Group Development
education, lack of resources such as
- means, forming the
association of people to work as a
group and direct their actions towards
the accomplishment of a common
goal. The jobs of each group member
are interdependent and hence the
performance of one will affect the
entire group’s performance. It is often
called as a team building or team
development.
Community Development - is a
process designed to create a
condition of economic and social
progress for the whole community
with its active participation and fullest
possible reliance on the community
initiatives
This is achieved through:
*Democratic procedures
*Voluntary cooperation
*Self-help
*Development of indigenous
leadership
*Education
How can we say that the community
is developed?
*the people are working together
*have the vision know
*how capabilities and experience to
confront and solve problems of under
development
APPROACHES TO COMMUNITY
1. Welfare Approach
-This is an immediate and/ or
spontaneous response to ameliorate
the manifestation of poverty,
especially on the personal level.
-Assumes that poverty is caused by
bad luck, natural disasters and certain
circumstances, which are beyond the
control of the people.
2. Modernization Approach
-This is also referred to as the project
development approach. Introduces
whatever resources are lacking in a
given community. Also considered a
national strategy, which adopts the
westen mode of technological
development.
-Assumes that development consists
of abandon ing the traditional
methods of doing things and must
adopt the technology of industrial
countries.
-Believes that poverty is due to lack of
accomplishment of a goal. This stage
capital and technology.
3. Transformatory
/Participatory Approach
-this is the process of empowering the
poor and the oppressed sectors of
society so that they can pursue a
more just and humans society.
-Believes that poverty is caused by
prevalence of exploitation,
oppression, domination and other
unjust structure.
STAGES OF GROUP DEVELOPMENT
1. Forming ( Orientation)
At this stage, the formation of a
new group begins, wherein the
members come together and get to
know each other through the
interactions. Here the individuals are
excited and anxious to know about
the scope of the task and the ways to
approach it. Generally, the individuals
come with a desire to get accepted by
others and avoid controversy or
conflicts
2. Storming:
Once the forming stage is over, the
individuals will start interacting with
each other in the context of the task
to be achieved. The conflict and
competition among the group
members will be highest at this stage.
The most dominant group members
come in the front while the
confrontational members remain
silent and continue to be in the
security or calm stage (forming). The
issues related to the leadership,
responsibility, strategies, rules,
authority, evaluation, reward system,
etc. arises at the storming stage.
3. Norming:
Once the role of every member is
cleared along with the authority and
responsibility of each, the team
members start settling in a group.
Here, everybody works cohesively
towards the target and appreciate
each other’s experience and skills
4. Performing:
At this stage, synergy gets created
between the team members, where
everyone works towards the
is characterized by flexibility and
interdependence. The team members
know each other so well that they can
handle any complex problem that
comes before the team. Also, the
roles and responsibilities of member
changes according to the situation
frequently, because at this stage
everyone is equally a task-oriented
and people-oriented and thus can
perform efficiently.
5. Adjourning:
This is the last stage of group
development, where the group is
terminated, and the group members
are separated from each other. Every
group is created for a purpose, and
once the purpose is fulfilled the group
is adjourned. Some authors call this
stage as “mourning or
deforming,” because, the sense of loss
is felt by the group members, at the
time of separation from each other
CONFLICT
-A state of disharmony between
incompatible or antithetical persons,
ideas, or interest a clash.
-Opposition between character or
forces in a work of drama or fiction,
especially opposition that motivates
or shapes that action of the plot.
CAUSES OF CONFLICT
1. Security
2. Inability to control self and
others
3. Respect between parties
4. Limited Resources
5. Frustrations
TYPES OF CONFLICT
1. Intra-sender – conflict
originates in the sender who
gives conflicting instructions.
2. Inter-sender – arises when a
person receives conflicting
messages from one or more
sources.
3. Inter-role – occurs when a
person’s belongs to more
than one group.
4. Person-role – results of a
discrepancies between
internal and external role
 5. Inter-person – between
people whose positions
require interaction with
other persons who will
various roles in the same
organizations or other org.
6. Intragroup – occurs when a
group faces new problem,
when new values are
imposed on the group
outside.
7. Intergroup – common when
two groups have different
goals and can only achieve
their goals at the other
expenses.
8. Role-Ambiguity- conditions
where an individual do not
know what is expected of
them.
9. Role- Oriented – individuals
cannot meet the
expectations placed on them.
APPROACHES TO CONFLICT
RESOLUTION
1. Accommodating- the
persons neglects personal
concern to satisfy the
concerns of others. It is
cooperative but unassertive.
2. Compromising- the
individuals attempts to find
mutually acceptable
solutions that practically
satisfy both parties in reflects
assertiveness and
cooperation.
3. Collaborating – the
individual attempts to work
with others toward solutions
that satisfy the work of both
parties it is both assertive
and cooperative.
4. Competing- the persons
pursues personal concerns at
another expense. It is a
power oriented mode that is
assertive but uncooperative.
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
group process, focus on 2. Recording, retrieving, & mining
goals of conveying data in an electronic medical record
together. (EMR)
2. Tentative exploration
and mutual 3. Providing patient teachings with
acknowledgement the aid of electronic tools such as
3. Trust Building- radio, TV, computers, smartphones, &
determines the degree tablets.
to which reliance on
The Power of Data and Information
other can archieve,
examines congruence Nurses are knowledge managers.
between words and They constantly process raw patient s
behaviors. into valuable information to deliver
4. Collegiality- defines the evidenced – based & individualized
responsibilities/ relation interventions.
of the members with
each other. Data are the fundamental elements
5. Consensus – determined of cognition, & are defined as
the issue for which unannalyzed raw facts that do not
consensus. Determine imply meaning. When meaning is
the process reevaluating attributed to data & when data are
consensus outcomes. processed & annalyzed, then data
6. Commitment- realize become an information.
the physical, emotional
Emerging problems with paper-
and material actions
based methods
directed towards the
goal. 1. Continuity & &
7. Collaboration – initiate interoperability of care stops in the
process of joint decision unlikely event that a record gets
making reflecting the misplaced.
synergy that results from
combining knowledge 2. Illegible hand writing pose
and skills. misinterpretation of data .
3. Patient privacy is compromised.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & 4. Data are difficult to aggregate.
COMMUNITY HEALTH
5. Actual time for patient care gets
Fundamental to technological limited.
development, is the establishment of
human, political & economic Overall Impact of problems of
arrangement that ensures the manual – traditional data gathering to
efficient use & application of both clinical & community settings:
technology.
1. Ability to manipulate large amounts
of data
However, it should be emphasized
that technology was never meant to
2. The ability to relate data to
replace the nurse to provide quality &
cohorts/ group of people who share
holistic care, but rather to make each
similar health problems
caring situations meaningful both for
the nurse & for the patient. 3. Ability to link to genomic data

 Negotiation – is a strategic
process used to move
conflicting parties towards an
outcome.
 Collaboration- is a achieved
through a developmental
process.
1. Awareness – makes a
conscious entry into a
eHealth – the use of ICT for health
care services, health surveillance,
health literature, health education,
and research.
Uses/ purposes:
1. Communicating with a patient
through a teleconference, electronic
mail (email), SMS
Benefits with a well- managed
patient information system
1. Data are readily mapped, enabling,
more targeted interventions &
feedback.
2. Data can be easily retrieved and
recovered.
3. Redundancy of data is minimized.
4. Data for clinical research becomes
more available.
5. Resources are used efficiently.
Good Data Qualities
The nursing process begins with
obtaining data through assessing the
patient’s signs & symptoms, &
interpreted by health care
professionals into useful information
and diagnosis.
Data Must have the following
characteristics:
1. Accuracy
2. Accessibility
3. Comprehensiveness
4. Consistency / reliability
5. Currency
6. Operational Definition
eHealth Utilization in Public
Health
1. to improve access to health
information & services
2. improve public health
surveillance for data informed
decision – making
3. upport health promotion efforts
Electronic Medical Record Sytems
(EMRs)- are automated systems
that stores patient demographic,
clinical & administrative data.
Community health centers have
the capacity to rapidly adapt EMR
because they utilize the standard
process nationwide, & aside each
patient record is frequently used
Advantage of EMR use:
1. Easily retrieve patient data
especially on their follow up visits
2. Track patient progress over time
3. Monitor and improve overall
quality of care.
3 Most Common Challenges to
EMR Implementation
1. Double charting
2. Interference with face- to- face
3. The perception that EMR is just
a simple replacement of the paper
record
4. Managing data privacy and
confidentiality
Telemedicine
- WHO defines as “ the
delivery of health care services
where distance is a critical factor,
by all health care professionals
using ICT for the exchange of valid
information for diagnosis,
treatment & prevention of disease
& injuries, research & evaluation &
for continuing education of health
care providers, all in the interest
of advancing the health of an
individual’s & the communities.
Specific elements of telemedicine
a. provide clinical support
b. intended to overcome
geographical barriers, connecting
users who are not in the same
physical location.
c. Involves the various types of ICT
d. improve health outcome.
eLearning
- basically the use of electronic
tools to aid in teaching which can
be done either by synchronous/
asynchronous or both.
- It can be in a form of simple
instructional videos information
text blast to social network help
groups & interactive simulations.
- useful in correcting
misconceptions on health & health
caree. It permits access to reliable
health information. (ex, control of
communicable diseases which
requires community participation).
- can be used for continuing
education for health professionals.
eHealth projects
- combination of EMRs,
telemedicine, eLearning and other
ways by which ICTs impact health
Roles of Community Health
Nurses in eHealth
With the eHealth, nurses
are made available to several
clients at a single time, making
health care delivery more efficient.
Major roles of an eHealth nurse:
1. data & records manager
2. change agent
3. educator
4. telepresenter
5. client advocate
6. researcher
Roles of Community Health
Nurses in the National and Global
Health Care Delivery System
Nurses are well positioned
to help meet the evolving needs of
the health care system,” They
have vital roles to play in achieving
patient-centered care;
strengthening primary care
services; delivering more care in
the community; and providing
seamless, coordinated care.”
DELIVERY THE HEALTH CARETO THE
FILIPINO FAMILY & COMMUNITY
Filipino cultures/ customs &
traditions
1. Filipinos love to hold
celebrations and fiestas.
2. Filipinos love to eat
3. Filipinos have the longest
Christmas celebrations
4. Filipinos love to
sing/Competitive karaoke
5. Filipinos love art and
architecture
6. Cock fighting
7. Courting
8. Whole-neighborhood
beach outing
Filipino values, traits & beliefs
The Filipino value system or
Filipino values refers to the set of
values that a majority of the
Filipino have historically held
important in their lives. This
Philippine values system includes
their own unique assemblage of
consistent ideologies, moral
codes, ethical practices, etiquette
and cultural and personal values
that are promoted by their
society.
1. Filipinos are very resilient
2. Filipinos are family –
oriented (Strong Family
Ties)
3. Filipinos are very
respectful
4. Filipinos are helpful
5. Filipinos are very religious
6. Filipinos are hospitable
7. Filipinos are naturally
generous people
8. Filipino has strong work
ethics
9. Filipinos are loving &
caring
Superstitions Many Filipinos Still
Believe
1. The number of steps of
staircases at home should
not be divisible by three.
2. Turn your plate when someone
leaves in the middle of a meal.
3. Don't go straight home after
attending a wake.
4. Reassure your host that you're
human.
5. Siblings should not marry within
the same year.
QUALITIES & VALUES OF A
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE
Core values of a community
health nurse
1. INTEGRITY: respecting the
dignity and moral wholeness of
every person without conditions
or limitation;
2. DIVERSITY: affirming the
uniqueness of and differences
among persons, ideas, values, and
ethnicities.
3. EXCELLENCE: co-creating
and implementing transformative
strategies with daring ingenuity.
PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES OF A CHN
1. Communication Skills
Solid communication skills are a
basic foundation for any career.
But for nurses, it’s one of the most
important aspects of the job. A
great nurse has excellent
communication skills, especially
when it comes to speaking and
listening. Based on team and
patient feedback, they are able to
problem-solve and effectively
communicate with patients and
families.
2. Emotional Stability
Nursing is a stressful job where
traumatic situations are common.
The ability to accept suffering and
death without letting it get
personal is crucial. Some days can
seem like non-stop gloom and
doom.
3. Empathy
Great nurses have empathy for the
pain and suffering of patients.
They are able to feel compassion
and provide comfort. But be
prepared for the occasional bout
of compassion fatigue; it happens
to the greatest of nurses. Learn
how to recognize the symptoms
and deal with it efficiently.
4. Flexibility
Being flexible and rolling with the
punches is a staple of any career,
but it’s especially important for
nurses. A great nurse is flexible
with regards to working hours and
responsibilities. Nurses, like
doctors, are often required to
work long periods of overtime,
late or overnight shifts, and
weekends.
5. Attention to Detail
Every step in the medical field is
one that can have far-reaching
consequences. A great nurse pays
excellent attention to detail and is
careful not to skip steps or make
errors.
6. Interpersonal Skills
Nurses are the link between
doctors and patients. A great
nurse has excellent interpersonal
skills and works well in a variety of
situations with different people.
They work well with other nurses,
doctors, and other members of
the staff.
7. Physical Endurance
Frequent physical tasks, standing
for long periods of time, lifting
heavy objects (or people), and
performing a number of taxing
maneuvers on a daily basis are
staples of nursing life. It’s
definitely not a desk job.
8. Problem Solving Skills
A great nurse can think quickly
and address problems as or before
they arise. With sick patients,
trauma cases, and emergencies,
nurses always need to be on hand
to solve a tricky situation.
Whether it’s handling the family,
soothing a patient, dealing with a
doctor, or managing the staff,
having good problem solving skills
is a top quality of a great nurse.
9. Quick Response
Nurses need to be ready to
respond quickly to emergencies
and other situations that arise.
Quite often, health care work is
simply the response to sudden
incidences, and nurses must
always be prepared for the
unexpected.
10. Respect
Respect goes a long way. Great
nurses respect people and rules.
They remain impartial at all times
and are mindful of confidentiality
requirements and different
cultures and traditions. Above all,
they respect the wishes of the
patient him- or herself.
HEALTH RELATED
INTERPRENEURAL ACTIVITIES
Enterpreneurship in Nursing
 Recently gaining
momentum in the field of
health care practice
among nurses.
 Focuses on nurses to
pursue independent
practice & establish singly
or in collaboration,
healthcare related
business establishments.
AIMS :
1. Reduce the cost of health
care for the country’s
indigent population by
bringing primary health
care services to poor
rural communities.
2. Maximize employment
opportunities for the country’s
unemoloyed nurses
3. Utilize the country’s
unemployed human resources
for health for the delivery of
public health services & the
achievement of the country’s
MDG on maternal & child
health.
WELLNESS CLINIC
is a building or facility that is
devoted towards the promotion of
healthy living as well as the
prevention of illness
The term wellness refers to the
well-being of the person.
It is not, therefore, exclusively
linked to aesthetic treatments but
also to a new way of approaching
the life of each client.
Wellness clinics
> are health facilities that
combine traditional medical
services with alternative health
options
> are a hallmark of our times –
one-stop shopping centers for
health. Some of these innovative
health facilities focus on specific
diseases or ailments, while others
concentrate on enhancing inner
beauty as well as outer beauty.
Total integration with the
method.
Diet, exercises and programmed
activities are always tailored to
respect the needs and conditions
of each person.
The method includes a more
balanced diet, an exercise
program, continuous check-ups
with doctors and complementary
activities such as visits of
specialists.
PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
It is essential to anticipate
a disease and to avoid it. The use
of an up to date and efficient
medication prepare your body
ready so that your stay in the clinic
can be revulsive that will enable
you to face a new stage in your
life.
FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH
 Population/ People
1.1 Size & density
- influence the number and size of
health care institutions. This
explains the concentration of
healthcare institution in urban
areas.
- Overcrowding may result to easy
transmission of communicable
diseases, increased stress among
members of the community, rapid
degradation of housing facilities ,
water, air, and soil pollution.
1.2. Composition
Health needs may vary because of
differences in population
composition by age, sex,
occupation, level of education, etc
1.3. Rapid growth or decline of a
population
- Rapid growth result to increase
demand of a health care services.
However, rapid decline means
decrease in economic activity in
the community and lower the
govt’s, revenue result in decrease
resources accessible to the
community.
1.4 Cultural Characteristics
whether members of
thecommunity belongs to:
a. Cultural homogeneity or
similar cultural group where
feelings of belongingness and
participation in community action
are more readily achieved.
b. Multicultural group is more
challenging to deal, it requires
cultural competence on the part of
the nurse & other members of the
health team.
1.5 Mobility
- People move from one place to
another for various reasons, such
as to take a new job, start of a
new family, etc. With this , feeling
of belongingness & participation
are less likely when large segment
of the community is composed of
a new / transient residents .
1.6. Level of education & social
class
> health status is affected because
of differences in living conditions
& degree of access to resources
&opportunities.
 LOCATION
> health of the community is
affected by both natural & man –
made variables related to location

> Philippine has 2 seasons : rainy &

dry season.

> The effect of climate change on

human health are evidence by
seasonal diseases such as heat
stroke, diarrhea, dengue etc. ,

 SOCIAL SYTEM

> the patterned series of

interrelationships existing
between individuals, groups &
institutions and forming a
coherent whole.

> its components that affect

health include the family,
economic, educational,
communication, political, legal,
religious , recreational and health
system.

ROLES OF THE COMMUNITY AND

PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE

1. Healthcare Provider
2. Health Educator
3. Program Implementer

4. Community Organizer
5. Manager/ Leader
6. Researcher & Epidemiologist
7. Client Advocate

ROLES OF THE CHN AS GROUP BY

CLARK

1. Client Oriented Roles

2. Delivery Oriented Roles
3. Population Oriented Roles
4. Counselor
5. Consultant
6. Health Educator
7. Researcher
8. Case Manager