Sampling Distribution

If We have information on all member of population and we use this

information to prepare a probability distribution
The properties of the population:
N→ Number of population

μ→ Mean
ẟ→ Standard Deviation
The properties of the Sampling Distribution:
n→ Number of Sampling
𝜇𝑥̅ → 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
ẟ𝑥̅ → 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑛
𝑁

𝑛 𝑛
> 0.05 ≤ 0.05
𝑁 𝑁

μ𝑥̅ =μ μ𝑥̅ = μ
ẟ 𝑁−𝑛 ẟ
ẟ𝑥̅ = ẟ𝑥̅ =
𝑛 𝑁−1 𝑛
1. A population consists of the following four values: 12, 12, 14, and 16.
a. List all samples of size 2, and compute the mean of each sample.
b. Compute the mean of the distribution of the sample mean and the
population mean.
c. Compare the dispersion in the population with that of the sample
mean.
12 , 12 , 14 , 16
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
A , B , C , D
sample score Mean ̅−μ
𝒙 ̅ − 𝝁)𝟐
(𝒙
A,B 12,12 12 -1.5 2.25
A,C 12,14 13 -0.5 0.25
A,D 12,16 14 0.5 0.25
B,C 12,14 13 -0.5 0.25
B,D 12,16 14 0.5 0.25
C,D 14,16 15 1.5 2.25
5.5

12+12+14+16
𝜇= =13.5
4

(𝑥̅ − 𝜇)2
ẟ𝑥̅ = √ = 0.95
𝑛
𝑛
𝑛=2 N=4 μ=13.5 > 0.05
𝑁

ẟ√𝑁 − 𝑛
ẟ𝑥̅ = = 0.95
√𝑛√𝑁 − 1
 The mean wage per hour for all 5000 employees who work at a large
company is $27.50 and the standard deviation is $3.70 . Let𝑥̅ be the
mean wage per hour for a random sample of certain employees selected
from this company . Find the mean and standard deviation of𝑥̅ for a
sample size of
(a) 30 (b) 200 .
N=5000 μ=27.50 ẟ=3.7
𝑛 30
(a) n=30 = = 6 × 10−3 < 0.05
𝑁 5000
ẟ 3.7
𝜇𝑥̅ = μ μ=27.50 ẟ𝑥̅ = = = 0.67
√𝑛 √30

𝑛 200
(b) n=200 = = 0.04 < 0.05
𝑁 5000

ẟ 3.7
𝜇𝑥̅ = μ = 27.5 ẟ𝑥̅ = = = 0.2616
√𝑛 √200

A normal population has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 12.

You select a random sample of 9. Compute the probability the sample
mean is:
a. Greater than 63.
b. Less than 56.
c. Between 56 and 63.
(a). μ=60 ẟ=12 n=9
𝑛
< 0.05
𝑁
𝑥−𝜇𝑥̅
P(x> 63) → 𝑧=
ẟ𝑥̅
 ẟ
ẟ𝑥̅ = =4
√𝑛
63−60
P(z> ) = 𝑃(𝑧 > 0.75)
4

=1-P(z< 0.75) = 1 − 0.7734 = 0.2266 (form table p.p 126)

56−60
(B) P(x< 56) → 𝑃(𝑧 < )
4

𝑃(𝑧 < −1) = 0.1587 (form table p.p126)

( c) 𝑃(56 < 𝑥 < 63) = 𝑃(−1 < 𝑧 < 0.75)

𝑝(𝑧 < 0.75) − 𝑃(𝑧 < −1) = 0.7734 − 0.1587 = 0.6156

𝑛 𝑝𝑞
μ=P ẟ= pq when ≤ 0.05 ẟ𝑥̅ =
𝑁 √𝑛
𝑛 𝑝𝑞√𝑁−𝑛
> 0.05 ẟ𝑥̅ =
𝑁 √𝑛√𝑁−1

Suppose that 75% of adults said that college education has become too
expensive for most people. Let Ộ be the proportion in a random sample
of 1400 adult Americans who will hold the said opinion. Find the
probability that 76.5 % to 78% of adults in this sample will hold this
opinion.
P=0.75 q=1-0.75=0.25
𝜇 = 𝑃 = 0.75 n=1400

𝑝𝑞 0.75 × 0.25
ẟ𝑥̅ = = = 5.011 × 10−3
√𝑛 √1400

𝑝(0.765 < 𝑥 < 0.78)

np=1400× 0.75 = 1050

𝑛𝑝 > 5

𝑛𝑞 = 1400 × 0.25 = 350 𝑛𝑞 > 5

0.765 − 0.75 0.78 − 075

𝑃( < 𝑧 < )
5.011 × 10−3 5.011 × 10−3

P(2.99< 𝑧 < 5.98) = 𝑃(𝑧 < 5.98) − 𝑃(𝑧 > 2.99)

= 0.9999 - 0.9986 = 0.0013

 Estimation of the Mean And proportion

Confidence Interval: 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝑐 × 𝛿𝑥̅

𝑥̅ → 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 , 𝑧𝑐 × 𝛿𝑥̅ → 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛
(1−∝) → 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

A random sample of 90 observations produced a mean 25.9 and a

standard deviation 2.7
a. Find a 95% confidence interval for population mean
b. Find a 90% confidence interval for population mean
c. Find a 99% confidence interval for population mean
n=90 , μ=25.9 , ẟ=2.7
(a)- 95% 1 − 𝛼 = 0.95
∝
𝛼 = 0.05 = 0.025 𝑧𝑐 = −1.96
2
𝛿 2.7
𝛿𝑥̅ = 𝛿𝑥̅ = = 0.2066 𝜇 = 𝑥̅ = 25.9
√𝑛 √90

𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝑐 × 𝛿𝑥̅ 25.9 ± 1.96 × 0.2066

25.9 ± 0.4
(b)- 90% 1 − 𝛼 = 0.9
∝
𝛼 = 0.1 = 0.05 𝑧𝑐 = 1.65
2
 𝛿 2.7
𝛿𝑥̅ = 𝛿𝑥̅ = = 0.2066 𝜇 = 𝑥̅ = 25.9
√𝑛 √90

𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝑐 × 𝛿𝑥̅ 25.9 ± 1.65 × 0.2066

25.9 ± 0.34089
(c)- 99% 1 − 𝛼 = 0.99
∝
𝛼 = 0.01 = 0.005 𝑧𝑐 = 2.58
2
𝛿 2.7
𝛿𝑥̅ = 𝛿𝑥̅ = = 0.2066 𝜇 = 𝑥̅ = 25.9
√𝑛 √90

𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝑐 × 𝛿𝑥̅ 25.9 ± 2.58 × 0.2066

25.9 ± 0.533

2- A sample of 49 observations taken from a normal population The

sample mean is 55, and the sample standard deviation is 10. Determine
the 99 percent confidence interval for the population mean(c)- 99%
n=49 𝑥̅ = 55 𝛿𝑥̅ = 10
1 − 𝛼 = 0.99
∝
𝛼 = 0.01 = 0.005 𝑧𝑐 = 2.58
2
𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝑐 × 𝛿𝑥̅ 55 ± 2.58 × 10
55 ± 25.8

4- A random sample of 70 observations from a normally distributed

population possessing a mean equal to 26.2 and a standard deviation
equal to 4.1
a. Find a 95% confidence interval for population mean.
b. Find a 99% confidence interval for population mean
n=70 , μ=26.2 , ẟ=4.1
(a)- 95% 1 − 𝛼 = 0.95
∝
𝛼 = 0.05 = 0.025 𝑧𝑐 = −1.96
2
𝛿 4.1
𝛿𝑥̅ = 𝛿𝑥̅ = = 0.49
√𝑛 √70

𝜇 = 𝑥̅ = 25.9 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝑐 × 𝛿𝑥̅ 26.2 ± 1.96 × 0.49

26.2 ± 0.96
(b)- 99% 1 − 𝛼 = 0.99
∝
𝛼 = 0.01 = 0.005 𝑧𝑐 = 2.58
2

𝜇 = 𝑥̅ = 25.9 𝑥̅ ± 𝑧𝑐 × 𝛿𝑥̅ 26.2 ± 2.58 × 0.49

26.2 ± 1.26

Cl 𝒛𝒄
90% 1.56
95% 1.96
96% 2.05
97% 2.17
98% 2.33
99% 2.58