KARUME INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EEU 07517 Fundamental of Electrical Machinery.

Assignment Number 01.
Group Number 05.

To be submitted to: Mr.Sharif.

Submitted by: Wardat John Komesha KIST/BEE/20/0004

Yasini Twaha Omary KIST/BEE/20/0026
Juma Ali Juma KIST/BEE/20/0014

Submission Date: 19 December 2022.

Questions;

C)Select hysteresis motors for the application of electrical and electronics systems.

b)Identify different types of stepper motors for electrical and electronics applications.

e)Select proper linear Induction motors for the application of electrical and electronics
systems.
HYSTERESIS MOTOR.

A Hysteresis motor is a type of synchronous motor in which the rotor consists of a

central nonmagnetic core upon which rings of magnetically hard material are
mounted.As shown in the image below;

It is a single-phase motor whose operation depends upon the hysteresis effect, for
example, magnetization produced in a ferromagnetic material lags behind the
magnetizing force. The outstanding special feature of a hysteresis motor is the
production of nearly constant, ripple-free torque during starting. Hysteresis motors
are durable and reliable in operation and are noiseless and capable of running at
various speeds.

CONSTRUCTION.

A hysteresis motor is constructed of five main components:

 Stator
 Single-phase stator winding
  Rotor
 Shaft
 Shading coil

The two most important components of the hysteresis motor are the stator and
rotor:

 Stator: It is designed in a particular manner to produce a synchronous

revolving field from a single-phase supply. The stator carries two windings;
main winding and auxiliary winding. In another type of design of the
hysteresis motor, the stator holds the poles of shaded type.

 Rotor: The rotor of a hysteresis motor is made of a magnetic material like

chrome steel or alnico for high retentivity that has high hysteresis loss
property. Example of this type of materials is chrome, cobalt steel or alnico
or alloy. Hysteresis loss becomes high due to a large area of the hysteresis
loop. In a hysteresis motor, the rotor does not carry any winding or teeth.

TYPES OF HYSTERESIS MOTORS.

 Cylindrical hysteresis motors

 Disk hysteresis motors
 Circumferential-Field hysteresis motor
 Axial-Field hysteresis motor
The following are various types of hysteresis motor by construction.

o Cylindrical hysteresis motor.

It has a cylindrical rotor.

o Disk hysteresis motor.

It has an annular ring-shaped rotor.

o Circumferential-Field hysteresis motor

It has a rotor supported by a ring of non-magnetic material with zero magnetic

permeability.

o Axial -Field hysteresis motor

It has a rotor supported by a ring of magnetic material with infinite magnetic

permeability.

OPERATION OF HYSTERESIS MOTOR

A hysteresis motor works on the principle of hysteresis losses; it is a loss that occurs
due to magnetization and demagnetization of the material depending on the
direction of flow of current. The following describes the basic functioning of
a hysteresis motor.

When the stator is energized, it produces a rotating magnetic field. The main and
auxiliary, both windings must be supplied continuously at the start as well as in
running conditions to maintain the rotating magnetic field. The rotor, initially, starts
to rotate due to eddy-current torque and hysteresis torque developed on the rotor.

Once the speed is near synchronous, the stator pulls the rotor into synchronism. In
such a case, as relative motion between stator field and rotor field vanishes, so the
torque due to eddy currents vanishes. When the rotor is rotating at the synchronous
speed, the stator revolving field flux produces poles on the rotor.
Due to the hysteresis effect, the rotor pole axis lags behind the axis of the rotating
magnetic field. Because of this, rotor poles get attracted towards the moving stator
poles. Thus rotor gets subjected to torque called hysteresis torque. This torque is
constant at all speeds. When the stator field moved forward, due to high residual
magnetism the rotor pole strength remains maintained.

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS.

 The eddy current loss in the machines is given by,

 We know the relation between rotor frequency f 2 and supply frequency f1,

f2 = sf1
Where
S = slip

Therefore,
P e = K e s 2 f1 2 B 2

 Torque due to eddy current is given by;

Te = Pe/(sws)

Finally,
Te α s

 At synchronous speed slip come to zero,hence at synchronous speed the

rotor rotate with the hysteresis torque.

ADVANTAGES OF HYSTERESIS MOTOR

 As no teeth and no winding in the rotor, no mechanical vibrations take place

during its operation.
 Its operation is quiet and noiseless as there is no vibration.
 It is suitable to accelerate inertia loads.
  The multi-speed operation can be achieved by employing a gear train.
 It operates noiselessly.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYSTERESIS MOTOR.

 The Hysteresis motor has a poor output that is one-quarter of the output of
an induction motor with the same dimension.

 Low efficiency
 Low torque
 Low power factor
 Available only in very small size

For a proper application you have to select hysteresis motor with;

 Uniform torque from standstill to synchronous speed.

 That one which can synchronous any load which it can accelerate no matter
how great the inertia of the load is.
 That one which is quite ad produce smooth rotation of the load.
STEPPER MOTORS.

Stepper motor is a type of synchronous DC motor that unlike any other standard
types of electric motors,doesn’t rotate continuously as like other types of motors.It’s
rotation is in stepwise form,hence the name stepper motor.It’s external appearance is
as show below;

STEPPER MOTOR CONSTRUCTION.

The stepper motor is made up ot the;

 Stator.
 Rotor.
Rotor is a movable part that has no winding,brushes and commutator.The Stator is a
stationary part made up of multipoles and multiphase winding,usually of three or
four phases winding wound for a required number of poles decide by desired
angular displacement per input pulses,as shown below.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF STEPPER MOTOR.

In the stepper motor the setup is quite different compared with the other DC
motors.Instead of a wire coil rotor rotating inside a fixed housing of
magnets,stepper motors are built with a fixed wire housing (Stator) arranged around
a series of toothed electromagnets spinning at the centre,as illustrated below.

So when the stator is energized,it convert the pulsing electrical current into a precise
one-step movement of the gear like toothed component around a central shaft.This
is a simple explanation about the working principle of stepper motor.

TYPES OF STEPPER MOTORS.

The following are the types of stepper motor.

 Permanent magnet stepper motor.

 Variable reluctance stepper motor.
 Hybrid stepper motor.

1)PERMANENT MAGNET STEPPER MOTOR.

This is a type of stepper motor whose it’s rotor is made up with the permanent
magnet,as shown in the figure below.In this type of stepper motor the rotor is not
excited,instead we use permanent magnet.The interaction between the rotor fields
and stator fields,gives the rotor a required torque.The step angles of this rotor is of
about 1.80,15,30,34,and 90 degrees.
ADVANTAGES OF PERMANENT MAGNET STEPPER MOTORS.

 It’s maintenance is less due to the absence of any external excitation.

 Can operate to a wide range of speed and torque.
 Precise control.
 It has small size,which makes it useful in many applications.

DISADVANTAGES OF PERMANENT MAGNET STEPPER MOTORS.

 Life of permanent magnet is limited.

 Due to the limitations of permanent magnet,it can not be used for high
power applications.
 Torque produced is limited.

APPLICATIONS OF PERMANENT MAGNET STEPPER MOTORS.

 Robotics.
 Toys.
 Control industries.
 Mills and printing.
2)VARIABLE RELUCTANCE STEPPER MOTORS.

This has simple design of with soft iron,non magnetic toothed rotor,and wound
electromagnetics stators. A variable reluctance stepper motor is an electromechanical
energy conversion device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. It
works on the principle of reluctance, according to which magnetic flux always flows
through a minimum reluctance path. The stator poles are excited with three-phase or
single phase.

CONSTRUCTION.

Mainly this device consist of a wound stator and multi teeth rotor sections.Stator consist of
windings while the rotor does not have any windimg.The rotor also can made up with the
materials of high reluctance (ferromagnetic materials).

WORKING PRINCIPLE.

After a stator being energized,it produces the rotating magnetic fields toward the rotor with
variable reluctance.The fields will penetrate easily in the place where there is a less
reluctance on the rotor and make the rotor to align itself with the direction of those magnetic
field.By doing so a rotor will experience a torque to the direction where there is a less
reluctance.And torque is about 7.5 or 15 degrees.

ADVANTAGES OF VARIABLE RELUCTANCE STEPPER MOTORS.

 Its rotation is in stepped form. It is very useful for a particular operation where
we don’t need continuous motion.
 Losses are very less as most of the material is made of magnetic material.
 It can run with both AC and DC supply
 Due presence of electronic devices production of variable reluctance is very
easy.
DISADVANTAGES OF VARIABLE RELUCTANCE STEPPER MOTORS.

 Speed control is not possible for this machine, as it rotates in steps.

 For a particular operation, the step size is fixed.
 Due to its step rotation, it has less number of applications
 The electronic devices cause some losses such as switching losses.

APPLICATIONS OF VARIABLE RELUCTANCE STEPPER MOTORS.

 Toys.
 Tape recorders.
 Advanced clocks.
 Printing machines.

3)HYBRID STEPPER MOTORS.

This motor cosist of a rotor with variable reluctance and permanent magnet.A rotor is
toothed so as to produce different or variation of reluctance,and rotor made up of two
sections or cup as shown below.

Rotor will set itself in the minimum reluctance position in response to a pair of stator
coil energized.Step angles of these motors are 0.9 or 1.8 degrees.
ADVANTAGES OF HYBRID STEPPER MOTORS.

 Torque of this motor is high.

 Efficiency of this motor is high.

DISADVANTAGES OF HYBRID STEPPER MOTORS.

 It is expensive.
 It’s weigth is high due to a magnet within the motor.
 It’s performance can be affected due to magnetic strength.

APPLICATIONS OF HYBRID STEPPER MOTORS

 In conveyor belts.
 In printing machines
 IN digital cameras.

LINEAR INDUCTION MOTORS

A linear induction motor (LIM) is an induction motor that converts electrical energy input into
linear or translational motion instead of rotational motion as in the case of a conventional
induction motor.
In a linear induction motor, the stator and the rotor are known
as primary and secondary respectively. The secondary of the linear induction motor consists
of a flat aluminium conductor with a ferromagnetic core. If the primary of the linear induction
motor is connected to a three-phase supply, a traveling flux wave is produced which travels
along the length of the primary.
Due to the relative motion between the traveling flux wave and the aluminium conductor, a
current is induced in the aluminium conductor. This induced current also produces a magnetic
flux wave which interacts with the traveling flux wave of the primary to produce a linear force
F.
If the secondary of the linear induction motor is fixed and the primary is free to move, then
the force will move the primary in the direction of the traveling flux wave.

TYPES OF LINEAR INDUCTION MOTORS.

There are two types of linear inductive motor depending upon the designs used for construction
of linear induction motors, which are given below ;
 single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM).
 double-sided linear induction motor (DLIM).
If the linear induction motor has primary on one side of the secondary, then it is known
as single-sided linear induction motor (SLIM).

When it has primary on both the sides of the secondary, then it is known as double-sided
linear induction motor (DLIM).
DISADVANTAGES OF LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR.

A linear induction motor (LIM) has the following disadvantages −

 The linear induction motor requires a larger air-gap as compared to a conventional
rotary induction motor.
 The magnetising current drawn by a linear induction motor is larger than that of a rotary
induction motor of same rating.
 The efficiency and the power factor of a linear induction motor are lower than that of a
conventional induction motor of the same rating.

APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR.

The applications of the linear induction motor are given below −

 The primary application of linear induction motor is in transportation, including electric
traction where the primary is mounted on the vehicle and the secondary laid along the
track.
 Linear induction motors are used in cranes for material handling.
 Also used for pumping of liquid metal.
 Used as actuators for door movement.
 Linear induction motors are used in high-voltage circuit breakers.
 Linear induction motors are also used in accelerators for rigs for testing vehicle
performance under impact conditions.

THINGS TO CONSIDER WHILE SELECTING LINEAR INDUCTION MOTORS.

 Life span.
 High speed.
 No wear.
 Low noises.
Low maintenance

REFERENCES.

N.Mohan,Electrical Machine and Drive:A First Course,Wiley,2012

 https://www.merriam-webster.com,Hysteresisi Motor.
 https://www.casunsteppermotor.com.
 https://www.tecnotion.com,Linear Motor.
 https://www.electricalarticle.com,Stepper Motor.