Static + Expo + LOG 1+Prm.+Comp T1

Administration and Operation Unit of Applied Technology Schools.
Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 1

Student's guide Contents
Unit number Subject Page

The first term Unit One Algebra 5
Unit Two STATICS 41

First Unit
Exponents, Logarithms, Permutations and Combinations
Lesson number Subject Page

First Rational Exponents 5
Second Solving exponential equations 9
Third Applications on exponential equations 13
Fourth The logarithmic function and its relationship 16
with exponential function
Fifth Properties of logarithms 19
Sixth Solving logarithmic equations 22
Seventh Solving exponential equations by using 25
logarithms
Eighth Counting Principle 28
The first term
Ninth Factorial of a number, Permutations 31

Tenth Combinations 35
Eleventh Unit Test 38
Twelfth Assessment 39

Second Unit
STATICS
Lesson Subject Page

number
First Moment of a force about a point in 2-D system 41
Second Theorem of moments 45
Third Moment of a force about a point in 3-D coordinate system 49
Fourth Resultant of two of parallel forces 52
Fifth Resultant of set of parallel forces 56
Sixth Equilibrium a set of coplanar parallel forces 59
Seventh The couple 63
Eighth Resultant couple (first case) 66
The first term
Ninth Resultant couple (second and third case) 70

Tenth Resultant couple (second and third case) 73
Eleventh Unit Test 76
Twelfth Assessment 78

Unit One
Exponents, Logarithms. Permutations and Combinations
Dear student, by the end studying of this unit you should have the following
abilities and knowledge:
 To define the exponential function.
 To know the laws of exponents.
 To solve the exponential equations.
 To know the logarithmic function.
 To convert from exponential to logarithmic form.
 To know the laws of Logarithms.
 To solve the logarithmic equations.
 To solve problems on the logarithmic laws.
 To find the value of logarithmic of a number by using the calculator.
 To knew Counting Principle and application on it.
 To know Permutations and Combinations.
 To use the calculator to calculate Permutations and Combinations.

Lesson 1
Rational Exponents
We studied before Repeated Multiplication:
 x × x × x ×…………. × x = xn, where x ∈ R and n ∈ Z+
 xzero = 1. where x ∈ R – {0}
𝟏
 𝐱-n= where x ∈ R – {0},
𝐱𝐧
Laws of the Exponents
(1) xn × xm = xn + m
(2) xn÷ xm = xn - m
(3) (xn)m = xnm
(4) (x y)n = xn × yn
(5) (x ÷ y)n = xn ÷ yn
Rational Exponents
𝟏
𝒏
√𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒏
Notes:
If n is an even number, then x is a real non-negative number.
If n is an odd number, then x is a real.
Definition:
𝐦
𝐧 𝐧
(𝐱) = √𝐱 𝐦 = ( √𝐱 )m
𝐧

Example 1:
𝟔−𝟑 ×𝟔𝟓
Put in the simplest form:
𝟔𝟐
Solution
𝟔−𝟑 ×𝟔𝟓
= (6)-3+5 -2 = 6zero = 1
𝟔𝟐
Example 2:
Put in the simplest form: ( 4- 3 )5 × (46)3
Solution
(4- 3 )5 × (46)3= (4)- 15 × (4)18 = 43 = 64
Example 3:
𝟏
Find the value of: (𝟏𝟔) 𝟒
Solution
𝟏
𝟒
(𝟏𝟔) = √𝟏𝟔 = 2
𝟒
Example 4:
𝟏
Find the value of: − (𝟐𝟕) 𝟑
Solution:
𝟏
𝟑
− (𝟐𝟕) = − √𝟐𝟕 = - 3
𝟑
Example 5:
𝟑
Find the value of: (𝟏𝟔) 𝟐
Solution:
𝟑
(𝟏𝟔) = (√𝟏𝟔)3 = (4)3 =64
𝟐

Example 6:
𝟒
Find the value of: (𝟐𝟕) 𝟑
Solution:
𝟒
𝟑
(𝟐𝟕) = ( √𝟐𝟕)4 = (3)4 = 81
𝟑
Example 7:
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝒙+𝟏 ×𝟐𝟐𝒙
Reduce to the simplest form: 𝟏 then find the value of the result
𝒙+
𝟒𝒙 ×𝟐𝟓 𝟐
𝟏
at x =
𝟐
Solution
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝒙+𝟏×𝟐𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝟐𝒙+𝟏× 𝟓𝟐𝒙+𝟏 ×𝟐𝟐𝒙
𝟏 = = 𝟐𝟐𝒙+𝟏
𝒙+ 𝟐𝟐𝒙 ×𝟓𝟐𝒙+𝟏
𝟒𝒙 ×𝟐𝟓 𝟐
𝟏
= 𝟐𝟐×𝟐+𝟏 = 4

Exercise 1
By using the laws of the exponents, reduce the following to the simplest form:
𝟐−𝟒 ×𝟐𝟕
(1)
𝟐𝟑
(2) (3- 2 )2 × (33)-1
𝟑−𝟔 ×𝟑𝟑
(3)
𝟑− 𝟓
𝟑
(4) (−𝟖𝟏) 𝟒
−𝟐
(5) (𝟏𝟐𝟖) 𝟕
𝟐
(6) − (𝟑𝟒𝟑) 𝟑
𝟗𝟒𝒙+𝟏 ×𝟒𝟐−𝟐𝒙
(7) Prove that: =1
𝟒𝟗𝒙+𝟏×𝟒𝟖𝟏−𝒙
𝟏
𝟐𝒙−
𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝟑 ×𝟒𝟑𝒙+𝟏 𝟏
(8) Prove that: =
𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟑𝒙 ×𝟒 𝟕
𝟓𝟐𝒙 ×𝟒𝒙
(9) Simplify to the simplest form:
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝒙−𝟏

Lesson 2
Solving exponential equations
Rules of solving exponential equations:

 If xn = xm , then n = m.
 If xn = yn , then x = y if n is an odd number.
Or x = ± y if n is an even number.
Or n = 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 if x ≠ y.
Example 1:
If 3x – 5 = 9, find the value of x
Solution:
3x – 5 = 32
∴x–5=2
∴x=7
Example 2:
If 3x + 7 = 1, find the value of x
Solution:
3x + 7 = 3zero
∴ x + 7 = zero
∴ x = -7
Example 3:

If 4 x – 1 = 5 x – 1 , find the value of x
Solution:
x – 1 = zero
∴x=1
Example 4:
𝟏
If 52x – 1 = , find the value of x
𝟏𝟐𝟓
Solution:
2x – 1 -3
5 =5
∴ 2x – 1 = - 3
∴ 2x = - 2 ∴x=-1
Example 5:
𝟑 𝟐𝟕 -1
If ( )x =( ) . then find the value of x
𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓
Solution:
𝟑 𝟑
( )x =( )-3
𝟓 𝟓
∴x=-3
Example 6:
𝟑
Solve the equation: √𝟗 = 27x +2
Solution:
9 = 273 (x +2)
32 = 39 (x +2)
∴ 9(x+2) = 2
𝟐 𝟏𝟔
∴x= –2 ∴ x= -
𝟗 𝟗

Example 7:
Find the value of x which satisfies the equation:

3 x+1 + 3 x – 1 = 90.
Solution:
3x (3 + 3-1) = 90
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎
3x × = 90 (By dividing both of sides by )
𝟑 𝟑
3x = 27
3x = 33
∴x=3

Exercise 2
(1) Find the Solution Set of the following equations in R:
𝟕 𝟒 𝟑
(a) 𝐱 = 128
𝟐 (b) (𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑) = 81
𝟑 (c) 𝐱 = 64
𝟐
(2) If 5x = 2 then 25x = ………..
(3) Find the Solution Set of the following equations:
𝟓
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
(a) 𝐱 𝟐 = (b) √(𝐱 − 𝟏)𝟓 = 32 (c) 3x + 1=
𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟕
(4) Find in R the Solution Set of the following equations:
(a) 2x – 3 = 5x – 3 (b) 7 x + 1 = 3 2x + 2
(5) If 3 x+1 – 3 x – 1 = 72, find the value of x

Lesson 3
Applications on solving exponential equations
Example 1:
Find the Solution Set of the following equation:
49x – 50× 7x + 49 = 0
Solution:
2x x
7 – 50× 7 + 49 = 0
( 7x – 1 )( 7x – 49) = 0
7x – 1 = 0 7x – 49 = 0
7x = 1 7x = 72
∴x=0 ∴x=2
S.S. = { 0, 2}
Example 2:
If f(x) = 5x, then find the value of x if f(x) + f(3 – x) = 30
Solution:
5x + 53 – x = 30 (multiply by 5x)
5 2x + 53 = 30 × 5x
5 2x – 30 × 5x + 125 = 0
( 5x – 25 )( 5x – 5) = 0
5x = 25 = 52 5x = 5
∴x=2 ∴x=1

Example 3:
Solve the equation:
𝟒 𝟐
𝐱𝟓 – 3 𝐱𝟓 – 4 = 0
Solution:
𝟐 𝟐
( 𝐱 – 4)( 𝐱 + 1 ) = 0
𝟓 𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
𝐱 =4
𝟓 𝐱 = -1
𝟓
𝟓 𝟓
x = 𝟒𝟐 x = (−𝟏)𝟐 (refused)
x = ± 32
S.S. = { 32, -32}

Exercise 3
(1) Find the Solution Set of the equation:
4x + 2×2x – 8 = 0
(2) If f(x) = 7x, find the value of x which satisfies:

f(x) + f(2 – x) = 50
(3) If f(x) = 3x, find the value of x which satisfies:

f(x) + f(2 – x) = 6
(4) Solve the equation:

22x – 6 ×2x + 8 = 0

𝟒 𝟐
𝐱 𝟑 – 3𝐱 𝟑 – 4 = 0

Lesson 4
The logarithmic function and its relationship
with exponential function
The logarithmic function:
If a ∈ R+ – {1} where: y = log a x (logarithmic form)
can be converted to the exponential form x = ay
Notice that:
 There is no logarithm for a negative number.
 There is no logarithm for Zero.
Example 1:
Find the value of x if: log 𝑥 81 = 4
Solution:
log x 81 = 4 (convert to the exponential form)
∴ x4 = 81
1
∴ x = (81)4
∴x=3 ( and the negative value is refused)
Example 2:
Find the value of x if: log 5 125 = x
Solution:
log 5 125 = x (convert to the exponential form)
∴ 5x = 125
∴ 5x = 53
∴ x= 3

Example 3:
Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱) = 3
Solution:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱) = 3(We can convert to exponential form)
∴ (𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱)= 23
∴ x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
(x + 4)(x – 2 ) = 0
∴ x = -4 or x = 2
∴ S.S. = { -4, 2 }

Exercise 4
(1) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟐𝐱 − 𝟓) = 1
(2) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱(𝐱 + 𝟐) = 2
𝟑
(3) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖𝟏 𝐱 =
𝟒
(4) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓𝐱 = 2
(5) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟐𝟕 = x + 2
(6) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟒𝐱 − 𝟐) = x

Lesson 5
Properties of logarithms
(1) log x + log y = log xy.
𝐱
(2) log x - log y = log .
𝐲
(3) log xn = n log x

(4) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝒙 = 1
(5) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟏 = zero
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐧 𝐱
(6) Base changing property: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 𝐱 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐧 𝐲
𝟏
(7) The multiplicative inverse property: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐲 𝐱 =
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝐲
Note:
If the base is not mentioned, then it is 10 and is called
the common logarithm
log 10 = 1 , log 100 = 2 , log 1000 = 3
log 0.1 = - 1 , log 0.01 = -2 , log 0.001 = -3
Example 1:
Simplify: log 2 + 2 log 3 + log 1 – log 18
Solution:
The expression = log 2 + log 32 + log 1 – log 18
𝟐×𝟗×𝟏
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 = log 1 = zero
𝟏𝟖

Example 2:
𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝟏𝟖 𝟑𝟔
Prove that: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 =2
𝟕 𝟑𝟓 𝟏𝟕
Solution:
𝟏𝟕𝟎 𝟑𝟔
𝟕
×𝟏𝟕
L.H.S. =𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟖 = log 100 = 2 = R.H.S.
𝟑𝟓
Example 2:
𝟑
Prove that: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟐𝟓 – 2 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 3 log 4.5
𝟐
Solution:
𝟑
𝟐
L.H.S. = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟐𝟓 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐𝟕 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟓×𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝟕𝟐𝟗
= log 𝟑 = log
𝟖
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝟕𝟐𝟗
R.H.S.= 3 log 4.5 = log (4.5)3 = log
𝟖
∴ The two sides are equal.

Exercise 5
(1) Simplify to the simplest form: log 2 + log 5
(2) Simplify to the simplest form: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟏𝟓 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟑
(3) Simplify to the simplest form: log 54 – 3 log 3 – log 2
(4) Simplify to the simplest form: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚𝐛𝐜 𝐚 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚𝐛𝐜 𝐛 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐚𝐛𝐜 𝐜
(5) Prove that: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟑𝟖 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟒𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟓𝟔 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟏𝟗 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐𝟒 = 3
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟗 × 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖
(6) without using calculator, Prove that: =4
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑×𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐

Lesson 6
Solving logarithmic equations
Example 1:
Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟑
Solution:
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
=
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱
(log x)2 = (log 3)2
Log x = ± log 3
log x = log 3 Or log x = - log 3
∴x=3 log x = log (3)- 1
𝟏
∴ x=
𝟑
𝟏
∴ S.S.= {3, }
𝟑
Example 2:
Solve the equation: log (x2 + 9x) = 1
Solution:
Convert from logarithmic form to exponential form
( note: the base is 10)
x2 + 9x = 10
x2 + 9x – 10 = 0
(x + 10)(x – 1) = 0
∴ x = - 10 or x = 1
∴ S.S. ={ -10, 1}

Example 3:
Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐(𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟗) – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝐱 − 𝟏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓
Solution:
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟗
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 = 4 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟓 = 4
𝐱−𝟏
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟗
= 24 =16
𝐱−𝟏
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟔𝐱 + 𝟗 = 16x – 16
x2 – 10x + 25 = 0
(x – 5 )2 = 0
∴x=5
∴ S.S. = { 5 }

Exercise 6
(1) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 = 2
(2) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐(𝐱 + 𝟏𝟐) = 3
(3) Find the Solution Set of the following equation:

log (x – 1)3 – 3 log (x – 3) = log 8
(4) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐱 = 3
(5) Solve the equation: log (x+ 8) – log (x – 1) = 1
(6) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 ( 𝐱 + 𝟔) = 2 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱

Lesson 7
Solving exponential equations by using
We can use calculator to find thelogarithms
value of logarithm as follow:
(1) find the value of: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟒
(2) find the value of: log 8
Practice:
Use the calculator to find the value of:
 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟏𝟐 = ….
 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟐𝟒 = .…
 log 128 = …
 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = ….
 log 100 = …
 log 1000 = …
 log 500 = …

Example 1:
Find the value of x if: 35x – 2 = 7x +1

Solution:
(by taking logarithm for both sides)

(5x – 2 ) log 3 = (x + 1) log 7
5x log 3 – 2log 3 = x log 7 + log 7
5x log 3 – x log 7 = 2log 3 + log 7
x(5 log 3 – log 7) = 2log 3 + log 7
𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕
∴x= ≃ 1.17
𝟓 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕
Example 2:
If: 5x + 2 = 32x – 5, then Find the value of x to the nearest two decimals places
Solution:
(x + 2 ) log 5 = (2x – 5) log 3

x log 5 + 2log 5 = 2x log 3 – 5log 3
x log 5 – 2x log 3 = -2log 5 – 5 log 3
x(log 5 – 2 log 3) = -2log 5 – 5 log 3
−𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓−𝟓𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟓
∴x= ≃ 14.82
𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟓−𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑

Exercise 7
𝟐
(1) If (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟑 = 6.123,find the value of x to the nearest two decimal places.
(2) Find the value of x to the nearest two decimal places where:
73x – 2 =5
7x + 1 = 5 x – 3
7x – 2 = 4 x + 3
7 7 – 2x = 13.4

Lesson 8
Counting Principle
Fundamental Counting Principle:

If the number of ways to perform a certain task = m,
the number of ways to perform another certain task = l,
the number of ways to perform a third certain task = n and so on ….
then: the number of ways to perform these tasks together = m×l ×n ×……
Example 1:
By how many ways it is possible to choose a boy from a group of three boys
and a girl from a group of two girls?
Solution:
Number of ways = 3 × 2 = 6 ways.
Example 2:
By how many ways it is possible to choose a uniform which consists of a shirt
and a trousers from 5 shirts and 3 trousers?
Solution:
Number of ways = 5 × 3 = 15 ways.
Example 3:
By how many ways it is possible to forma 3-digit number from the set
{ 1, 2, 3, 4}?
Solution:
Number of ways = 4 × 4 × 4 = 64 ways. units tens Hundreds
4 4 4
Example 4:
By how many ways it is possible to form a 3-digit from the set { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}?
Solution:
Number of ways = 5 × 5 × 4 = 100 ways.

Example 5: (conditional counting principal)

By how many ways it is possible to form different 3-digit number from the set
{1, 2, 3, 4}?
units tens Hundreds
Solution:
Number of ways = 4 × 3 × 2 = 24 ways. 4 3 2
One of the digits takes units place and is not repeated in the other places
One of the 3 remainder digits takes tens place and isn’t used again.
The remaining 2 digits takes hundreds place.
Example 6: (conditional counting principal)

By how many ways it is possible to form a 3-digit different number from the
set
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}?
units tens Hundreds
Solution:
Number of ways = 3 × 4 × 4 = 48 ways. 3 4 4
We cannot put the zero in the hundreds place.

Number of ways to choose a digit in the hundreds place = 4
Number of ways to choose a digit in the tens place = 4
Number of ways to choose a digit in the units place = 3

Exercise 8
(1) By how many ways it is possible to form a 2 different -digit number from
the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}?
(2) By how many ways can four students sit down on four desks in a raw?
(3) How many 3- digit odd numbers can be formed from the set {2, 3, 6, 8}?
(4) By how many ways it is possible to form a 4 different -digit numbers from
the set {2, 3, 4, 5} such that tens digit is an even?
(5) How many 3- digit numbers can formed from the set { 2, 3, 5}
(6) How many 4 different - digit numbers can form from the set {2, 3, 6, 8}
such that units digit is 6?

Lesson 9
Factorial of a number, Permutation
Factorial of a positive integer number (n) is written as n where:
n = n (n – 1)(n – 2)……………..× 3× 2 × 1
Notes:
0 =1 , 1 =1 , n =n n–1
Number of sitting down of ( n) people in a one row = n
Number of sitting down of ( n) people in a circle = n –1

Example 1:
Find
𝟏𝟎
(a) (b) if n = 120 then find the value of n
𝟖
Solution:
𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎 ×𝟗 × 𝟖
(a) = = 90
𝟖 𝟖
(b) n = 120 n = 5 n=5
Example 2:
𝐧
Find the solution set of: = 30
𝐧−𝟐
Solution:
𝐧 (𝐧−𝟏) 𝐧−𝟐
=3 n (n – 1) = 6 × 5 n=6
𝐧−𝟐

Permutations:
How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from the set { 2, 3, 5}
Number of numbers = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 numbers.
Every number of those numbers is called permutation and is written as 3P3
Definition
the number of permutations of (n) different objects taking (r) at a time is
denoted by nPr where:
n
Pr = n (n – 1) (n – 2) …….. (n – r + 1) r ≤ n , r ∈ N and n ∈ Z+
Notes:
𝒏
(a) n Pzero = 1 (b) nPr =
𝒏−𝒓
Example 1:
 6P3 = 6× 5× 4 = 120
 7P5 = 7×6× 5 ×4 × 3 = 2520
 4
P4 = 4× 3×2×1 = 24
Example 2:
Find the number of ways to sit 5 students on 7 seats in one row.
Solution:
Number of ways = 7P5 = 7×6× 5 ×4 × 3 = 2520
We can use the calculator:

Example 3:
By how many ways can 7 persons be arranged to sit on 7 seats in the form of
a circle ?
Solution:
Number of ways = 7P7 = 7 × 6× 5 ×4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 5040
Example 4:
If 7Pr = 840 then find the value of r–4
Solution:
7
Pr = 840 = 7P4
∴r=4
r–4= 0 =1

Exercise 9
(1) By how many ways it is possible to form a 2 different -digit number from
the set {3, 4, 5, 6}?
(2)By how many ways can 7 children be arranged in a circle ?
(3) How many ways can a president and vice president be selected from
a 12-member committee?
(4) Find the value of n which satisfies:

(a) n = 24
𝒏+𝟏
(b) = 42
𝒏−𝟏
(c) 15Pn = 2730
(5) If 9Pr – 1 = 504, find the value of: r+1

Lesson 10
Combinations
Definition:
We denote to number of combinations formed from (r) objects chosen from
(n) elements by nCr where r ≤ n, r ∈ N, n ∈ Z+
The rules of combinations:

For all r ≤ n, r ∈ Z+, n ∈ Z+
𝒏
 n
Cr =
𝒓 𝒏−𝒓
 If nC x = nC y , then: x = y or x + y = n
 nCr = nCn-r (reducing law)
 nCn = nCzero = 1
𝒏𝑪 𝒓 𝒏−𝒓+𝟏
 = (ratio law)
𝒏𝑪 𝒓−𝟏 𝒏
Example 1:
If n C n – 2 = 36, then: find the value of n

Solution:
n
C n – 2 = n C 2 = 36 = 9 C 2
∴n=9

Example 2:
21
If C 4n – 7 = 21 C 3n then find the value of n
Solution:
4n – 7 = 3n 4n – 7 + 3n = 21
∴n=7 ∴n=4
Example 3:
7
If C r = 7 C 3r – 5 , n
C r : n C r – 1 = 8 : 3 , find the value of n and r
Solution:
3r – 5 = r 3r – 5 + r = 7
∴ 2r= 5 ( refused) ∴r=3
n
Cr: nCr–1= 8 : 3
𝐧−𝟑+𝟏 𝟖
𝟑
=𝟑 ∴n–2=8 ∴ n = 10
Example 4:
By using the calculator, find the value of: 5C 4 + 7 C 2
Solution:
5 shift ÷ 4 + 7 shift ÷ 2 =
The result = 26

Exercise 10
13
(1) If C r : 13 C r + 1 = 9 : 5, find the value of r
(2) Find the value of (n) if n C n – 3 = 120
25 25
(3) Find the value of (n) if C 3n – 5 = C 2n
17 17
(4) By using the calculator, find the value of: C9 – C 14
(5) By how many ways can a 4 members team be selected from 9 persons?
(6) 7 persons subscribe in a competition so that one match is held between

each two find the number of matches of this competition.
(7) A class contains 10 boys and 8 girls, by how many ways can we form an
activity committee of five people so that it consists of three boys and two
girls?

Unit Test
First Question:
(1) Find the value of x which satisfies the equation:
3 x+1 + 3 x – 1 = 90.
(2) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙) = 3
Second Question:
(1) If 28 C r = 28 C 2r – 5 , find the value of r
(2) Simplify: log 2 + 2 log 3 + log 1 – log 18
Third Question:
𝟓𝟐𝐱 ×𝟒 𝐱
(1) Simplify to the simplest form:
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝐱−𝟏
(2) Find the Solution Set of the equation:
log (x – 1)3 – 3 log (x – 3) = log 8
Fourth Question:
(1) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 = 2
(2) If: 9Pr – 1 = 504, then find the value of: r+3
Fifth Question:
𝟒 𝟐
𝐱 – 3𝐱 – 4 = 0
𝟑 𝟑
73x – 2 =5

Assessment

Unit (2)
Statics
Dear student by the end of studying that unit you must have the following
abilities and knowledge:
1) Recognize and find moment of a force according to a point in the space.
2) Find the norm and the vector of a force according to a point.
3) Find moment of coplanar forces according to a point in its plane.
4) Recognize the general theorem of the moments.
5) Solve many applications on the moments.
6) Recognize the coplanar parallel forces.
7) Determine the line of action of the resultant of two parallel forces if they are in the
same direction or in two opposite directions
8) Find moments of a set of parallel forces about a point.
9) Find the resultant of a set of parallel forces.
10) Deduce that the sum of moments of several parallel forces bout a point equals the
moment of the resultant bout the same point.
11) Deduce that the sum of moments of several parallel forces bout a point equals zero if
the resultant passes by the same point.
12) Deduce that the sum of moments of several parallel forces bout a point equals zero if
their resultant vanishes.
13 ) Recognize the concept of the couple ,find the moment of the couple and deduce that
the moment of the couple is a constant vector .
14) Recognize the equivalent and the equilibrium of two couples.
15 ) Find the resultant of several couples .
16 ) Prove that a set of forces equivalent to a couple by different methods

Lesson (1)
Moment of a force about a point in 2-D system
DEFINATION : The vector product of two vectors : ⃑Aറ = ( x1 , y1 ) , ⃑Bറ = ( x2, y2 ) denoted by
𝐴റ x 𝐵
⃑റ and 𝐴റ x 𝐵
⃑റ =( x1 , y1 ) × ( x2 , y2 ) = (x1 y2 - x2 y1 ) e⃑റ
𝐹റ
Moment of a force (𝑓റ ) about a point (o) and denoted by ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝑂
= 𝑟റ × 𝐹 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝑂
𝑟റ 𝜃
o
L
Notes :
1- The algebraic measure of the moment :

@ If 𝐹റ makes the rotation about ( o ) anticlockwise then the algebraic measure is
positive .
@ If 𝐹റ makes the rotation about ( o ) clockwise then the algebraic measure is
negative .
2- Norm of the moment:
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
‖𝑀 𝑂‖
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
‖𝑀 𝑂‖ = 𝐹 L L=
𝐹
Where : L is the length of perpendicular from ( O ) to the line of action of 𝐹റ
3- Moment of a force about a point on its line of action = zero

Example (1) :
The force 𝐹റ = 𝑖റ − 3𝑗റ acts at the point A (-1 ,2 ) find moment of 𝐹റ about the
point B (2 , 0 ), then find the length of perpendicular from B to the line of
action of 𝐹റ
Solution
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ = 𝐴റ − 𝐵
𝑟റ =𝐵𝐴 ⃑റ = (-1 ,2 )- (2 , 0 ) = (- 3 , 2)
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑റ
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑟റ 𝑥 𝐹റ = (- 3 , 2) x (1 , -3) = 7𝑘
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
‖𝑀 𝐵‖ 7 7√10
L= = = length unit
𝑓 √10 10
Example (2):
the force 𝐹റ = −3𝑖 ⃑⃑⃑റ + 𝑘𝑗റ acts at the point A (3 ,1) if the moment of 𝑓റ about the
point B(-2 , 4 ) is 7𝑘 ⃑റ find value of m
Solution
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑟റ 𝑥 𝐹റ = (5 , -3) x (-3 , k) = 6𝑘,
∴ 5k – 9 = 6 5k= 15 k=3
Example (3):
the force 𝐹റ = 𝑖റ + 𝑗റ acts at the point A (2 ,2) prove that the moment vector of
𝐹റ about the origin point is the zero vector ,explain the answer ?
Solution
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑റ = 0⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑟റ 𝑥 𝐹റ = (2 , 2) x (1 , 1)= (2-2)𝑘 𝑘
∴ the line of action of 𝐹റ passes by the origin point

Example (4):
The two forces ⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹1 = 𝑖റ − 𝑗റ , ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹2 = 𝑚𝑖റ + 2𝑗റ act at the two points A( 3 ,0 ), B (0 ,3 )
respectively, determine the value of the constant m such that the sum of
moments of the two forces about the origin point vanishes.?
Solution
⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ2
𝑟1 × 𝐹 + ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ2 = ⃑0റ
𝑟1 × 𝐹
(3 , 0) x (1 ,- 1) + (0 , 3) x (m ,2) = 0⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑘
−3 − 3𝑚 = 0
−3𝑚 = 3
∴ 𝑚 = −1

Exercise (1)
1) The force 𝐹റ = 3𝑖റ + ⃑⃑⃑റ

4𝑗 act at the point A (3,0 ) find the moment vector of the
force with respect to the point B (-2,4) then find the length of perpendicular
from B to the line of action of the force 𝐹റ ?
2) The two forces ⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹1 = 𝑖റ + 6𝑗റ , ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹2 = 3𝑖റ − 2𝑗റ act at the point A(-1,2 )
find the moment vector of the two force with respect to the point B(0,7)
𝐹1 = ⃑⃑⃑റ
3) The two forces ⃑⃑⃑റ 5𝑖 + 𝑗റ , ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹2 = −𝑖റ + 2𝑗റ act at the point A(2,5) find the
moment vector of the two force with respect to the point B(1,1)
4) The force 𝐹റ = 𝑚𝑖റ + 𝑛𝑗
⃑⃑⃑റ at the point A (4,2) if its moment about the origin
point equals −15𝑘 ⃑റ and its moment about B (0 ,5 ) equals 15𝑘 ⃑റ
Find values of the constants m , n ?

⃑⃑⃑റ at the point A (-1,2 ) find the moment vector of the
5) The force 𝐹റ = 6𝑖റ + 8𝑗
force with respect to the point B (2,5)

Lesson (2)
Theorem of moments
The sum of algebraic measures of moments of a set of forces about a point equals the
moment of the resultant about the same point.
Notes :
1-if ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝑂 =𝑀 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑⃑⃑റ ̅̅̅̅
𝐻 , then the line of action of 𝐹 // 𝑂𝐻
2-if ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝑂 =−𝑀 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑⃑⃑റ ̅̅̅̅
𝐻 then the line of action of 𝐹 bisects 𝑂𝐻
Example (1):
The forces ⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ2 = −𝑖റ + 4𝑗റ and 𝐹

𝐹1 = 2𝑖റ + 3𝑗റ , 𝐹 ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ2 = 𝑖റ − 4𝑗റ act at the point A (-2,5) find sum
of the moments of the force about the origin point , then length of perpendicular from the
origin point on the line of action of the resultant ?
Solution
sum of moments of set of forces about a point = the moment of the resultant about the
same point
𝑅⃑റ= ⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ2 + 𝐹
𝐹1 + 𝐹 ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ3 = (2,3 ) R = √4 + 9 = √13
𝑀𝑜 = (-2 , 2) x (2 , 3)= -16⃑⃑⃑റ

⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ 𝑘
16
Length of perpendicular from the origin point to the line of action of the resultant =
√13
Example (2):
The forces ⃑⃑⃑റ

𝐹1 = (−4, 2) , 𝐹 ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ2 = (−6, −3) , , 𝐹
⃑⃑⃑⃑റ3 = (2,1) , ⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹4 = (3, −1) prove that the line
of action of the resultant passes through the point A (-10 ,- 2)
Solution

𝑅⃑റ = ( -5,-1)
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀 റ ⃑റ ⃑റ
𝐴 = 𝑟റ x 𝐹 = ( -10 , -2 ) x (-5 , -1 ) = ( 10 -10 ) 𝑘 = 𝑂
∴ the line of action of the resultant passes through the point A
Example (3):
The force 𝐹റ = −2𝑖റ − 3𝑗റ act at the point A (1,1 ) prove using the moments :
# the line of action of 𝐹റ // ⃡⃑⃑⃑⃑

𝐵𝐶
# the line of action of 𝐹റ bisects 𝐶𝐷

̅̅̅̅
Knowing that B ( 2,4 ) , C ( 4 ,7 ) , D ( 2 ,1 )
Solution
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑟റ x 𝐹റ = ( -1 , -3 ) x (-2 , -3 ) = −3 𝑘⃑റ
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀 റ ⃑റ
𝐶 = 𝑟റ x 𝐹 = ( -3 , -6 ) x (-2 , -3 ) = −3 𝑘
∴ ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝐵 = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝐶 ∴ the line of action of 𝐹റ // ⃡⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝐷 = 𝑟റ x 𝐹റ = ( -1 , 0 ) x (-2 , -3 ) = 3 𝑘⃑റ
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
∴𝑀 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐷 = −𝑀𝐶 ∴ the line of action of 𝐹റ bisects 𝐷𝐶
̅̅̅̅
Example (4):
ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 8cm, BC = 12 cm the forces 16 ,14 ,𝐹 ,K kg.wt. act at
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ , 𝐶𝐵
𝐴𝐵 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ , 𝐶𝐷
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ , 𝐴𝐷
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ respectively if the sum of the algebraic measure of the moments of the
forces about each of C and the centre of the rectangle is equal to zero .find 𝐹,K

Solution
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀 ⃑റ
𝐶 =0
K
D A
-16 X 12 + kX8 =0
8K = 192 ∴K= 24 gm.wt
8cm
F M 16
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝑀 = ⃑0റ
12cm
-16 X6 - F x 6 + 12 x4 + k x 4 = 0 C B
-16 x 6 - f x 6 + 12 x4 + 24 x4 =0 12
48 – 6F = 0
∴6F = 48 ∴ F = 8 gm.wt
Example (5):
ABCD is a square of side length 6 cm , forces of magnitudes 2 ,4,6 ,8 ,16√2 newton act at
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ , 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ , 𝐶𝐷
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ , 𝐷𝐴
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ , 𝐴𝐶
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ respectively ,calculate the sum of the algebraic measure of the
moments of the forces bout the vertex B .?
Solution
6
D C
𝐵𝐷=𝐴𝐶 =6√2 (Pythagoras theorem)
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝐵 = 6 X6 + 8 X6 - 16 √2 x 3√2
= 84 - 96 8 16√2 4
M
= -12 newton .cm

A B
2

Exercise (2)
𝐹1 = ⃑⃑⃑റ
1. The two forces ⃑⃑⃑റ 5𝑖 + 𝑗റ , ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹2 = −𝑖റ + 2𝑗റ act at the point A (2,5)
find the moment vector of the resultant of the two forces with respect to the
point B (1,1), then find the length of perpendicular from the point B to the
line of action of the resultant .
2. The two forces ⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑⃑⃑റ − 4𝑗റ , ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹1 = 5𝑖 𝐹2 = 𝑖റ − 4𝑗റ act at the origin point prove
that the line of action of the resultant passes through the point A(-3,4 ),
then find the vector of moment of the resultant with respect to the point B
(2,-5 ).
3. ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 8cm, BC = 4 cm the forces of
magnitudes 12 ,10 ,F ,K kg.wt act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐶𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐶𝐷 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐷 respectively ,if
the sum of algebraic measure of the moments of the forces vanishes about
each of A and C find F,K .
4. ABCD is a square its diagonals intersect at M , forces of magnitudes 6 ,
F ,K , 3 newton act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐶𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐶𝐷 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐷 respectively if the sum of the
algebraic measure of the moments of the forces vanishes about each of B
and M find F, K.

LESSON (3)
MOMENT OF A FORCE ABOUT A POINT IN
3-D COORDINATE SYSTEM
IF : 𝐹റ = (𝐹𝑋 , 𝐹𝑌 , 𝐹𝑍 ) acts at the point A( L ,m , n )
𝑖⃑റ 𝑗റ ⃑റ
𝑘
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
then : 𝑀 റ 𝐿 𝑚 𝑛 |
𝐴 = 𝑟റ x 𝐹 = |
𝐹𝑋 𝐹𝑌 𝐹𝑍
Example (1) :
⃑റ
The force 𝐹റ = 2𝑖റ − 𝑗റ + 3𝑘 act at the point A (-3,1,2 ) find the moment of the
force 𝐹റ about the point B ( 2,2,-1 ) ,then find the length of perpendicular from B
to the line of action of the force ?
Solution
𝑖റ 𝑗റ ⃑റ
𝑘
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑟റ x 𝐹റ = | −5 − 1
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ 3 | = 21 𝑗റ + 7𝑘⃑റ
2 −1 3
√02 +212+72
L= = √35 length unit
√22 +(−1)2 +32

Example (2) :
⃑റ
The force 𝐹റ = 𝐾𝑖റ + 4𝑗റ − 𝑘 acts at the point A its position vector with respect
to the origin point is (1 , 2 ,2 )and the component of the moment 𝐹റ about Y-
axis is 7 moment unit ,find the value of K ,then find the length of perpendicular
from ( O ) to the line of action of 𝐹റ ?
Solution
𝑖റ 𝑗റ 𝑘⃑റ
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝑂 = 𝑟റ x 𝐹റ = || 1 2 2 || = −10 𝑖റ − (−1 − 2𝐾 )7𝑗റ + (4 − 2𝐾)𝑘⃑റ
𝐾 4 −1
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
‖𝑀 𝑂‖ √(−10)2+72+(−2)2
L= = = 2.4 length unit
𝐹 √32+4 2+(−1)2

EXERCISE (3)
⃑റ acts at the point A (1,-1, 4 ) find :

1. If the force 𝐹റ = 2𝑖റ + 3𝑗റ − 𝑘
# the moment 𝐹റ about the origin point .
# the moment 𝐹റ about the point B(2,-3 ,1 ),then deduce the length of
Perpendicular from B to the line of action of the force.
⃑റ acts at the point A(4,-2,0 ) and the moment
2. If the force 𝐹റ = 2𝑖റ + 𝐿𝑗റ − 𝑘
⃑റ .What is the value of L
of 𝐹റ about the origin point equals 2𝑖റ + 4𝑗റ + 16𝑘
⃑റ acts at the point A(-1,3,-2 ) and the
3. If the force 𝐹റ = 2𝑖റ + 𝑏𝑗റ + 𝑘
component of the moment of 𝐹റ about X-axis is 3 moment unit ,find the
value of b ,then find the length of perpendicular from the origin point to the
line of action of the force.
4. A force 𝐹റ = 15𝑖റ − 25𝑗റ + 40𝑘 ⃑റ acts at the point A(-3,-3,2 ),find the
component of the moment of 𝐹റ about Y -axis

LESSON (4)
RESULTANT OF TWO PARALLEL FORCES
First resultant of two parallel forces in the same direction :
𝑅
R = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 𝐹2 𝐹1
then:
𝐹1 𝑥 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹2 𝑥 𝐵𝐶
B C A
Second :resultant of two parallel forces in the two opposite directions:

Suppose that 𝐹1 > 𝐹2
R = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 𝐹1 R
B
then: 𝐹1 𝑥 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐹2 𝑥 𝐵𝐶 A C
𝐹2
NOTE That :
If the norm of the resultant is less than one of two forces, then two forces are
in two opposite directions.
Example (1):
Two parallel forces are in the same direction of magnitudes 20 , 30 newton act at the
two points A , B respectively ,find the magnitude and the direction of the resultant of the
two forces and the distance between its point of action and the point B
knowing that AB = 100 cm
Solution
R = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 =20 + 30 =50 newton (and in the same direction of the two forces )
R
20 ( 100- x ) = 30 x

R 20
30
2000 -20 x = 30 x
50 x = 2000 100 - X
X
∴ x = 40 cm B C A
the magnitude of the resultant is 50 newtons in the direction of the two forces at 40 cm
from B .
EXAMPLE (2) :
𝐹1 , 𝐹2 are two parallel forces in opposite directions act at the two points A, B respectively,
𝐹1 > 𝐹2 , if the magnitude of the resultant of the two forces = 90 kg.wt and acts at the
⃡⃑⃑⃑⃑ where AB = 36 cm , AC = 16cm ,find 𝐹1 , 𝐹2
point C ∈ 𝐴𝐵 R
𝐹1
Solution
R = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2
B 36 cm 16 cm
∴ 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 = 90 (1) C A
𝐹1 × 16 = 𝐹2 × 52 (2)
𝐹2
By solving the two equations (1) , (2)
∴ 𝐹1 = 130 𝑘𝑔. 𝑤𝑡 , 𝐹2 = 40 𝑘𝑔. 𝑤𝑡

EXAMPLE (3):
Two parallel forces of magnitudes 12, F newton and their resultant is 3 newtons and its
line of action is 30 cm distant from the line of action of the first force, show that F has two
values and find the distance between the lines of action of the two forces in the two cases.
Solution
The resultant is less than one of the two forces:
12 R
∴ the two forces are in opposite directions and
FIRST : 12 > F B x 30
A C
R = 12- F cm
3 = 12- F F= 9 newton F
9( 30 +x) = 12 x 30 X = 10 cm

Then the force ( F ) of magnitude 9 newton and at 10 cm distant from the first force .
R
SECOND : 12 > F F
R = F - 12
3 = F - 12
A x 30 - x
F = 15 newton B cm C
15 (30 - x )= 12 x 30
12
x = 6 cm
then the force(F) of magnitude 15 newton and at 6 cm distant from the first force.

Exercise (4)
1- Two parallel forces of magnitudes 4,6 newton act in the same direction and
act the two points A,B where :AB= 25 cm find the resultant of the two forces
2-Find the resultant of two parallel forces in opposite directions if their
magnitudes are 7,12 newton and act at A, B where AB =20 cm.
3- Two parallel forces the magnitude of their resultant is 350 newton , the
magnitude of one of the two forces is 500 newton and acts at a distance 51 cm
from the resultant find the second force and the distance between the two lines
of action of the two forces if the given force and the resultant act :
First: in the same direction Second: in two opposite directions
4- Two parallel forces and in two opposite directions of magnitudes 7 ,12 newton
find the magnitude of their resultant.
5-Two parallel forces in the same directions of magnitudes 7 ,10 newton act at
the two points A, B where:
AB = 51 cm if their resultant act at the point C find AC

LESSON (5)
RESULTANT OF A SET OF PARALLEL FORCES
Example (1) : 7
9 5
In the opposite figure :
Find the magnitude and 40 cm 30 cm
the direction of the resultant? B C A
solution
R= 5 + 7 +9 = 21 force unit (upwards)
Sum of moments about A = the moment of the resultant about A
-7 X 30 -9 X70 = -21 x X
∴ X = 40 cm
The magnitude of the resultant is 21 force unit upwards to the left of (A) and
at 40 cm
distant from it.
Example (2) :
18 16
In the opposite figure:
Find the magnitude and the direction
20 D
20 cm C 20 cm
of the resultant? B A
14 8
Solution
R= 16 + 18 – 8 -14 = 12 force unit (upwards)
Sum of moments about B = moment of the resultant about B

-14 x 20 - 8 x 40 + 16 x 60 = 12 x X
∴ X = 30 cm
The magnitude of the resultant is 12 force unit upwards to the right of (B ) and at 30 cm
distant from it .
Example (3) :
A , B,C, D ,E are five points lie on a straight line where : AB = 4 cm , BC = 2 cm , CD = 3 cm,
DE = 2 cm , the two forces 20 , 30 newton act vertically upwards at the two points
B ,D and the two forces 40 ,60 newton act vertically downwards at the two points A ,C find
the magnitude and the direction of the resultant and the point of action of the resultant .
Solution
In the opposite figure: 30 20
Find the magnitude and the direction

D
of the resultant? 2 cm 3 cm 2 cm 4cm A
E CCC B C
Solution
R= 40 + 60 - 20 - 30 = 50 newton ( downwards) 60 40
00
Sum of moments of the forces about E = the moment of the resultant about E
- 40 x 11 – 60 x 5 + 20 x 7 + 30 x 2 = -50 x X
∴ X = 10.8 cm
The magnitude of the resultant is 12 newton downwards to the left of ( E )
and at a distance 10.8 cm from it

Exercise (5)
6 4 3
1- In the opposite figure :
A set of parallel forces are
perpendicular to 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ D E
B 1 cm 1 cm C 2cm A
find the magnitude, the direction and
the point of action of the resultant? 1 5
2- A , B,C, D ,E are five points lie on a straight line where : AB = 4 cm , BC = 6 cm

, CD = 8 cm
and DE = 10 cm , the forces 60 , 30 , 50 , 80 , 40 gm.wt act at the points A ,B C ,

D ,E respectively and they are perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐸 , such that the first three
forces in the same direction and the other two forces in the opposite direction
,determine the resultant of the set of forces ?
B 1 cm E 1 cm C 1 cm A
3-In the opposite figure:
Four weights of magnitudes 1 ,7 ,5,3 gm.wt
are placed on a light rod. determine the 3 5 7 1
point of suspension which keeps the rod horizontal?

LESSON (6)
Equilibrium a set of coplanar parallel forces
If a body is in equilibrium under the action of set of coplanar parallel forces then
:
 The sum of algebraic measures of the forces = zero
 The sum of algebraic measures of the moments of the forces about any
point in its plane
equals zero
Expressions guide to the equilibrium:
About to move – about to rotate – without upsetting the equilibrium –

the least weight can be hanged - the maximum weight can be hanged
Example (1) :
̅̅̅̅ is a uniform rod of length 60 cm and weight 40 gm .wt rests on a support
𝐴𝐵
at 20 cm distant from A ,the rod is kept in equilibrium horizontally by a light
vertical string connects at its end B ,find the magnitude of the tension in the
string and the reaction of the support ?
Solution
T M r
r + T = 40
C
B 30 10 20 A
the sum of moments of the forces about C = cm
zero cm cm
40 x 10 -T x 40 = zero 40
∴ T = 10 gm.wt
∴ r= 30 gm.wt

Example (2) :
̅̅̅̅ is a uniform rod of length 40 cm and weight 6 kg .wt rests horizontally on
𝐴𝐵
two supports at C and D , the distance between the two supports is 20 cm, it is
found that the rod is about to rotate if a weight 9 kg.wt is suspended from A.
find the distance between the two supports.
Solution
D M c A
X 20 -X X 20 -X
6 9
when a weight 9 kg.wt hanged from A, then the rod about to rotate
∴ 𝑟2 = 0
the sum of moments of forces about C = 0
6 X - 9 (20 - X ) = 0
6X -180 + 9X = 0 ∴ X = 12 cm
∴ the distance between the support C and the point A = 8 cm
the distance between the support D and the point B = 12 cm
Example (3) :
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 is a uniform rod its length 60 cm and weight 3.6 kg .wt. rests horizontally on
two supports one of them is 5 cm distant from A and the other is 10 cm distant
from B, find the pressure on the two supports, then the maximum weight can
be hanged from the end B without upsetting the equilibrium of the rod?

Solution
B D M c A
10cm 20 cm 25cm
W 3.6
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 =3.6
The sum of moments of the forces about c =0
3.6 x 25 -𝑟2 x 45 =0
∴ 𝑟2 = 2 kg.wt
𝑟1 = 1.6 kg.w
Note that :
When hanging the weight at B
𝑟1 = 0
The sum of moments of the forces about D = 0
W x 10 – 3.6 x 20 =0
∴W = 7.2 kg.wt

Exercise (6)
1-Two supports at A,B at a distance 20 cm from the two ends of a wooden board
of length 200 cm and weight 16 kg.wt. acts at its midpoint and carries a box of
weight 24kg.wt.at 60cm from the support ( A ) .
Find the pressure on the two supports?
2-AB is a uniform wooden board of mass 10 kg. and length 4 metre rests in a
horizontal position on two supports one of them at A and the other at a point
1 metre distant from B , show the distance at which a child of weight 50 kg.wt
stands on the board to make the reactions on the two supports equal.?
3-A rod AB its length 90 cm and weight 50 newton and acts at its midpoint rests
in a horizontal position on two supports one of them at A and the other at C
30 cm distant from B and carries a weight 20 newton at a point 15 cm distant
from B, determine the values of the pressure on each support, also find the
magnitude of the weight should be hanged from the end B to make the rod
about to rotate.
4-A uniform rod of length 2 metres and mass 75 kg.wt. rests in a horizontal
position on two supports at its ends, a weight 15 kg.wt.is suspended from
a point on the rod at 50 cm distant from one of its ends, find the reaction on
each support

Lesson 7
Couple
Definition:
F
Couple: a system of two forces of equal magnitudes
and in opposite directions and acting in different lines of action.
F
Theorem:
The moment of a couple is a constant vector does not dependent on the point
⃑𝑭റ
about which we take the moments of the two forces
⃑⃑റ = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀 𝐵𝐴 × 𝐹റ = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐴𝐵 × −𝐹റ 𝑨
𝑩
 Norm of the moment of the couple =
⃑റ the line
magnitude of one of the two forces x the perpendicular distance between
−𝑭
of action of two forces
M=Fxr
+
 The sign of the algebraic moment of the couple is negative

if the rotation is clockwise.
 The sign of the algebraic moment of the couple is positive
if the rotation is anticlockwise.
Definition:
 If the two couples are in equilibrium, then the sum of their moments = zero
i.e. M1 + M2 = 0
 If the two couples are equivalent, then M1 = M2
Example 1:
Two forces 𝐹റ1 = 2𝑖റ − 𝑏𝑗റ, 𝐹റ2 = 𝑎𝑖റ − 5𝑗റ are forming a couple. Find a and b

Solution
∵ The two forces form a couple ⃑റ𝟏 = −𝑭
∴𝑭 ⃑റ𝟐
∴ a = -2 b=5
Example 2:
If the magnitude of the moment of a couple is 350 newton.m and the
magnitude of one of the two forces is 70 newton, then: find the length
of
the arm of the moment.
Solution
M=Fxr ∴ 350 = 70𝑟 ∴ 𝑟 = 5 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒
Example 3:
Two forces ⃑𝑭റ𝟏 = 𝟓𝒊റ + 𝑎𝒚𝒋 ⃑റ ,
⃑⃑⃑⃑റ + 𝟑𝒌 ⃑റ are forming
⃑𝑭റ𝟐 = 𝑏𝒊റ − 𝟗𝒋റ + 𝒄𝒌
a couple. Find a + b + c
Solution
𝑏 = -5 , 𝑎 = 9 , 𝑐=-3 ∴ 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 = 1
Example 4:
⃑റ𝟏 , 𝑭
If 𝑭 ⃑റ𝟐 are two forces form a couple where 𝑭 ⃑റ𝟏 = −𝟑𝒊റ + 𝟐𝒋റ acts at
the point A (1, 1), ⃑𝑭റ𝟐 acts at the point B (-1, -2) find the moment of
the couple and the length of perpendicular drawing from A on the
line of action of ⃑𝑭റ𝟐
Solution
⃑𝑴 𝑨𝑩 × ⃑𝑭റ𝟐 =(-2,-3) x (3 ,-2) = ( 4+ 9) ⃑𝒌റ = 13 ⃑𝒌റ
⃑⃑റ = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
M=Fxr ∴ 13 = √13 𝑟 ∴ √13 length unit

Exercise (7)
1. Two forces 𝐹റ1 = 3𝑖റ − 𝑏𝑗റ, 𝐹റ2 = 𝑎𝑖റ − 5𝑗റ are forming a couple. Find (a , b)
2. A couple consists of two forces each of magnitude 12 newton and the length
of perpendicular between them is 8 cm is equivalent to a couple of two forces
the perpendicular distance between them 6 cm. Find the magnitude of each its
two forces
3. If 𝐹റ1 = 4𝑖റ − 𝑎𝑗റ, 𝐹റ2 = 2𝑏𝑖റ − 5𝑗റ are forming a couple. Find 2a + b
4. If ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀1, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ 𝑀1 = 20⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀2 are two equilibrium couples and ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ1 − ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑘 , then: find 𝑀 𝑀2
5. If 𝐹റ1 , 𝐹റ2 are two forces act at the two points A(1, 3), B (0, 5) respectively
⃑റ , find 𝐹റ1
and form a couple its moment vector is 20 𝑘

Lesson (8)
Resultant couple ( First case )
First case:
If a set of forces form many couples,
then the set is equivalent a resultant couple.
Its moment = the sum of algebraic measure of the moment of these couples
Example (1)
ABCD is a square of side length 30 cm, forces of magnitude 6, 4, 6, 4
newton act at 𝐴𝐵⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ , 𝐶𝐵
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ , 𝐶𝐷,
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ 𝐴𝐷
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ respectively and two forces each of
magnitude 2√2 newton act at the two points A , B in the direction of
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐵𝐷, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐷𝐵 respectively . Find the algebraic measure of the moment of
the couple which equivalent to the system.
𝟒
 The two forces (4, 4) form a couple D C
∴M1=4 x 30 = 129 newton.cm 𝟔 𝟐√𝟐
𝟔
 The two forces (6, 6) form a couple 𝟐√𝟐
∴M2= - 6 x 30 = -180 newton.cm

A B
 The two forces (2√2, 2√2) form a couple 𝟒
∴M2= - 2√2x 30√2 = -120 newton.cm
∴ the system is equivalent to a couple the algebraic measure of its
moment = 120 – 180 – 120 = -180 newton.cm
Remember that:
 The two diagonals of the square are perpendicular, equal in length and
bisect each other
 The length of the diagonal = √2 L where L is the side length

Example (2)
ABCD is a parallelogram in which AB = 6cm, BC= 8cm, m(∡A)= 60o. forces
of magnitude 6, 9, 6, 9 gm. wt act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐴𝐵, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐶𝐵, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐶𝐷, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐴𝐷 respectively prove
that the system equivalent to a couple and find its moment.
Solution
 Two diagonals are not equal , not perpendicular and bisect each other.
 Each two opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
9
BE= 6 sin 60O = 3 √3 cm E
D o
A
60
BO = 8 sin 60O=3 √3 cm 6
 The two forces (6, 6) form a couple O 6
∴M1= - 6 x 4 √3 = -24 √3 hg.wt.cm o 6cm

60
C
 The two forces (9, 9) form a couple B
8cm 9
∴M2= 9 x 3 √3 = 27 √3 hg.wt.cm
 ∴ the system is equivalent to a couple,

the algebraic measure of its moment = 3 √3 gm.wt.cm
Example (4):
ABCD is a rectangle in which AB =30 cm,BC = 40 cm . forces of magnitude
15, 30, 15, 30 newton act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐵𝐴, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐵𝐶 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐷𝐶, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐷𝐴 respectively, prove that the
system equivalent to a couple and find its moment and then find two forces act
perpendicular to ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 at the two points A and C which make the system is in
equilibrium. 𝟑𝟎
Solution D A
 The two forces (15, 15) form a couple
∴M1= 15 x 40 = 600 newton.cm 𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
 The two forces (30, 30) form a couple B

C
𝟑𝟎

∴M2= - 30 x 30 = -900 newton.cm

The system is equivalent to a couple,
the algebraic measure of its moment = -300 newton.cm
 To make the system in equilibrium F x AC – 300 = zero
 ∴ F = 6 newton the two forces are 6, 6 newton
Remember that:
 The two diagonals of the rectangle are equal in length, are not
perpendicular and bisect each other
 Each two opposite sides are parallel and equal in length.
 All its angels are equal in measure, each of measure 90o

Exercise (8)
𝟏𝟐
1. In the opposite figure : D C
ABCDI is a square 𝟖
𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎
𝟖
Find the algebraic measure of the moment of the 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒎

A B
couple of the system of forces shown in the figure. 𝟏𝟐
2. ABCD is a rectangle in which AB =12 cm, AD = 5 cm two forces each of
magnitude 39 newton act at the two points A,C and their line of action in
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ , 𝐷𝐵
direction of 𝐵𝐷 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ .Find the norm of the moment of the couple
3. ABCD is a rectangle in which AB =30 cm, BC = 40 cm . forces of
magnitude 15, 30, 15, 30 newton act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ

𝐵𝐴, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐵𝐶 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐷𝐶, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐷𝐴 respectively find the
algebraic measure of the moment of the given forces. If two forces act at the two
̅̅̅̅ which make the system in equilibrium

points A and C perpendicular to 𝐴𝐶
find the two forces.
4. ABCD is a parallelogram in which CD = 6cm, AD= 8cm, m(∠C) = 60o.
forces of magnitude 8, 10, 8, 10 gm. wt act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ

𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐶𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐶𝐷, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐴𝐷 respectively
prove that the system equivalent to a couple and find its moment.

Lesson (9)
Resultant couple (second and third)
case)
Second case:
A system of coplanar forces is said to be equivalent to a couple if the following

two conditions are satisfied together:
1. The sum of the algebraic components of the forces in any direction = zero.
2. The sum of the moment of the forces about any point ≠ 0
Third case:
If the sum of the algebraic measure of the moment of a system of coplanar forces
with respect to three non collinear point in its plane is constant and is not equal
to zero, this system equivalent to a couple the algebraic measure of its moment
equals this constant.
Example (1):
The forces 𝐹റ1 = 2𝑖റ + 3𝑗റ, 𝐹റ2 = 𝑖റ + 2𝑗റ , ⃑⃑⃑റ

𝐹3 = −6𝑖റ + 𝑗റ, 𝐹റ4 = 3𝑖റ − 6𝑗റ
act at the points A (2 , 4), B (3 , 2), C (1 , 2), D (1 , 1).
Prove that the system equivalent to a couple and find its moment
Solution
⃑റ
𝑅⃑റ = (2,3) + (1,2) + (−6,1) + (3, −6) = 0
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝑂 = (2,4) × (2,3) + (3,2) × (1,2) + (1,2) × (−6,1) + (1,1) × (3, −6)
⃑റ + 4 𝑘
= -2 𝑘 ⃑റ + 13 𝑘 - 9𝑘
⃑റ = 6 𝑘
⃑റ

∴ The system is equivalent to a couple

the algebraic measure of its moment = 6 moment unit
Example(2):
The two forces 𝐹റ1 = 3𝑖റ − 4𝑗റ, 𝐹റ2 = −3𝑖റ − 4𝑗റ act at A(1, 2), B (-3 ,4)
respectively. Prove that they form a couple and find the norm of its moment.
Solution
𝑅⃑റ = (3, −4) + (−3,4) = ⃑റ
0
𝑀𝐵 = ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ 𝐹 = (4, −2) × (3, −4) = −10 ⃑𝑘റ
𝐵𝐴 × ⃑⃑റ
∴The system is equivalent to a couple the norm of its moment = 10 moment unit
Example (3):
ABCD is a square of side length 30 cm , forces of magnitude 8, 10, 8, 10
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ , 𝐶𝐵
newton act at 𝐴𝐵 ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ , 𝐶𝐷,
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ 𝐴𝐷
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ respectively . Find the algebraic
measure of the moment of the couple which equivalent to the system.
Solution 𝟒
D C
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝐴 = −6 × 30 + 4 × 30 = −60 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛. 𝑐𝑚 𝟔
𝟔
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝐵 = −6 × 30 + 4 × 30 = −60 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛. 𝑐𝑚
𝟑𝟎𝒄𝒎
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑀𝐶 = −6 × 30 + 4 × 30 = −60 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛. 𝑐𝑚 A B
𝟒
The system equivalent to a couple,
the algebraic measure of its moment = -60 newton.cm
Notice that:
This example can be solved by using the first case.

Exercise (9)
𝟏𝟐
1. In the opposite figure: D C
𝟖
By using the third case
𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎
𝟖
find the algebraic measure of the moment 𝟏𝟔𝒄𝒎

A B
of the couple equivalent to the given system. 𝟏𝟐
2. In the opposite figure: 𝟏𝟎

E D
ABCDEF is a regular hexagon whose
𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟐
side length is10 cm.

F C
By using the third case
𝟏𝟒
𝟏𝟐
find the algebraic measure of the moment A B
𝟏𝟎
of the couple that equivalent to the given system.
Notice that:
The perpendicular distance between any two parallel sides in the regular
hexagon of side length L is √3 𝐿
3. The forces 𝐹റ1 = 2𝑖റ − 4𝑗റ, 𝐹റ2 = 𝑖റ − 3𝑗റ , ⃑⃑⃑⃑റ

𝐹3 = −3𝑖റ + 7𝑗റ act at the points
A(-1 , 1), B (-2 , 3), C (0 , 1) respectively .
Prove that the system is equivalent a couple and find the norm of its moment

Lesson (10)
The fourth case:
If three coplanar forces act on a rigid body and are completely
represented by the sides of a triangle taken the same way round, then
this system is equivalent to a couple.
The magnitude of its moment = 2 × the area of the triangle × the magnitude of
the force represented the unit length
 This rule is generalized for more than three forces.
Example (1):
ABC is an equilateral triangle of side length 10 cm, equal forces of
magnitude 2 newton act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐵𝐶 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐶𝐴 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐴𝐵 respectively. Find the
magnitude of the moment of the equivalent couple to the system.
Solution
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 2 1
The forces in one cyclic order = =
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑛𝑡ℎ 10 5
1 1
The magnitude of its moment = 2 × × 10 × 10 sin 60° × = 10√3newton.cm
2 5
Example (2):
ABC is a right angled triangle at A, AB = 4 cm, AC = 3 cm the shown
forces measured by newton are represented completely by the sides of

A
the triangle. Find F1 + F2 F1
8
4cm
C B
F2

Solution
BC = 5cm (Pythagoras theorem)
The forces in one cyclic order and represented completely by the sides of the
triangle.
8 𝐹1 𝐹2
∴ = = ∴ 𝐹1 = 6 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛, 𝐹2 = 10 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
4 3 5
∴ 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 16𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
Example (3):
ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 9, BC = 24 cm, O is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷, the
forces of magnitude 18, 48, 30, 24 gm.wt act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐴𝐵, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐵𝐶 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐶𝑂, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝑂𝐴
respectively. Prove that the system equivalent a couple and find the
magnitude of its moment.
Solution
CO = 15 cm (Pythagoras theorem)
The forces in one cyclic order and represented completely by the sides of the
triangle.
18 48 24
∴ = = =2 ∴ the system is equivalent to a couple
9 24 12
The magnitude of its moment = 2 × the area of the triangle × the magnitude of
the force represented the unit length
The magnitude of its moment = 𝟐𝟒
𝟏𝟐𝒄𝒎 O
1 D A
2× (24+12) × 9× 2 = 324 𝑔𝑚. 𝑤𝑡 . 𝑐𝑚
2
𝟑𝟎
𝟗𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟖
𝟐𝟒𝒄𝒎
C B
𝟒𝟖

Exercise (10)
1. ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC = 13 cm, BC = 24 cm, the forces of
magnitude 39, 72, 39 newton act at the ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐵𝐶 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐶𝐴 respectively. Prove that
the system equivalent a couple and find the magnitude of its moment.
2. ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 9cm, BC= 24cm,X is the midpoint of
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 forces of magnitudes 27, 36, 45 newton act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ 𝐵𝑋, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑ 𝑋𝐴 respectively.
Prove that the system equivalent to a couple and find the magnitude of its
moment.
3. ABC is a triangle in which AB = 7 cm, BC = 8 cm, m (∠ABC) = 120O
forces of magnitude 17.5, 20, 32.5 newton act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐵𝐶 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐶𝐴 respectively if
the system equivalent to a couple find the magnitude of its moment.
4. Three forces of magnitude 10.5, 12, 19.5 newton represented completely by
the directed line segment ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐵𝐶 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐶𝐴 respectively on the triangle ABC
where AC= 13 cm, then
5. ABCD is a trapezium in which ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐷 // ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 , m(∠ A) = 90o , AD = 10 cm ,
AB = 12 cm , BC = 15 cm forces of magnitude F1 , F2, 26, F3 newton act on
⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐵𝐶 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐶𝐷, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐷𝐴 respectively. If the system equivalent to a couple find the
value of F1 + F2 + F3

Test
First question
1. ABC is a triangle in which AB = 7 cm, BC = 8 cm, m(∡ABC) = 120O forces
of magnitude 17.5 , 20, 32.5 newton act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐵𝐶 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑
𝐶𝐴 respectively if the
system. equivalent to a couple find the magnitude of its moment.
2. The force ⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹 = 6𝑖റ + 8𝑗റ act at a point A(-1,2) find the moment of ⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐹 about
the point B (2, 5)
Second question:
1. Two forces 𝐹റ1 = 5𝑖റ − 4𝑗റ, 𝐹റ2 = 𝑖റ − 4𝑗റ act at the origin point, prove that the
line of action of their resultant passes through the point A (-3.4). Find the
moment vector of the resultant about the point B ( 2, -5). 𝟏𝟎
E D
2. In the opposite figure: 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟒
ABCDEF is a regular hexagon whose
side length 10 cm. F C
find the algebraic measure of the moment 𝟏𝟒

𝟏𝟐
of the couple that equivalent to the given system. A B
𝟏𝟎
Third question:
1. If the force 𝐹⃑⃑⃑റ = 2𝑖⃑റ − 𝑙𝑗⃑റ − ⃑⃑⃑റ

𝑘 acts at the point A (4 , -2 , 0), the moment
𝐹 about the origin point equals 2𝑖⃑റ + 4𝑗⃑റ + 16 ⃑⃑⃑റ
of ⃑⃑⃑റ 𝑘 , then find the value of 𝑙

2. ABCD is a parallelogram in which CD = 6cm, AD= 8cm, m(∠C)= 60o.
forces of magnitude 8, 10, 8, 10 gm. wt act at ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ

𝐴𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐶𝐵 , ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐶𝐷, ⃑⃑⃑⃑⃑റ
𝐴𝐷 respectively
prove that the system equivalent to a couple and find its moment.
Fourth question:
1. Two parallel forces of magnitude 4, 6 newton act at the points A and B in

the same direction, AB= 25 cm find the resultant of the two forces.
2. A couple consists of two forces each of magnitude 12newton and the
perpendicular distance between them equals 8 cm, is equivalent to another
couple consists of two forces and the perpendicular distance between them
6 cm find the magnitude of the two forces.
H C A
B
1cm 1cm 1cm
Fifth question:
3 5 7 1
1. In the opposite figure :
Four weights of magnitudes 1, 7, 5, 3 kg.wt are placed on a light rod.
Determine the point of suspension that makes the rod in horizontal
position.
2. 𝐴𝐵 is a regular rod of length 40 cm and weight 6 kg.wt rests on two
supports at C and D in horizontal position , the distance between the two
supports is 20 cm .If a weight of magnitude 9 kg.wt is suspended at the
point A, it makes the rod about to rotate. Find the position of the two
supports

Evaluation

Static + Expo + LOG 1+Prm.+Comp T1

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Administration and Operation Unit of Applied Technology Schools.

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 1

Student's guide Contents

Unit number Subject Page

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 2

Lesson number Subject Page

Ninth Factorial of a number, Permutations 31

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 3

Lesson Subject Page

Ninth Resultant couple (second and third case) 70

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 4

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 5

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 6

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 7

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 8

(2) (3- 2 )2 × (33)-1

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 9

Rules of solving exponential equations:

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 10

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 11

Find the value of x which satisfies the equation:

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 12

(1) Find the Solution Set of the following equations in R:

(2) If 5x = 2 then 25x = ………..

(3) Find the Solution Set of the following equations:

(4) Find in R the Solution Set of the following equations:

(5) If 3 x+1 – 3 x – 1 = 72, find the value of x

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 13

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 14

S.S. = { 32, -32}

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 15

(2) If f(x) = 7x, find the value of x which satisfies:

(3) If f(x) = 3x, find the value of x which satisfies:

(4) Solve the equation:

(5) Solve the equation:

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 16

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 17

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 18

(1) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝟐𝐱 − 𝟓) = 1

(2) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱(𝐱 + 𝟐) = 2

(4) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟓𝐱 = 2

(5) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟐𝟕 = x + 2

(6) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 (𝟒𝐱 − 𝟐) = x

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 19

(3) log xn = n log x

log 10 = 1 , log 100 = 2 , log 1000 = 3

log 0.1 = - 1 , log 0.01 = -2 , log 0.001 = -3

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 20

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 21

(1) Simplify to the simplest form: log 2 + log 5

(2) Simplify to the simplest form: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟏𝟓 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟑

(3) Simplify to the simplest form: log 54 – 3 log 3 – log 2

(5) Prove that: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟑𝟖 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟒𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟓𝟔 – 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟏𝟗 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐𝟒 = 3

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 22

(log x)2 = (log 3)2

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 23

Algebra + Statics Third Form Secondary– 1st Term 24

(1) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝐱 𝟐 = 2

(2) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐(𝐱 + 𝟏𝟐) = 3

(3) Find the Solution Set of the following equation:

(4) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐𝐱 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝐱 = 3

(5) Solve the equation: log (x+ 8) – log (x – 1) = 1

(6) Solve the equation: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 ( 𝐱 + 𝟔) = 2 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝐱