Mark Reynier P De Vera

TABLE TENNIS
HISTORY
Table tennis first appeared in England during the end of the 19th century. The early players, who
took their cues from lawn tennis, were from middle-class Victorian society. A champagne cork would
have served as the first game's ball, along with cigar boxes for bats and books for the net. Table tennis
was then considered to be merely a pastime for the affluent classes. Englishman David Foster invented
the first tennis match on a table in 1890, drawn in by its widespread appeal. The first national
competitions were held in Hungary in 1897. In 1901, James Gibb returned from a trip to the US with the
first celluloid ball, which was far lighter than rubber balls. The following year, in 1902, E.C. Gould, a
British game fan, introduced the first rubber-coated bats and rubberized bumps. The greatest game of
table tennis ever began!
TERMINOLOGIES
1. ACE - A point score on a shot that is impossible for the receiver to return
2. BAT - Racket, paddle
3. BLOCK - A stroke executed very close to the table, often before the top of the bounce of the ball
4. BLOCK SHOT - A Half-volley
5. CHOP - A return hit made with a forward and downward stroke almost slicing at the ball.
6. CHOP BLOCK - A block where the bat is chopped down the counter top spin shot.
7. DEEP - a Ball that bounces on the opponent side of the table very close to the end line.
8. DEFAULT - Being disqualified from a match for any reason.
9. DEUCE - When a game score is 10-10, or even any point after 10 such as 11-11, 12-12, 13=13
etc.
10. DOUBLE Bounce – a ball bounces twice before the player hits the ball. The receiver loses a
point.
11. DRIVE - A stroke that imparts the ball with heavy topspin.
12. DROP SHOT - Short placement very close to the net.
13. DEAD BALL - a ball is dead if a let is called, if the ball bounces twice on the table, and is the
conclusion of a point or a rally.
14. DEFENSIVE STROKE - Those played slow down the pace of the ball in rallies
15. DROP SHOT - A shot played so softly that it dies before opponent can reach it.
16. EDGE - Any edge at the top of the table.
17. EDGE BALLS - A ball in play that is strikes the top edges or corners of the table top is good and
still in play but it noticeably strikes the side of the table top below the edge, it becomes dead and
counts against the last striker.
18. FLAT - a fast ball that has no spin. To return this shot the bat is perpendicular to the table.
19. FLICK - A short return
20. FOREHAND - a stroke or volley made in such a fashion that the palm is the leading part of the
movement
21. FREEHAND - Opposite of playing hand the hand not holding the bat.
22. GAME - Each game is played in to 11 points, unless a deuce occurs. There are 2 out of 3 games
or 3 out of 5 games per match.
23. HALF VOLLEY - A push stroke on the ball immediately as it rises from bouncing.
 24. ITTF - International Table Tennis Federation and the governing body of Table tennis around the
world.
25. LET- An interference in the game such as a serve hitting the net or a distraction which causes the
point to be played over.

RULES
1. Games are played to 11 points
2. Alternate serves every two points
3. Toss the ball straight up when serving
4. The serve can land anywhere in singles
5. Doubles serves must go right court to right court
6. A serve that touches the net on the way over is a “let”
7. Alternate hitting in a doubles rally
8. Volleys are not allowed
9. If your hit bounces back over the net by itself it is your point
10. Touching the ball with your paddle hand is allowed
11. You may not touch the table with your non-paddle hand
12. An “edge” ball bouncing off the horizontal table top surface is good
13. Honor system applies to disagreements

DARTS
HISTORY
The modern dart was invented in 1896 by Brian Gamlin, a carpenter from Lancashire. Darts were initially
played as a military sport in England around the early fourteenth century, or the medieval era.
Additionally, The Philippines Open, a darts competition, is held in Manila, Philippines. The first year of
this competition was 1992. The latest occasion took place in December 2011.
TERMINOLOGIES
1. ARROWS - Alternative word for equipment used.
2. BAIL-OUT - A final dart treble. More specifically used when the first two darts weren’t high
scoring.
3. BED - Another name for segment. “They hit the double 16 bed”
4. BED AND BREAKFAST - Scoring 26 points by hitting a single 1, single 5 and single 20. A term
used in darts leagues up and down the country
5. BIG FISH - The 170 checkouts. Treble 20, treble 20, bullseye. The biggest finish in darts.
6. BOGEY - Landing on a number that can’t be checked out in three darts or less.
7. BREAK OF THROW - Winning a leg when the opponent throws the first three darts.
8. BULLSEYE - The center point of a dart board.
9. BULL UP - The process of deciding who throws first in a match. The player closest to the
bullseye starts the match.
10. BUSTED - Hitting more points than what remained on your total.
11. CHALKING - A person keeping score at the side of the board. Traditionally done by using chalk
and a blackboard.
 12. CHAMPAGNE FINISH - A big checkout usually at a crucial point of the game. The checkout
will usually feature one, two, or on the rarest of occasions three bullseyes in the combination.
13. CHECK-OUT - Total number of points scored by a player in their final visit to the oche in which
a player wins the leg, with all legs having to finish on a double or the bullseye
14. COMBINATION FINISH - Checkout which requires use of two or three perfectly aimed darts
rather than just one dart at a double segment.
15. DOUBLE-IN - Starting a leg of darts by hitting a double segment.
16. DOUBLE-OUT - Finishing a leg of darts by hitting a double segment or bullseye.
17. DOUBLE TOP - Other terms for the double 20 segment.
18. DOWNSTAIRS - The lower portion of the dartboard. Usually aiming at the 19 segments from the
20 segments.
19. EMBROILED - When one player is of higher quality than the other, but the better player lowers
standard making it a harder game to win.
20. FALLOUT - A dart falling out of the board after it’s been thrown.
21. GAME ON - Term said by referee or Chalker to start a match.
22. GAME, SHOT - Words spoken by the referee or Chalker after a player wins a match.
23. GROUPING - Three darts landing in very close vicinity of each other.
24. LEG - A game of 501 within a match.
25. LIPSTICK - The treble 20 bed.
RULES
1. Which player takes the first turn in a game is decided by throwing a single dart each with the
nearest to the bull taking the first throw.
2. A throw consists of throwing three darts unless the game is won in fewer.
3. Only darts in the board at the end of the throw are counted and ones that bounce or fall out cannot
be thrown again.
4. If a player scores more than their remaining points total their throw ends and is scored zero (for
example if they have 16 remaining and accidentally hit a 20 with their first dart).
5. The centre of the bull should be exactly 5ft 8in (1.73 metres) high.
6. Darts are thrown from a clearly marked toe-line, often called the oche, at least 7ft 9 ¼ in from the
board, measured horizontally.

BASKETBALL
HISTORY
James Naismith created basketball in 1891 with the intention of making it a less dangerous sport than
football. At the time he invented the winter-only sport that keeps players indoors, he was a PhD student,
age 31. The game was immediately established, and it continued to gain popularity far into the 20th
century. It first gained popularity in America before spreading outside to gain favor in other parts of the
world. The professional game, currently known as the NBL, soon followed when the game initially
gained traction in universities. The NBA was then founded in 1946, and before the 20th century was out,
it had grown into a multibillion-dollar business, making basketball a significant aspect of American
culture.
TERMINOLOGIES
 1. AIR BALL – A shot that misses the rim or backboard.
2. ALIVE – Offensive player who has the ball and has not dribbled.
3. ASSIST – A pass to a teammate that results in a made basket.
4. BALL HANDLER – The player with the ball. Usually, the guard at the start of the play.
5. BASKET – Consists of the rim and the net, also known a ‘the hoop’.
6. COURT VISION – A player’s ability to see everything on the court during play.
7. DEAD – Offensive player has the ball and has already used their dribble. They must now either
pass or shot the ball.
8. FEED – To pass the ball to a teammate who is in a scoring position.
9. FIELD GOAL – When the ball enters the basket from above the rim during play. It is worth two
points.
10. FLAGRANT FOUL – This is unnecessary or excessive contact against an opponent.
11. FLOOR – The area of the court within the end lines and the sidelines.
12. FOULED OUT – A player having to leave the game because they have committed five fouls.
13. FREE BALL – A ball, which is in play but is not in the possession of either team, also called a
‘loose ball’.
14. HALF TIME – The rest period between two halves of the game. Usually 5 minutes in length.
15. HAND CHECKING – Illegal use of hands, usually on the back or hips of the offensive player.
16. HIGH PERCENTAGE SHOT – A shot that is likely to go in the basket, typically taken near the
hoop.
17. HIGH POST – A player who is stationed in or near the free throw semicircle on offense.
18. HOOP – The basketball rim and backboard players shoot the ball towards in attempt to score
points. Also referred to as the ‘basket’.
19. MATCH-UPS – Any pairing of players on opposing teams who guard each other.
20. OUTLET PASS – The first pass made after a defensive rebound to a teammate to start a
fastbreak.
21. OUTSIDE SHOOTING – Shots taken from the perimeter, further away from the hoop.
22. PASS – When a player throws the ball to a teammate to advance the ball during a possession.
23. REBOUND – A term used to describe the actual retrieving of the ball as it rebounds from the
backboard or the ring after a missed shot.
24. RECEIVER – The player who receives a pass from the ball handler.
25. REFEREE – The person(s) assigned to the game to maintain the flow and integrity of the game.
RULES
FIVE PLAYERS ON THE COURT
Let's start with the fundamentals, which is that there can never be more than five players on the court at
once for any one team. There are substitutes that roll in and out and switch during a game, so this doesn't
mean that teams can only have five players, but only five players should ever be on the court at once. No
team should have more than five players on the court, and the officials are responsible for enforcing this
rule.
SCORE MORE THAN THE OTHER TEAM
You must score more points than your opponent in order to triumph in a basketball game. Simple. You can
accomplish this by putting the ball through the hoop for two points from anywhere inside the D-
semicircle that surrounds the net. You will receive three points if you successfully complete the task from
outside the D, which is a true test of your skill.
THE SHOT CLOCK
There is a time limit for each team to attack, unlike other games like soccer, and once that time has
passed, a team must either shoot or forfeit the ball. This time limit is 24 seconds in the NBA, but it can
change depending on the competition and can be up to 30 seconds in the NCAA. This is demonstrated by
a countdown clock, which is often located above the hoop and displays the amount of time left to shoot.
DOUBLE DRIBBLES AND TRAVELING
Players cannot run or walk while holding the ball; instead, the ball may only go ahead through dribbling
or passing. A player also has to pass or shoot after stopping their dribble and is not allowed to do it again.
This practice is known as double dribbling. When a player travels, they advance while carrying the ball
without dribbling or passing.
FIVE SECONDS FOR INBOUNDS
Your team has an inbound, which is a five second window during which you must play the ball from a
specific location on the court's backline, when the opposition team scores. In those five seconds, the other
team cannot intercept or block the ball; otherwise, a technical foul would be assessed.

VOLLEYBALL
HISTORY
In 1885, William G. Morgan, an instructor at the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in
Holyoke, Mass., decided to blend elements of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball to create a game
for his classes of businessmen which would demand less physical contact than basketball. He created the
game of Volleyball (at that time called mintonette). Morgan borrowed the net from tennis, and raised it 6
feet 6 inches above the floor, just above the average man's head. During a demonstration game, someone
remarked to Morgan that the players seemed to be volleying the ball back and forth over the net, and
perhaps "volleyball" would be a more descriptive name for the sport. On July 7, 1896 at Springfield
College the first game of "volleyball" was played.

 1900 - a special ball was designed for the sport.

 1916 - in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high trajectory to be
 struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced.
 1920 - three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.
 1930 - the first two-man beach game was played.
 1934 - the approval and recognition of national volleyball referees.
 1964 - Volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.
 1996 - 2-person beach volleyball was added to the Olympics.
TERMINOLOGIES
1. ACE – A serve that is not passable and results immediately
in a point.
2. BACKCOURT – The area from the endline to the attack
line.
 3. BUMP – a common term for forearm passing.
4. CUT SHOT – A spike from the hitter’s strong side that travels at a sharp angle across the net.
5. DECOY – An offensive play meant to disguise the spiker who will receive the set.
6. DEEP SET – Set to be hit away from the net to confuse or disrupt the timing of the blockers.
7. DIG – Passing a spiked or rapidly hit ball. Slang for the art of passing an attacked ball close to the
floor.
8. DINK – A legal push of the ball around or over blockers.
9. DOUBLE BLOCK – Two players working in unison to deflect an attacked ball at the net back to
the hitter’s side.
10. DOUBLE HIT – Successive hits or contacts by the same player. (Illegal)
11. DOUBLE QUICK – Two hitters approaching the setter for a quick inside hit.
12. DOUBLES – A game with two players on each side, most commonly played on a sand court.
13. FIVE-ONE – A 6-player offensive system that uses five hitters and one setter.
14. FIVE SET – A back set to the right front hitter.
15. FLARE – Inside-out path of an outside spiker who hid behind a quick hitter.
16. FLOATER – A serve which does not spin or rotate and therefore moves in an erratic path. This is
similar to a “knuckle ball” pitch in baseball.
17. FOREARM PASS – Join your arms from the elbows to the wrists and strike the ball with the
fleshy part of your forearms in an underhand motion.
18. FOUL – A violation of the rules.
19. FOUR SET – A set 1′ from the sideline, and 1’ to 2′
above the net.
20. FOUR-TWO – A 6-player offensive system using four
hitters and two setters.
21. FREE BALL – A ball that will be returned by a pass rather than a spike. This is usually called
aloud by the defense instructing players to move into serve receive positions.
22. HELD BALL – A ball that comes to rest during contact
resulting in a foul.
23. HIT – To jump and strike the ball with an overhand, forceful shot.
24. HITTER – Also “spiker” or “attacker”
25. HITTING PERCENTAGE – kills vs. attempts
RULES
1. Only 6 players on the floor at any given time: 3 in the front row and 3 in the back row.
2. Points are made on every serve for the winning team of the rally (rally-point scoring).
3. Players may not hit the ball twice in succession (a block is not considered a hit).
4. Ball may be played off the net during a volley and on a serve.
5. A ball hitting a boundary line is in.
6. A ball is out if it hits an antenna, the floor completely outside the court, any of the net or cables
outside the antennae, the referee stands or pole, or the ceiling above a non-playable area.
7. It is legal to contact the ball with any part of a player’s body.
8. It is illegal to catch, hold or throw the ball.
9. A player cannot block or attack a serve from on or inside the 10-foot line.
10. After the serve, front-line players may switch positions at the net.
11. Matches are made up of sets; the number depends on level of play.