RUSSIA

1. Location: Russia, the world's largest country, spans Eastern Europe

and northern Asia, covering more than one-eighth of Earth's inhabited land
area. It shares borders with 14 countries and has a diverse geography,
featuring vast tundra, dense forests, and towering mountain ranges. From
the historic cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg to the remote Siberian
wilderness, Russia's landscape is as varied as its culture.

2. Population: . In 2022, it had a population of around 144 million

people, making it one of the most populous countries globally. It is also
divided into three groups: from 0 to 14 years old 16.28%, from 15 to 64 70.60%
and +64 13.12
https://countryeconomy.com/demography/population-structure/russia
3. Political system: Russia is a semi presidential republic. The president
is the head of state and of multinationals, with the help of the Prime Minister,
and approval of Parliament.They obtained their power in 1991, when the
Soviet Union dissolved.In the federal council, there are 187 members,Today,
Vladimir Putin is Russian, before he worked the administration of the
president Boris Yeltsin, and in 2000 he had been chosen for be the president
of Russia until 2008, and from 2012 until today.

4. Economy: The State continues to play a fundamental role in the

whole of the Russian economy, in part, a legacy of the Soviet system, but it is
also due to the dependence on the extraction of natural resources and
natural monopolies, which often remain in the hands of the State.The public
business sector represents, according to the IMF, approximately33% of the
GDP and some of the largest companies occupy a position dominant in key
sectors such as banking, transportation and energy. Farfrom decreasing, it
has increased in the last two years, because the state has been forced to
rescue some banks and companies affected by the international sanctions.
5. Education System: The Russian education system starts with
preschool for 3-6-year-olds, followed by primary education (grades 1-4, ages
7-11) and basic general education (grades 5-9, ages 12-16). Secondary
education in grades 10-11 (ages 17-18) focuses on specialized studies and
preparation for the Unified State Exam (USE) for university admission. Higher
education, offered by universities and institutes, includes bachelor's,
master's, and doctoral degrees. Admission is based on USE results and
possibly additional exams, reflecting a system that prioritizes science and
mathematics with ongoing reforms to meet international standards.

Before 1990, school education in the Soviet Union (primary and secondary)
lasted 10 years, but at the end of 1990 an extra year of education was
implemented. Education in state to secondary school is free. The university's
education is free, with reservations.

The literacy rate in Russia is 99.7%

5.1 Education problems: Russia's education system grapples with regional

disparities, outdated teaching methods, and curriculum concerns, hindering
critical thinking. The high-stakes Unified State Exam promotes rote
memorization over understanding. Teacher salary issues and professional
development gaps further challenge educational quality. Addressing these
issues is vital for a more equitable and effective system.

5.1.1 Solutions: To tackle Russia's education challenges, reforms should

focus on updating rural infrastructure, revising teaching methods, and
promoting critical thinking in the curriculum. Rethinking the Unified State
Exam to assess understanding, along with prioritizing teacher training and
competitive salaries, is crucial for enhancing overall educational quality.

5.1.2 Children requiring accommodations: Efforts to accommodate

children with special needs in education have seen progress, but challenges
remain. Increased focus on resources, teacher training, and inclusive policies
is essential for creating a universally accommodating educational
environment and ensuring equal opportunities for all students.
5.1.3 International cooperation: UNICEF, UNESCO, the EU, and NGOs
have collaborated on diverse initiatives in Russian education. Their efforts
include projects on child rights, early childhood development, curriculum
improvement, teacher training, and infrastructure development. These
combined endeavors strive to enhance the quality and inclusivity of the
education system in Russia.