MATHEMATICS IN MODERN WORLD

REVIEWER

CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF MATHEMATICS

MATHEMATICS MISCONCEPTIONS

1. Mathematics is NOT just a collection of FORMULAS and TECHNIQUES for solving

problems.
2. Mathematics in modern issues is too COMPLEX for an average person to
understand.
3. Mathematics makes no allowance for creativity.
4. Mathematics is DULL and DIFFICULT
5. Mathematics is IRRELEVANT in your day-to-day life.
6. Mathematics requires INHERENT intellectual abilities.

The word MATHEMATICS is from the Greek word “MATHESIS “ meaning “that which is
learned” and “MATHEMA“ meaning inclined to learn”. These words were first used by the
Pythagoreans around 600 BCE. However, the origin of what we call “mathematics” is as
far back as when prehistoric humans started to develop awareness of form and quantity
(Math Through The Ages, 2019).
Mathematics as a FIELD OF STUDY – Math is an abstract study of patterns, structures
and relations of numbers, quantities and spaces.
Mathematics as a HUMAN ENDEAVOR – Math is a way of understanding phenomena –
real world or abstract in nature.
MATHEMATICAL THINKING is a way of thinking by finding PATTERNS,
RELATIONSHIPS and SOLUTIONS that does not have to be about mathematics. Logical
thinking, analytical thinking and quantitative reasoning are manifestations of mathematical
thinking.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) – some processes of mathematical
thinking are as follows: problem solving, reasoning and proof, communication, connections,
representations.
DEPED specific skills in K-12 Math Curriculum – knowing and understanding, estimating,
computing and solving, visualizing and modeling, representing and communicating,
reasoning, connecting, applying, proving, decision making.

MATHEMATICAL LITERACY – In the 21st century, at the least people should also be able
to read and write. Social interactions are made everyday through their communication skills.
For the modern world, one skill everyone should attain is MATHEMATICAL LITERACY or
NUMERACY.
FORMS OF MATHEMATICAL LITERACY
1. QUANTITATIVE LITERACY – or (numerical literacy) is the ability to interpret and
reason with quantitive information fundamental to every discipline of study and to
different issues in society. (Apply it when solving real world problems). On the other hand,
INNUMERACY is the lack of quantitative literacy.
2. VOCATIONAL MATHEMATICS involves routine application of known mathematical
tools for specific work or activity such as balancing accounts, dressmaking, scheduling,
machine operations, etc.
3. APPLIED MATHEMATICS is for the development and application of mathematical
principles in different disciplines. This involves application of known MATHEMATICAL
TOOLS to problems of immediate interest.
4. THEORETICAL MATHEMATICS or (pure mathematics) refers to DISCOVERY of
new mathematical principles which form the basic framework of the different areas of the
mathematical sciences. Theoretical mathematical concept are usually independent of any
applications outside mathematics.
Merriam-Webster dictionary defined mathematics as the science of numbers.
Oxford Languages defined mathematics as the abstract science of number, quantity and
space.

History of Mathematics
NUMBER PATTERNS – refers to a sequence of number that follows an sequence in
mathematics.

Patterns – can be used to describe numerical sequences.

TYPES OF NUMBER PATTERNS

1. ARITHMETIC SEQUENCE – are sequences of numbers with constant differences
between consecutive terms in mathematics. Common differences between consecutive terms
are called COMMON DIFFERENCE (Addition 1, 4, 7, 10, 13).
2. GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE – the geometric progression is a relation between two non-
zero numbers in which, after the first term, each succeeding term is found by multiplying the
previous term with a fixed, non-zero number.

SPECIAL SEQUENCE OF NUMBER PATTERNS

1. SQUARE NUMBERS – a square number is an integer that is the square of another
integer. Sixteen is a square number that can be written as a square of the number four.

2. CUBE NUMBERS – is one that has been multiplied three times by itself.
3. TRIANGULAR NUMBERS – are used to count items arranged in EQUILATERAL
triangles.

4. FIBONACCI NUMBERS – each number equals the sum of the two preceding ones,
starting with zero and one. ( 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8).
LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS is more than just numbers and symbols. It is delivered in a straight to the
point manner, without hidden agenda and biases. Translate English language in a
mathematical statement.
CHARACTERISTICS – The mathematics language should be PRECISE, CONCISE
and POWERFUL. It should be able to make an:
Accurate expression and very fine distinction (precise)
Say things briefly (concise)
Express complex thoughts with comparative event (powerful) MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSION does not express a complete thought. MATHEMATICAL
SENTENCE expresses a complete mathematical thought. WRITING
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION AND SENTENCES
1. Identify the variables and constants.
2. Determine the connectors
3. Perform the translation of the phrase into symbols.
One and a number is five
One and a number is five
1 + x = 5
Variable – a number,
Constant – one, five
Connectors – and, is
Thus, we get the mathematical sentence 1+x=5
IMPORTANT VOCABULARY
Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Equal
sum less multiplied divide is/are
plus minus per quotient same as
add decrease or/by of split equals
more than less than as much part equal to
raise left twice per result
combined loss by ratio
in all lost area out of
additional subtract from volume average
together diminished product each
both doubled
added to tripled

HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS – SA GCR NA LANG.

CHAPTER 2. MATHEMATICS IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES
THE GOLDEN RATIO – symbolizes the golden ratio. It is a number found by taking
a stick and breaking it into two portions. The ratio between the two portions is
the same as the ratio between the original stick and the larger segment, the portions are said
to be on the golden ratio. (Equation nasa gcr).

You can use the golden ratio for design.

• It can be used in typography and hierarchy, in choosing the font size of headers and body.
• It can also be used to identify the white space to cut out when cropping an image. You use
the golden ratio to balance after resizing a photo.
At the core of both math and art lies the concept of patterns. Art forms employ symmetries
and transformations that move an object along a line or in the plane without changing its size
or shape.
Math can be keenly felt in the arts in two ways:
1) when its concepts are used as artistic tools; and
2) when it becomes a major subject of the piece of art.

SYMMETRY IN VISUAL ARTS

There is symmetry if one shape becomes exactly like another when you move it in some way
such as turn, flip, or slide, Symmetry occurs when the shape of the object is the same around
a certain line called the AXIS OF SYMMETRY. The initial image is called the PRE-
IMAGE, and the second image is called the IMAGE.
SYMMETRIC PATTERN, a particular part of the design is repeated to get perfect
symmetry. AN ASYMMETRICAL is an object without symmetry.
TYPES OF SYMMETRY
1. LINE OF SYMMETRY (also known as bilateral symmetry) - When an object is
reflected across a line, and half of the image is the same as the other half. It is the “mirror”
effect. (reflection of other side is called line of symmetry or mirror symmetry both
having horizontal and vertical lines).
2. ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY - When an object is rotated in a certain direction around a
point. It occurs when an object is rotated about a fixed center (a point that does not move) or
a vertex by an angle greater than 0° but less than 360°.
THE ANGLE OF ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY is the smallest angle through which an
object can be rotated to coincide with itself. ORDER OF ROTATION is the number or
rotations.
3. GLIDE SYMMETRY - When an object is relocated to another position while maintaining
its general or exact orientation. It is the act of “sliding” an object into a new location without
change to its shape, size, or orientation.
4. TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY - It is the combination of reflection symmetry and
translation symmetry. First is the mirror reflection and followed by a translational parallel to
the mirror.
FRACTALS are a NEVER ENDING pattern. It is infinitely complex patterns that are self-
similar across different scales, created by repeating a process over and over in an ongoing
loop.
TWO CATEGORIES
1. Objects that occur in NATURE - Natural objects show symmetry over a limited range of
scales. Examples: Ferns, Clouds, Lightning.
2. MATHEMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS - In contrast to naturally occurring fractals,
mathematical fractals can possess an infinite range of symmetry. Examples: Kosh Curve,
Sierpinski Gasket.
MOBIUS STRIPS - the Möbius strip is perhaps the prime example, and Escher made many
representations of it. It has the curious property that it has only one side, and one edge.
CYCLE; lithograph 1938 – the running figures emerge from an elderly world to descend
into a topsyturvey chaos, but this chaos itself gives rise to the very order from which the
figure emerge.
TESSELATIONS – tiles in the Alhambra drawing, 1936 – Regular divisions of the plane
called tessellations, are arrangements of closed shapes that completely cover the plane
without overlapping and without leaving gaps.

MATHEMATICAL ARTS OF M.C. ESCHER

MAURITS CORNELIS ESCHER – created unique and fascinating works of art that explore
and exhibit a wide range of mathematical ideas.
- was born in Leeuwarden, Holland in 1898.
- when he was in school, his family planned for him to follow his Father’s career of
architecture.
- however, poor grades and an aptitude for drawing and design led him to a career in graphic
arts, specializing in woodcuts, mezzotints and lithographs.
Regular Division of the Plane with Birds; wood engraving, 1949 – Escher
exploited these basic patterns in his tellesellations, applying what geometers would call
reflections, glide reflections, translations and rotation to obtain a greater variety of patterns.
THE LOGIC OF SPACE - mean those spatial relations among physical objects which are
necessary and which when violated result in visual paradoxes, sometimes called optical
ilusions All artists are concerned with the logic of space and many have explored its rules
quite deliberately.
NATIONAL ARTIST: VICENTE MANANSALA
January 22 1910 – August 22, 1981 Filipino
National Artist for Visual Arts
Applied angles and other geometric principles in his transparent cubism style of painting.

- At the core of both math and art lies the concept of patterns.
-Art forms employs symmetries and transformation that move an object along a line or in the
plane without changing its size or shape.

MATHEMATICS IN MUSIC
MUSIC AND TRANSFORMATION GEOMETRY

GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION MUSIC

Translation Transposition
Reflection about a horizontal axis Inversion
Reflection about a vertical axis Retrogression
Rotation about 180 degrees Retrograde Inversion
Dilation with scale factor greater than 1 Augmentation (twice as slowly)
Dilation with scale factor less than 1 Diminution (twice as quickly)

PACHECK NA LANG EXAMPLE SA GCR KASI HINDI KO ITO GETS

MATHEMATICS IN PHOTOGRAPHY

BASIC ELEMENTS OF PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

1. HORIZONTAL LINE - appears to us as a clear separation between the ground and the
sky. It demarcates the ground, which represents the foundation for us. The horizon line is
always at the eye level of the viewer. However, viewers can have different heights, which
means the height of the horizon line will shift.

2. VANISHING POINTS AND VANISHING LINES - the vanishing point is where all
parallel lines intersect and is always on the horizontal line. There are different perspectives
for the vanishing points. However, it is important to know that both variants can be combined
with each other.
SINGLE POINT PERSPECTIVE - All vanishing lines lead to a central point. The
horizontal and vertical lines, however, remain parallel to each other.

TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE - In the two-point perspective, also known as the corner
perspective, there are two vanishing points along the horizon line. This is usually used when
the viewer looks at the corner of an object. This corner divides the picture. Each side follows
its own vanishing point.

THREE POINT PERSPECTIVE - If you want to give the viewer of your picture the
feeling of height and depth, you can add another vanishing point. All vertical lines lead to this
point. It is an extension of the two-point perspective.

PERSPECTIVE IN PHOTOGRAPHY is defined as the sense of depth or spatial

relationship between objects in a photo along with their dimensions in respect to what the
viewer of the image sees.

PERSPECTIVE 1: Photograph up or down PERSPECTIVE

2: Lie down and shoot from ground level PERSPECTIVE 3:
Photograph through objects PERSPECTIVE 4: Fill the frame
PERSPECTIVE 5: Place something in the foreground
PERSPECTIVE 6: Mirrors and Reflections
SA GCR RIN EXAMPLE NITO