The cell & microscope

Today's learning outcomes

● Be able to define cell and organism

● Be able to explain the difference between multi

and unicellular organisms

● Be able to explain organisation in an organism

 Organism
- An organism is a living thing
E.g. Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi

- Organisms are made of tiny structures called

cells

- A cell is the basic unit of life

Types of organism
A unicellular organism is a living organism that is made
up of one cell only.

Bacteria such Streptococcus Yeast Algae

as E.coli

Can we see unicellular organisms?

Types of organism
Multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of
many cells specialised to carry out different functions.

Each type of cell in a multicellular organism is

adapted to do its own job.
 Types of cell
⚫ There are many different types of cell including:

⚫ Sperm
⚫ Red blood cell
⚫ Muscle
⚫ Light sensitive
⚫ Nerve
⚫ Plant
Tissues
A tissue is a group of cells of the same type, working
together to do a particular job.

The
diagram
shows
some of
the tissues
found in a
human
arm.
Organs
An organ is a group of tissues working
together to carry out a function.

In animals organs include the brain,

kidney and lungs

In plants organs include leaves, flowers

and roots
Systems
A system is a number of organs working together to
carry out a function.

In animals, the organs of the

digestive system include the stomach
and intestines.

In plants, the shoot system includes

the stem, leaves, buds and flowers.

Can you name any other systems?

 Organism
An organism is a group of systems working together.
e.g. a human, a shark, a strawberry bush
Cells->Tissues->Organs->systems->organisms
 Questions
1. What do we call the building blocks of life?
2. What does unicellular mean?
3. Give an example of a unicellular organism
4. Give an example of a multicellular organism
5. What do we call a group of tissues working together?
6. Name one plant and one animal organ
7. What do we call a group of cells working together?
8. What do we call a group of systems working together?
Homework
Write our 7 new definitions into the back of your copy and
learn
Today's learning outcomes
● You will be able to draw and label an animal
cell

● You will be able to explain the function of

different cell organelles in an animal cell
Animal Cell
Animal Cell
 Parts of the Animal Cell
Cell membrane - Thin layer that surrounds the cell. It is
selectively permeable so it allows some substances to enter the
cell and stops others

Nucleus -The control centre of the cell. Contains chromosomes

(our genetic information)

Cytoplasm-Jelly like fluid between the nucleus and the cell

membrane. contains dissolved substances such as proteins,
sugars, vitamins and minerals
 Parts of the Animal Cell
The Mitochondria – The powerhouse of the cell. This is where
energy is released from food

Vacuoles - Storage areas. Are small and temporary in animal cells

but large and permanent in plants

Ribosomes - Used to make proteins

Homework
Workbook P2-3 Q4+5
Today's learning outcomes
- Be able to draw a labelled diagram of a plant cell

- Be able to Identify and give the function of the different parts

of the plant cell

- Be able to identify differences between plant and animal cells

Plant Cell
Plant cells
Mitochondria
 Parts of the Plant Cell
Plant cell also contain the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
and mitochondria

Can you remember what these parts do?

 Parts of the Plant Cell
In addition plant cells contain:

● The cell wall - This gives the cell support and structure. It is
made of cellulose

● Chloroplasts – Allows plants to make their own food using

photosynthesis

● Large Vacuoles – Stores water, sugar and wastes

Learning check
1. What does the nucleus do?
2. What organelle is the powerhouse of the cell?
3. What is the function of the cell wall in plants?
4. Where would you find chlorophyll?
5. Why do animal cells not have a cell wall?
Homework
- Workbook P3 Q6+7
Today's learning outcomes
● To be able to Identify parts of the microscope

● To be able to explain the functions of microscope parts

● To be able to calculate magnification

The Light Microscope
Light Microscope
1. The eyepiece: for looking through. It magnifies the sample
2. The objective lens: Also magnifies the sample
3. The stage: Where you place the slide holding your sample
4. The coarse focus knob: raises and lowers the stage
5. The fine focus knob: To further sharpen your image
6. Diaphragm: Adjusts the amount of light reaching the slide
7. Clips: Hold the slide in place
8. Nosepiece: allows us to switch between objective lenses
9. Light source: Projects light through the sample
How magnification works
Microscopes have 2 lenses
- The objective lens
- The eyepiece lens
We calculate magnification by multiplying the magnification of the
two lenses

E.g Objective lens has x40 magnification

Eyepiece lens has x5 magnification
Total magnification is 5 x 40 = x200 magnification
Fill in the blanks

Eyepiece lens Objective lens Total magnification

10x 50x
5x 120x
20x 500x
30x 300x
Homework
- Workbook P1-2 Q1-2
Today’s learning outcomes:
Be able to identify different stains
Be able to prepare your own slide
Be able to observe the slide under the microscope
Be able to draw your findings
 Stains
We use stains to help us see the nucleus of a cell

For animal cells we use methylene blue

For plant cells we use iodine

Microscope Rules:

• Always hold it with one hand on the arm and one under the base
•Always report broken glass do not touch it

•No running with microscopes

•Don't use it close to the edge of the table

•Focus the microscope slowly

•When you are not using it, put the microscope on its lowest power
and remove the slide.

•Keep it flat on the desk when looking at cells

•Check to make sure there is no one behind you when using the
microscope.
THE MICROSCOPE
Drawing a scientific diagram of cells using the microscope

1. Use a sharp pencil.

2. Give your drawing a heading.
3. Label parts observed using the
microscope.
4. Write the magnification under your
drawing.
Experiment
Date:

Title: To examine a plant cell under magnification

Equipment: Iodine Microscope

Scalpel Forceps
Glass slide Gloves
Cover slip

Safety: Wear gloves when using stains

Method

1. Carefully remove a thin sample of onion tissues using

a scalpel

2. Place a drop of water and the tissue on a clean slide.

3. Place a drop of iodine on the tissue

4. Gently place a cover slip over the cells at a 45° angle

using the forceps to prevent air bubbles forming.

5.View your specimen at the lowest magnification and

draw your observations

6. Repeat viewing at medium and high magnifications

Result
Conclusion

We can see the cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm and

nucleus of plant cells using the light microscope at 400x
magnification
Experiment
Date:

Title: To examine a animal cell under magnification

Equipment: Methylene blue Microscope

Cotton swab Forceps
Glass slide Gloves
Cover slip

Safety: Wear gloves when handling stains

Method

1. Rub a clean swab on the inside of your cheek.

2. Smear a clean slide with the swab.

3. Cover the cells with a drop of methylene blue stain.

4. Gently place a cover slip over the cells at a 45° angle

using the forceps to prevent air bubbles forming.

5. View your specimen at different magnifications, using

the same procedure as used for the onion cells.

6. Draw a diagram of your observations at each

magnification.
Result
Conclusion

We can see the cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus of

animal cells using the light microscope at 400x
magnification
1. Why do you think a coverslip is used?

2. Do you think you will see a ribosome under the

microscope? why?

3. Why were stains used?

4. What stain was used for the plant cell?

5. What stain was used for the animal cell?

4. Why was the cover slip placed down at an angle?

Homework
After Experiment: WB P8-9 Q1+2

After write up P4 Q8+9

Today’s learning outcomes
- Be able to explain what a stem cell is and where it is
found

- Discuss the ethics surrounding stem cell research

 Society and stem cells
A stem cell is a cell with the ability to develop into
different types of cells

Stem cells are found in embryos and develop into all the
cells a baby needs

Adults have stem cells in their bone marrow

Stem cells can be used as treatments for illnesses such as

alzheimer's, parkinson's disease and type 1 diabetes
 Ethics
Some people believe using stem cells is morally wrong.
Why do you think this is?
Homework
- Workbook P4 Q8-9
Chapter review
- WB P6-7
- Kahoot
- Worksheet

Homework: Crossword, finish definition sheet

SPARKING SCIENCE

CELLS
AND THE
MICROSCOP
E
QUIZ
QUESTION 01
The cell membrane is _______________
.

a) a jelly-like liquid
b) impermeable
c) selectively permeable
d) made from cellulose

Please explain the reasoning behind your answer.

QUESTION 02
A stem cell _______________.

a) is not found in the tissue of embryos.

b) does not develop into other cell types.
c) is the location for respiration.
d) can replicate itself.

Please explain the reasoning behind your answer.

QUESTION 03
A ______________ is a part of the cell that
captures energy from sunlight.

a) mitochondrion
b) chloroplast
c) vacuole
d) nucleus

Please explain the reasoning behind your answer.

QUESTION 04
Some organisms are ______________. This
means that they consist of many cells
specialised to carry out different functions.
a) systems
b) multicellular
c) tissue
d) unicellular

Please explain the reasoning behind your answer.

QUESTION 05
An ______________ is a group of tissues
working together to carry out a function.

a) organism
b) organ
c) system
d) adaptation

Please explain the reasoning behind your answer.