 145 0.24 20 990 280 66 HRB N/D 122 7.3
FX-2005-45 310 520 410 1.5 145 0.24 11 1020 410 85 HRB N/D 140 7.3
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FX-2005-90HT 620 690 (D) <0.5 145 0.24 9 1180 490 36 HRC 55 HRC 160 7.3
FX-2008-60 410 550 480 1.0 145 0.24 9 1080 480 90 HRB N/D 160 7.3
FX-2008-90HT 620 690 (D) <0.5 145 0.24 7 1100 510 36 HRC 58 HRC 190 7.3
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Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific
purposes.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
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Stainless Steel – 300 Series Alloy
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive
Material Strength Minimum Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Fatigue
Designation (A) (E) Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation Strength
Code Yield Ultimate (in 25.4 mm) Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4 mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) 107 Cycle Density
MPa % MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
SS-303N1-25 170 0.0 270 220 0.5 105 0.25 5 590 260 62 HRB N/D 90 6.4
SS-303N2-35 240 3.0 380 290 5.0 115 0.25 26 680 320 63 HRB N/D 110 6.5
SS-303N2-38 260 6.0 470 310 10.0 140 0.27 47 N/D 320 70 HRB N/D 145 6.9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SS-303L-12 80 12.0 270 120 17.5 120 0.25 54 570 140 21 HRB N/D 105 6.6
SS-303L-15 100 15.0 330 170 20.0 140 0.27 75 N/D 200 35 HRB N/D 130 6.9
SS-304N1-30 210 0.0 300 260 0.5 105 0.25 5 770 260 61 HRB N/D 105 6.4
SS-304N2-33 230 5.0 390 280 10.0 115 0.25 34 880 320 62 HRB N/D 125 6.5
SS-304N2-38 260 8.0 480 310 13.0 140 0.27 75 N/D 320 68 HRB N/D 160 6.9
SS-304H-20 140 7.0 280 170 10.0 120 0.25 27 590 170 35 HRB N/D (C) 6.6
51
SS-304L-13 90 15.0 300 120 23.0 120 0.25 61 N/D 150 30 HRB N/D 115 6.6
SS-304L-18 120 18.0 390 180 26.0 140 0.27 108 N/D 190 45 HRB N/D 145 6.9
SS-316N1-25 170 0.0 280 230 0.5 105 0.25 7 740 250 59 HRB N/D 75 6.4
SS-316N2-33 230 5.0 410 270 10.0 115 0.25 38 860 300 62 HRB N/D 95 6.5
SS-316N2-38 260 8.0 480 310 13.0 140 0.27 65 N/D 320 65 HRB N/D 130 6.9
SS-316H-20 140 5.0 240 170 7.0 120 0.25 27 590 170 33 HRB N/D (C) 6.6
SS-316L-15 100 12.0 280 140 18.5 120 0.25 47 550 150 20 HRB N/D 90 6.6
SS-316L-22 150 15.0 390 210 21.0 140 0.27 88 N/D 200 45 HRB N/D 115 6.9
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Other Elements: 2.0% maximum may include other minor elements added for specific purposes.
(1) LE = L grade, Extended chemistry
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
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Stainless Steel – 400 Series Alloy
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
Minimum Unnotched Compressive Fatigue
Material Strength Minimum Yield Charpy Transverse Yield Micro- Limit
Designation (A) (E) Elongation Ultimate Strength Elongation Young's Poisson's Impact Rupture Strength Macro indentation 90%
Code Yield Ultimate (in 25.4mm) Strength (0.2%) (in 25.4mm) Modulus Ratio Energy Strength (0.1%) (apparent) (converted) Survival Density
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MPa % MPa MPa % GPa J MPa MPa Rockwell MPa g/cm3
SS-410-90HT 620 0.0 720 (D) <0.5 125 0.25 3 780 640 23 HRC 55 HRC 240 6.5
SS-410L-20 140 10.0 330 180 16.0 165 0.27 68 N/D 190 45 HRB N/D 125 6.9
SS-430N2-28 190 3.0 410 240 5.0 170 0.27 34 N/D 230 70 HRB N/D 170 7.1
SS-430L-24 170 14.0 340 210 20.0 170 0.27 108 N/D 230 45 HRB N/D 170 7.1
SS-434N2-28 190 4.0 410 240 8.0 165 0.27 20 N/D 230 68 HRB N/D 150 7.0
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SS-434L-24 170 10.0 340 210 15.0 165 0.27 88 N/D 230 50 HRB N/D 150 7.0
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Copper and Copper Alloys
PM Material Properties
MINIMUM VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS HARDNESS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
C-0000-7 50 190 60 25.0 90 0.31 61 N/D 70 30 HRH* N/D 8.3
CZ-1000 -9 60 120 70 9.0 80 0.31 20 270 80 65 HRH N/D 7.6
-10 70 140 80 10.5 90 0.31 33 320 80 72 N/D 7.9
-11 80 160 80 12.0 100 0.31 42 360 80 80 N/D 8.1
CZP-1002-7 50 140 60 10.0 90 0.31 33 310 70 66 HRH N/D 7.9
CZ-2000 -11 80 160 90 9.0 85 0.31 37 360 80 73 HRH N/D 7.6
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-12 80 240 120 18.0 100 0.31 61 480 100 82 N/D 8.0
CZP-2002-11 80 160 90 9.0 85 0.31 37 360 80 73 HRH N/D 7.6
-12 80 240 120 18.0 100 0.31 61 480 100 82 N/D 8.0
CZ-3000 -14 100 190 110 14.0 80 0.31 31 430 120 84 HRH N/D 7.6
-16 110 230 130 17.0 90 0.31 52 590 130 92 N/D 8.0
CZP3002-13 90 190 100 14.0 80 0.31 16 390 80 80 HRH N/D 7.6
-14 100 220 110 16.0 90 0.31 34 490 100 88 N/D 8.0
CNZ-1818-17 120 230 140 11.0 95 0.31 33 500 170 90 HRH N/D 7.9
CNZP-1816-13 90 180 100 10.0 95 0.31 30 340 120 86 HRH N/D 7.9
CT-1000-13
(repressed) 90 150 110 4.0 60 0.31 5 310 140 82 HRH N/D 7.2
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Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers PM materials manufactured from Application
iron-based powders for use in soft-magnetic product appli- Soft-magnetic alloys are used primarily for their magnet-
cations. The base iron powder may be used unalloyed or ic response characteristics in DC magnetic fields. Post-
with admixtures of ferroalloys as a source of phosphorus sinter annealing normally is not required for the PM soft-
or silicon. Prealloyed powders are required for the iron- magnetic alloys. However, some secondary operations,
nickel alloy system. Magnetic properties are degraded by such as repressing or steam treatment, may degrade
the presence of carbon and therefore carbon is not a magnetic properties. The pure iron and iron-phosphorus
desired alloying element in soft-magnetic alloys. For a alloys may also be used in structural applications requiring
given material, magnetic induction is directly related to high ductility and impact energy. Plating or steam treat-
product density – higher density yields higher induction. ment are used to improve surface wear characteristics
Coercive field and permeability are sensitive to sintering since a quench and temper heat treatment is not possible
conditions and interstitial impurities – higher sintering tem- due to the lack of carbon in these alloys.
peratures and lower impurities yield lower coercive field
and higher permeability. Microstructure
The typical structure of a soft-magnetic alloy consists of
Material Characteristics a single phase, ferritic structure with large, equiaxed
Soft-magnetic alloys normally are used in the medium to grains. The higher the sintering temperature and longer
high-density range. When the final density is greater than the sintering time the larger the average grain size and
7.1 g/cm3 these materials may be manufactured by more rounded the porosity. The greater extent to which
pressing, presintering, repressing and sintering. Magnetic these two microstructure features are present lead to an
properties are sensitive to sintering conditions – both improved magnetic response. The microstructure should
atmosphere composition and sintering temperature. For a not have any evidence of a second phase, such as pearlite
given density, processing changes that improve magnetic or undissolved ferroalloy particles.
properties may result in lower mechanical strength and
apparent hardness than listed in the data table.
NOTES:
Chemical Composition, % – Soft-Magnetic Alloys
(A) Suffix numbers represent maximum coercive field values
Material (oersteds x 10); letter code represents minimum density
Designation Fe Ni Si P C O N Element (see page 6).
(B) Mechanical property data derived from laboratory
Bal. — — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FF-0000 prepared test specimens sintered under commercial
Bal. — — — 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum manufacturing conditions.
Bal. — — 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum (C) Additional data in preparation will appear in subsequent
FY-4500 editions of this standard.
Bal. — — 0.50 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum
Bal. — — 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FY-8000
Bal. — — 0.85 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
Bal. — 2.7 — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FS-0300
Bal. — 3.3 — 0.03 0.10 0.01 Maximum
Bal. 46.0 — — 0.00 0.00 0.00 Minimum
FN-5000
Bal. 51.0 — — 0.02 0.10 0.01 Maximum
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PM parts manu-
facturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept page 2.) Both the purchaser and the manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible
misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacturer of a PM part: minimum strength value, grade selec-
tion, chemical composition, proof testing, typical property values and processes that may affect the part application.
56
Soft-Magnetic Alloys
PM Material Properties
MANDATORY VALUES (A) T Y P I C A L V A L U E S (B)
MAGNETIC RESPONSE @ 15 Oe TENSILE PROPERTIES ELASTIC CONSTANTS
FF-0000-23U 6.5 185 0.90 0.78 165 1700 125 75 6 115 0.25 (C) N/A 40 HRF (C) 6.6
-20U 6.5 160 0.95 0.82 145 1800 130 75 8 115 0.25 (C) N/A 40 HRF (C) 6.6
FF-0000-23W 6.9 185 1.05 0.90 165 2100 190 115 11 140 0.27 (C) N/A 50 HRF (C) 7.0
-20W 6.9 160 1.05 0.97 145 2300 195 115 12 140 0.27 (C) N/A 50 HRF (C) 7.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FF-0000-23X 7.1 185 1.20 1.05 165 2700 255 155 16 155 0.28 (C) N/A 55 HRF (C) 7.2
-20X 7.1 160 1.20 1.10 145 2900 255 155 17 155 0.28 (C) N/A 55 HRF (C) 7.2
FY-4500-20V 6.7 160 1.05 0.85 145 2300 275 205 5 130 0.27 (C) 210 40 HRB (C) 6.8
FY-4500-20W 6.9 160 1.15 0.90 145 2600 310 220 7 140 0.27 (C) 250 45 HRB (C) 7.0
-17W 6.9 135 1.15 0.90 120 3000 310 220 10 140 0.27 (C) 200 45 HRB (C) 7.0
FY-4500-20X 7.1 160 1.25 1.00 145 2700 345 240 7 155 0.28 (C) 280 55 HRB (C) 7.2
57
-17X 7.1 135 1.25 1.00 120 3200 380 270 12 155 0.28 (C) 220 55 HRB (C) 7.2
FY-4500-20Y 7.3 160 1.30 1.15 145 3200 380 260 9 170 0.28 (C) 310 65 HRB (C) 7.4
-17Y 7.3 135 1.35 1.10 120 3600 415 280 15 170 0.28 (C) 240 65 HRB (C) 7.4
FY-8000-17V 6.7 135 1.10 1.00 120 3500 330 275 2 130 0.27 (C) N/A 55 HRB (C) 6.8
FY-8000-17W 6.9 135 1.20 1.10 120 4000 345 310 3 140 0.27 (C) N/A 65 HRB (C) 7.0
-15W 6.9 120 1.20 1.05 105 4000 365 310 4 140 0.27 (C) N/A 65 HRB (C) 7.0
FY-8000-17X 7.1 135 1.30 1.20 120 4500 380 345 3 155 0.28 (C) N/A 70 HRB (C) 7.2
-15X 7.1 120 1.30 1.15 105 4500 390 330 4 155 0.28 (C) N/A 70 HRB (C) 7.2
FY-8000-15Y 7.3 120 1.35 1.30 105 5000 430 365 4 170 0.28 (C) N/A 75 HRB (C) 7.4
FS-0300-14V 6.7 110 1.10 0.90 95 3000 310 205 8 130 0.27 (C) N/A 65 HRB (C) 6.8
FS-0300-14W 6.9 110 1.20 1.00 95 4000 345 240 10 140 0.27 (C) N/A 70 HRB (C) 7.0
FS-0300-12X 7.1 95 1.30 1.10 80 5000 380 275 15 155 0.28 (C) N/A 75 HRB (C) 7.2
FS-0300-11Y 7.3 90 1.40 1.20 70 6000 415 310 20 170 0.28 (C) N/A 80 HRB (C) 7.4
FN-5000-5W 6.9 40 0.90 0.75 25 8000 240 140 9 85 0.32 45 N/A 28 HRB (C) 7.0
FN-5000-5Z 7.4 40 1.20 0.90 25 10000 275 170 15 110 0.34 92 N/A 40 HRB (C) 7.5
2007 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2003, 2007
SI U
N
IT
S
TABLE OF CONTENTS
58
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
Engineering Information
Introduction
The Engineering Information section includes a wide variety of engineering
data that will be helpful to product design engineers, and includes thermal,
mechanical, fatigue, machinability and hardenability data. These engineering
data do not constitute specification values. The data in this section were
developed through several different testing programs under the guidance of the
MPIF Standards Committee or The Center for Powder Metallurgy Technology.
These test conditions may not represent individual production operating
conditions. The values in the following data tables should be used as guidelines,
not minimum values or design values.
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and
design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer. In
many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is
limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be taken
in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a
PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of these data.
• Hardenability
• Axial Fatigue
• Rolling Contact Fatigue (RBF)
• Machinability
• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)
• Fracture Toughness
• Corrosion Resistance
• Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials
• Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part
59
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
Hardenability
Hardenability is a measure of the depth of hardening ed as the J Depth. If a PM steel did not reach 65 HRA at
that can be achieved with a PM steel; the higher the value the surface, the J Depth was listed as <1. Since the hard-
the more hardenable the steel. The hardenability depth enability data listed in the following table were measured
was determined from a standard Jominy test (ASTM A using the apparent hardness technique, the results show
255) and the hardness versus depth curve produced using the effect of density. In order to compare the hardenability
the HRA hardness scale. The depth, in sixteenths of an of PM steels, the comparison should be made at the same
inch, where the hardness value falls below 65 HRA is list- density.
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.
60
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
Hardenability (continued)
HARDENABILITY DATA HARDENABILITY DATA
Depth to 65 HRA Depth to 65 HRA
Depth in Depth in
Material Material Density 1/16 inch units Material Material Density 1/16 inch units
System Designation g/cm3 J 65 System Designation g/cm3 J 65
Sinter-Hardened FLNC-4408 6.65 9.0 Diffusion-Alloyed FD-0205 6.98 2.5
Steel 7.06 11.0 Steel 7.24 2.5
7.22 15.5 7.32 4.5
FLC-4608 6.63 26.0 FD-0208 6.78 4.0
6.92 32.0 6.97 9.5
7.24 > 56.0 7.29 12.0
FLC-4805 6.73 22.0 FD-0405 6.70 2.0
6.87 33.0 7.13 4.0
7.25 35.0 7.26 10.0
FLC2-4808 6.75 36.0 FD-0408 6.70 3.0
7.00 52.0 7.08 8.0
7.34 > 56.0 7.21 15.0
FLC-48108 6.63 26.0 FLDN2-4908 6.72 8.0
6.86 48.0 6.97 8.5
7.06 > 56.0 7.32 9.0
7.30 > 56.0 FLDN4C2-4905 6.72 5.0
FLN-48108 6.82 22.5 6.99 10.0
(formerly FLN-4608) 6.92 28.0 7.29 > 56.0
7.26 46.0 Copper-Infiltrated FX-1005 7.40 2.0
7.36 > 56.0 Iron & Steel FX-1008 7.39 2.5
FLC-4908 6.72 8.5
7.08 9.5 FX-2005 7.38 < 1.0
7.16 10.5
2007 Edition
Approved: 1997 Revised: 2007
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.
61
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
Axial Fatigue
Axial fatigue tests were performed using the same test performed to ensure proper sample alignment during the test.
sample configuration as described in MPIF Std. 56 for rotat- Tests were run until failure or a run out at 10 million cycles.
ing beam fatigue testing. The test sample was gripped using The test results were analyzed using the same procedure as
hydraulic grips in a servo-hydraulic testing machine operating for rotating beam fatigue measurements (see MPIF Std. 56).
at 100 Hz, using a constant force, sinusoidal waveform (fully A correlation analysis between axial fatigue limit and rotat-
reversed R = -1) per ASTM E 466. Exacting alignment ing beam fatigue limit found the axial fatigue limit equal to
procedures, using a strain gauged calibration sample were 84% of the rotating beam fatigue limit.
2007 Edition
Approved: 2003 Revised: 2007
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.
62
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
63
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
Machinability
Machinability of PM steels can be determined by drilling, NORMALIZED MACHINABILITY RATING
turning or other machining methods. For the purpose of (Drilling Method)
this standard, the machinability was determined by mea-
suring the number of holes that can be drilled using a Material Rating
given set of test conditions and normalizing the results to FD-0208 5
a well established baseline. For this measure of machin- FN-0208 18
ability the PM steels were compared with wrought AISI
FC-0208 22
1045 steel in the normalized condition. A value of 100 was
established for the 1045 steel. More machinable PM FL-4605 24
steels (greater number of holes drilled) have a rating FL-4205 35
greater than 100, while PM steels with a machinability FD-0405 44
rating less than 100 have correspondingly poorer
machinability than 1045 steel. The machinability rating FD-0208 + 0.5 MnS 55
was determined from the following equation: FD-0405 + 0.5 MnS 66
Machinability Rating = Number of Holes Drilled in PM Steel X 100 AISI 1045 100
Number of Holes Drilled in 1045 Steel
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.
64
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
Fracture Toughness
The fracture toughness of engineered materials allows designers to evaluated in the as-sintered and heat treated condition. Densities
determine the effects of pre-existing defects on the mechanical varied from 6.6 to 7.4 g/cm3; the fracture toughness values report-
response of these materials. Plain strain fracture toughness tests ed here are considered valid over this density range. A specimen
were conducted in accordance with ASTM E 399 using compact ten- thickness of 0.75 inch (19 mm) or 1.00 inch (25.4 mm) was select-
sion specimens. Seven (7) PM steels, including elemental, preal- ed to ensure the test results satisfied the validity requirements of the
loyed and infiltrated grades containing 0.5 and 0.8% carbon were test standard.
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
Corrosion Resistance
The corrosion resistance of PM stainless steel is dependent Mass Loss Rating
on the corrosive media, the composition of the alloy and the g/dm2/day
processing conditions used to manufacture the material (den-
sity and sintering process parameters). The following data <0.024 0
table provides results of testing in a 2% sulfuric acid solution. 0.024-0.24 1
The following test method was used to rate the resistance 0.24-2.4 2
of the stainless steel alloys to corrosion (see ASTM G 31): >2.4 3
Standard transverse rupture specimens were immersed in a (1) Handbook of Stainless Steels, D. Peckner and I.M.
2% sulfuric acid solution at room temperature for 24 hours. Bernstein, McGraw Hill Books Co., 1977, p. 16-9
Three replicates were tested. The mass loss was determined
and then converted into a mass loss per surface area per day
factor. The alloys were rated using the following system (1):
SS-304-N1-30 2 SS-410-90HT 3
SS-304N2-33 2 SS-410L-20 3
SS-304N2-38 1 SS-430N2-28 3
SS-304L-13 1 SS-430L-24 3
SS-304L-18 1 SS-434N2-28 3
SS-434L-24 3
Note: Stainless steel grades with modified chemical compositions have demonstrated an improved corrosion rating as com-
pared with the standard 300 series stainless steel alloys. Resin impregnation also improves the corrosion resistance.
2007 Edition
Approved: 1997 Revised: 2007
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.
66
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
TABLE 1
Process A Cycle Process B Cycle
Nominal Steam Oxide Steam Oxide
Material Green Density Treated Density Mass Gain Thickness Treated Density Mass Gain Thickness
Designation g/cm3 g/cm3 % µm g/cm3 % µm
F-0000 6.7 6.90 2.68 2.0 6.92 2.82 6
F-0008 6.35 6.51 3.24 1.5 6.51 3.67 6
F-0008 6.7 6.84 2.38 1.5 6.86 2.71 6
FC-0205 6.35 6.47 3.50 1.5 6.49 3.75 6
FC-0205 6.7 6.78 2.02 2.0 6.80 2.50 6
FC-0208 6.35 6.48 3.27 1.5 6.48 3.67 7
FC-0208 6.7 6.78 1.93 1.5 6.84 2.38 6
FN-0205 6.7 6.91 2.36 1.5 6.90 2.41 3
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.
67
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
TABLE 2
Steam Tensile Strength, 103 psi Transverse Rupture, 103 psi Apparent Hardness,
Treated (MPa) (MPa) HRBW
Material Density As- Proc. Proc. As- Proc. Proc. As- Proc. Proc.
Designation g/cm3 Sint. A B Sint. A B Sint. A B
F-0000 6.91 26 28.4 22.6 53 45 52 — 56-56 34-56
(180) (200) (160) (370) (310) (360)
F-0008 6.51 41 40.3 37.3 92 84 77 47 80-82 77-89
(280) (280) (260) (630) (580) (530)
F-0008 6.85 48 49.8 36.2 108 101 93 65 81-88 81-89
(330) (340) (250) (740) (700) (640)
FC-0205 6.48 46 47.4 36.9 85 87 81 46 81-84 75-88
(320) (330) (250) (590) (600) (560)
FC-0205 6.79 58 51.1 44.7 113 112 97 61 81-85 81-86
(400) (350) (310) (780) (770) (670)
FC-0208 6.48 53 48.3 41.4 106 107 98 63 88-94 86-93
(370) (330) (290) (730) (740) (680)
FC-0208 6.81 65 64.3 45.7 137 139 114 78 93-97 87-93
(450) (440) (320) (940) (960) (790)
FN-0205 6.90 46 46.6 36.2 90 101 92 56 73-85 76-83
(320) (320) (250) (620) (700) (630)
TABLE 3
Steam Compressive Yield Strength, Young’s Modulus, 106 psi Unnotched Charpy Impact
Treated 103 psi (MPa) (GPa) Energy, ft·lbf (J)
Material Density As- Proc. Proc. As- Proc. Proc. As- Proc. Proc.
Designation g/cm3 Sint. A B Sint. A B Sint. A B
F-0000 6.91 10 32.2 32.3 17.5 23.6 24.6 10 3 2
(70) (220) (220) (120) (160) (170) (14) (4) (3)
F-0008 6.51 34 55.2 54.1 17.0 22.2 19.7 6 2 2
(230) (380) (370) (120) (150) (140) (8) (3) (3)
F-0008 6.85 35 53.0 52.4 17.5 23.7 23.2 8 4 4
(240) (360) (360) (120) (160) (160) (11) (5) (5)
FC-0205 6.48 37 61.5 61.0 17.0 19.1 20.5 7 3 2
(260) (420) (420) (120) (130) (140) (9) (4) (3)
FC-0205 6.79 40 68.1 66.8 17.5 21.6 21.8 11 4 3
(280) (470) (460) (120) (150) (150) (15) (5) (4)
FC-0208 6.48 45 68.3 65.2 17.0 20.2 19.2 7 4 2
(310) (470) (450) (120) (140) (130) (9) (5) (3)
FC-0208 6.81 51 70.3 68.8 17.5 21.1 25.0 11 5 5
(350) (480) (470) (120) (150) (170) (15) (7) (7)
FN-0205 6.90 27 50.4 49.0 17.5 22.4 22.2 12 4 4
(190) (350) (340) (120) (150) (150) (16) (5) (5)
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.
68
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
Corrosion studies were performed on the FC-0208 processes plus dipping in an oil-base rust preventative.
material, using transverse rupture specimens, by immer- Results of the visual observations and mass loss mea-
sion in distilled water at room temperature (reference surements are listed in Tables 4 and 5.
ASTM B 895). Processing included both steam oxidation
6.35 Process A Dry Rust at edges Rust at > 30 sites Rust progressing Heavy rust
6.35 Process B Dry Rust at edges Rust at 3 sites Rust at 6 sites Heavy rust
6.35 Process A Oil Dipped Light rust after 2 days; heavier after 14 days
6.35 Process B Oil Dipped Light rust after 2 days; no change after 14 days
6.7 Process A Dry Rust at edges Rust at > 30 sites Superior to
low density Heavy rust
6.7 Process B Dry Rust at edges Rust at 3 sites No change Heavy rust
6.7 Process A Oil Dipped Light rust after 2 days; no change after 14 days
6.7 Process B Oil Dipped No rust after 14 days
Coefficient of friction was measured for the FC-0208 at the a carburized 8620 steel ball, per ASTM G 99 (speed
6.7 g/cm3 nominal green density, in four different process- 30 rpm, load 100 g, duration of test 10 minutes, no lubri-
ing conditions, using a 2 inch diameter disc specimen cation) were:
machined on the non-tested surface to fit the test instru-
ment. These processes were: (1) as-sintered, (2) sintered (1) As-sintered – 0.35
plus the Process A steam treatment cycle, (3) sintered (2) Sintered + Process A steam treatment cycle – 0.29
plus the Process B steam treatment cycle and (4) sintered (3) Sintered + Process B steam treatment cycle – 0.25
followed by a quenched and tempered heat treatment. (4) Sintered + quenched and tempered – 0.18
The values determined using a pin-on-disc tester, against
69
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PM parts manufacturer.
In many cases the amount of data in this Engineering Information section is limited to only a few of the standardized PM materials. Care must be
taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PM parts manufacturer to better understand the application of
these data.
70
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENGINEERING INFORMATION
PM Structural Materials—2007 MPIF Standard 35
71
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Index
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems &
Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35
The MPIF Standard 35 family of publications comprises mechanical property data can be found. Information is
four separate publications dealing with materials for: con- also provided for the starting page numbers of the materi-
ventional PM structural parts, PM self-lubricating bearings, al system and is listed for the inch-pound and SI units sec-
powder forged (P/F) steel and metal injection molded tions of this standard.
parts (MIM). The same materials may appear in more than
one publication or section of the standard depending upon INDEX 2 (35SP2-2007) provides similar information on the
their common use, e.g. some structural materials may also other three MPIF Standard 35 publications. Since MPIF
be used in bearing applications and vice versa and stain- standards may be revised at any time by the specific
less steel materials may be manufactured by more than industry group responsible for its development, page num-
one PM process, such as conventional PM or MIM, depen- bers are not listed in this index.
dent upon part design and use.
The following indices provide the user with a reference
tool to more easily locate the information on the standard- MPIF Standard 35 Publication:
ized material needed for a specific application.
KEY
INDEX 1 (35SP1-2007) provides information on materials MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded
contained in this edition of MPIF Standard 35, Materials Parts
Standards for PM Structural Parts. The standardized PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts
material designation codes are listed alphabetically, fol- SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating
lowed by the name of the specific material system section Bearings
of the standard where the chemical composition and/or SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts
72
TABLE OF CONTENTS
73
TABLE OF CONTENTS
74
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX 2. (35SP2-20007)
Material Section Key
Designation Code Material System
CFTG-3806-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
CT-1000-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1001-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1004-K Bronze Bearings SLB
F-0000-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0005-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0008-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0200-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-0205-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0208-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0508-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-1000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2008-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FCTG-3604-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
FG-0303-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
FG-0308-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
MIM-17-4 PH Stainless Steel MIM
MIM-2200 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-2200 Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-2700 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-316L Stainless Steel MIM
MIM-430L Stainless Steel MIM
MIM-430L Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-4605 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-Fe-3% Si Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Co Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Ni Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
P/F-1020 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1040 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1060 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-10C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C60 Copper Steel PF
75
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INDEX 2. (35SP2-20007)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
P/F-1140 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1160 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-11C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C60 Copper Steel PF
P/F-4220 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4240 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4260 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4620 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4640 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4660 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4680 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
For a current, comprehensive alphabetical listing of all materials and designation codes found in the family
of MPIF Standard 35 publications, including listings by material systems (ferrous structural, nonferrous
structural, etc.), go to the standards publication section of the MPIF Web site: www.mpif.org.
76
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ENGINEERING INFORMATION.....................................................................59
Hardenability ..............................................................................................60
Axial Fatigue...............................................................................................62
Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) ...................................................................63
Machinability...............................................................................................64
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) ...................................................65
Fracture Toughness ...................................................................................65
Corrosion Resistance .................................................................................66
Steam Oxidation of Ferrous PM Materials .................................................67
Guidelines for Specifying a PM Part ..........................................................70
Index
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems &
Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35 .........................................72