Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nervous System (Viva)
Nervous System (Viva)
Sign In Sign Up
Vermis
Two cerebellar hemispheres.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 1/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Corticocerebellum
White matter
– formed by nerve fibers and gray masses called cerebellar nuclei.
Q.192 Name the aff erent nerve fibers to the cerebellar cortex.
Climbing fibers
Mossy fibers
Fastigial nucleus
Globosus nucleus
Emboliform nucleus
Dentate nucleus
Q.194 What are the nerve fibers of the white matter of the cerebellum?
Projection fibers, which connect the cerebellum with other parts of the central
nervous system
Association fibers, which connect different regions of the same cerebellar
hemisphere
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 2/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Commissural fibers, which connect the areas of both halves of the cerebellar
cortex.
Vestibulocerebellum regulates tone, posture, and equilibrium because of its connections with
the vestibular apparatus, vestibular nuclei, and spinal motor neurons.
Lingula, central lobe, culmen, lobulus simplex, declive, tuber, pyramid, uvula, paraflocculi and
medial portions of cerebellar hemispheres.
Damping action
Controlling ballistic movements
Timing and programming the movements
Servomechanism
Comparator function.
Q.205 What are the disturbances in tone and posture during cerebellar lesion?
Atonia
Change in attitude
Deviation movement
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 4/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
While standing: The legs are spread to provide a broad base and the body sways from side to
side with oscillation of head
Ataxia
Asynergia
Asthenia
Dysmetria
Intention tremor
Astasia
Nystagmus
Rebound phenomenon
Dysarthria
Diadochokinesis.
Basal ganglia are the scattered masses of gray matter submerged in subcortical substances of
the cerebral hemisphere. Basal ganglia form the part of the extrapyramidal system, which is
concerned with the integration and regulation of motor activities.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 5/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Corpus striatum
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus of Luys.
Caudate nucleus
Lenticular nucleus which is divided into the outer putamen and inner globus
pallidus.
Parkinson’s disease
Wilson’s disease
Chorea
Athetosis
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 6/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Choreoathetosis
Huntington’s chorea
Hemiballismus
Kernicterus
Parkinson’s disease or Parkinsonism is due to the damage of basal ganglia. It is mostly because
of deficiency or lack of dopamine that is secreted by dopaminergic fibers of nigrostriatal
pathway.
Rigidity
Poverty of movements
Static (drum beating) tremor
Akinesia or hypokinesia
Fastinant gait
Emotional changes.
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe.
The frontal lobe is divided into two parts on the basis of functions:
Q.218 What are the parts of the precentral cortex or excitomotor cortex?
The primary motor area of the precentral cortex is concerned with the initiation of voluntary
movements and speech. The Premotor area is responsible for movements of the tongue, lips,
and larynx, which are involved in speech. The supplementary motor area is concerned with
skilled movements.
Muscles of various parts of the body are represented in area 4 in an inverted way from medial
to lateral surface. The lower parts of the body are represented in the medial surface and the
upper parts of the body are represented in the lateral surface. The order of representation
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 8/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
from medial to lateral surface is toe, ankle, knee, hip, trunk, shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, hand,
fingers, and face. However, the face is not represented in an inverted manner.
Q.221 What are the areas present in the prefrontal cortex or orbitofrontal cortex?
Areas: 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 29, and 32.
It forms the center for higher functions like emotion, learning, memory, and
social behavior
It is the center for planned actions
It is the seat of intelligence and hence, it is called the organ of mind
It is responsible for the personality of the individuals
It is responsible for various autonomic changes during emotional conditions.
Q.223 What is frontal lobe syndrome? What are its important features?
The signs and symptoms, which occur due to injury or ablation of the prefrontal cortex are
together called frontal lobe syndrome.
Important features:
Emotional instability
Lack of concentration and fixing attention
Lack of initiation and planning any action
Loss of recent memory
Loss of moral and social sense
Failure to realize the seriousness of the condition
Functional abnormalities.
Q.224 What do you mean by amnesia, retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia?
Q.226 What are the functions of somesthetic areas of the parietal lobe?
Somesthetic area I is responsible for the perception and integration of cutaneous and
kinesthetic sensations. Area 1 is concerned with sensory perception. Areas 2 and 3 are involved
in the integration of these sensations. Somesthetic area II is also concerned with the perception
of sensation. Somesthetic association area is concerned with combined sensations like
stereognosis.
CS M
MSC
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 10/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
The sensory areas of the body are represented in the primary sensory area in an inverted
manner. The toes are represented in the lower part of the medial surface, legs at the upper
border, then from above downwards – knee, thigh, hip, trunk, upper limb, neck, and face. The
representation of the face is not inverted.
The sensory area in the postcentral gyrus extends anteriorly into the precentral gyrus of the
frontal lobe, i.e. the motor area. Similarly, the motor area is extended from the precentral
gyrus posteriorly into the postcentral gyrus. So, the precentral and postcentral gyri are knit
together by association neurons and are interrelated functionally. This area where both motor
and sensory neurons are present is called the sensory-motor area.
The sequential movements, which are timed and programmed by corticocerebellum are stored
in the sensory-motor area.
Primary auditory area, which includes areas 41, 42, and Wernicke’s area
Auditopsychic area, which includes area 22
Area for equilibrium.
Primary auditory area is concerned with the perception and interpretation of auditory
impulses. Areas 41 and 42 are concerned with the perception of auditory impulses. Wernicke’s
area (along with auditopsychic area – area 22) is responsible for the interpretation of sound.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 12/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
This is the condition that occurs in animals particularly in monkeys after the bilateral ablation
of the temporal lobe along with amygdaloid and uncus. It occurs in human beings during the
bilateral lesion of these structures.
Aphasia.
Auditory disturbances like tinnitus and auditory hallucinations
Disturbances in smell and taste sensations
Dreamy states
Visual hallucinations.
Primary visual area (17) is concerned with the perception of visual impulses. The visual
association area (18) is concerned with the interpretation of visual impulses. The occipital eye
field (19) is concerned with the movement of eyeballs.
The limbic system is a group of cortical and subcortical structures, which form a limbus or ring
around the hilus of the cerebral hemisphere.
Paleocortical structures:
– Hippocampus
– Pyriform cortex
– Olfactory lobe with olfactory tubercle.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 13/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Juxtallocortical structures:
– Cingulate gyrus
– Orbitoinsulotemporal cortex
Subcortical structures:
– Amygdaloid
– Septal nuclei
– Thalamic nuclei
– Hypothalamic nuclei
– Caudate nucleus
– Reticular formation of midbrain.
The interconnections between the various structures of the limbic system form a complex
closed circuit called the Papez circuit.
It includes:
Hippocampus → mammillary bodies → thalamus → cingulate gyrus of cortex → hippocampus.
Role in olfaction
Regulation of endocrine glands
Regulation of ANS
Regulation of food intake
Control of circadian rhythm
Regulation of sexual function
Role in emotional state
Role in memory
Role in motivation.
The reticular formation is a diffused mass of neurons and nerve fibers forming an ill-defined
meshwork of reticulum in the central portion of the brainstem.
Q.242 What are the functions of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?
Classical or specific sensory pathways are the pathways that transmit the sensory impulses
from receptors to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus.
RPM BP Cuff
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 15/46
CS M
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
MSC
CS M
Ship Your Container With
MSC
Learn More
Control of somatomotor system – it is responsible for the smoothness and accuracy of
movements by regulating the muscle tone
The animal in which all the connections of the cerebral cortex are cut is called decorticate
preparation. The basal ganglia and brainstem are kept intact.
There is an extension of lower limbs and flexion of upper limbs at the elbow joint across the
chest. The wrists and fingers are also flexed. When the neck is turned to one side, there is
flexion of lower and upper limbs on the opposite side.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 16/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
In this, all the connections of cerebral hemispheres are removed at the level of the midbrain by
sectioning between superior and inferior colliculi.
Q.250 Name the intrafusal fibers which form the muscle spindle.
The muscle spindle is the only receptor in the body, which is innervated both by sensory nerve
fibers and motor nerve fibers.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 17/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
The muscle spindle gives a response to change in the length of the muscle fiber.
It has two functions:
When a muscle is stretched, it contracts reflexly. This is called stretch reflex or myotatic reflex.
It is a monosynaptic reflex and the quickest of all the reflexes.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 18/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Q.255 What is the Golgi tendon organ? What is its nerve supply?
It is a proprioceptor situated in the tendon of the muscle. It is supplied by sensory nerve fiber
belonging to the type A beta group.
Forceful contraction
Inverse stretch reflex
Lengthening reaction.
The relaxation of the muscle due to powerful stretch is called the inverse stretch reflex. It is the
inhibition of contraction of extrafusal fibers due to excessive stretching. So, it is called
autogenic inhibition.
For the maintenance of muscle tone, the impulses from the γ motor neuron causes contraction
of the end portion of intrafusal fibers resulting in stretching of the muscle spindle. This leads to
the discharge of impulses from the primary sensory nerve endings. These impulses stimulate
the α motor neurons of the spinal cord which in turn send impulses to extrafusal fibers and
cause contraction of extrafusal muscle. This is known as α−γ linkage.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 19/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
When a stretch reflex is induced, the activity of afferent fibers from the muscle spindle excites
the motor neurons supplying the muscle from which the impulses come and inhibits those
supplying its antagonist muscle. This phenomenon is called as reciprocal inhibition.
In a decerebrate animal, some resistance is offered when the arm is flexed at the elbow joint
passively. This resistance is offered because of the stretch reflex developed in the triceps
muscle. However, if the forearm is flexed forcefully, the resistance to flexion is abolished
suddenly, leading to quick flexion of the arm. This is called lengthening reaction. And it is due
to the activation of the Golgi tendon organ.
Posture helps to have smooth and accurate movements and also to maintain the body in
equilibrium with the line of gravity.
General static or righting reflexes are the postural reflexes, which help to maintain the upright
position of the body.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 21/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Centers for all the righting reflexes except optic righting reflexes are in the midbrain. The center
for optical righting reflexes is in the cerebral cortex.
Local static or supporting reflexes support the body against gravity in different positions and
also protect the limbs against hyperextension or hyperflexion.
The crossed extensor reflex is the segmental static reflex. (Refer Question 99 of this section for
details).
Statotonic or attitudinal reflexes are the postural reflexes developed according to the attitude
of the body.
Q.274 What are the types of statotonic reflexes? Where is their center situated?
Postural reflexes concerned with angular (rotatory) and linear (progressive) movements are
known as statokinetic reflexes.
Vestibular apparatus
Cochlea
The vestibular apparatus is a part of the inner ear concerned with the maintenance of posture
and equilibrium. It consists of semicircular canals and otolith organs.
The otolith organ is part of the vestibular apparatus. It is formed by utricle and saccule.
Anterior and posterior semicircular canals are situated vertically. The lateral semicircular canals
are situated horizontally.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 23/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Stereocilia are the cilia arising from the cuticular plate in the apex of hair cells of crista
ampullaris.
The macula of the utricle is situated in a horizontal plane so that, the hair cells are in a vertical
position. The macula of the saccule is situated in the vertical plane so that, the hair cells are in a
horizontal position.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 24/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Semicircular canals are responsible for the maintenance of posture and equilibrium during
rotatory movements or angular acceleration of the head in vertical, anteroposterior or
transverse axis.
The otolith organ is responsible for the maintenance of posture and equilibrium during linear
acceleration or progressive movements. Utricle is concerned with horizontal acceleration and
saccule is concerned with vertical acceleration.
The characteristic to and fro movements of the eyeball, which occur during rotation in a
horizontal plane is known as nystagmus.
Slow component: At the beginning of the rotation of the head, the eyeballs rotate in the
opposite direction of the head slowly
Quick component: When slow movements of eyeballs stop, the eyeballs move quickly to the
new fixation point in the direction of rotation of the head.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 25/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Q.294 What are the causes of the slow and quick components of nystagmus?
The slow component of nystagmus is due to the vestibulocochlear reflex which is produced
when the labyrinthine impulses reach the ocular muscles. The quick component is due to the
activation of some centers in the brainstem.
Removal of labyrinthine apparatus on both sides (bilateral) causes loss of equilibrium and loss
of hearing sensation. Removal of the labyrinthine apparatus on one side (unilateral) causes less
effect on postural reflexes. Some autonomic symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
occur.
Alpha rhythm
Beta rhythm
Delta rhythm.
While recording EEG with closed eyes, alpha rhythm appears. When the eyes are opened, the
alpha rhythm disappears and fast, irregular, and low voltage waves appear. The disappearance
of alpha rhythm is known as alpha block.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 26/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Q.300 Name the physiological conditions when delta waves appear in EEG.
Delta waves are common in early childhood during waking hours. In adults, deep sleep is the
only physiological condition when delta waves appear in EEG.
Q.301 Name the pathological conditions when delta waves appear in EEG.
Brain tumor
Epilepsy
Increased intracranial pressure
Mental deficiency or depression.
Theta waves are the low frequency and low voltage waves appearing in EEG in children below
five years of age.
Sleep is the mental and physical relaxation either superficially or deeply with closed eyes.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 27/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
This is a type of deep sleep during which the eyeballs move frequently and dreams may
appear. This occupies 20 to 30% of the total sleeping period.
Q.307 What are the changes noticed in EEG during REM sleep?
EEG shows irregular waves (desynchronized waves) with high frequency and low amplitude.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 28/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
This is the type of sleep during which the eyeballs do not move. This occupies 70 to 80% of the
total sleeping period.
Stage of drowsiness
Stage of light sleep
Stage of medium sleep
Stage of deep sleep
Q.310 What are the changes noticed in EEG during diff erent stages of NREM sleep?
Sleep occurs due to the activation of sleep-inducing centers (raphe nucleus and locus ceruleus)
and inhibition of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS).
Serotonin secreted by nerve fibers from the raphe nucleus of pons – induces non-REM sleep.
Noradrenaline secreted by nerve fibers from locus cereleus – induces REM sleep.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 29/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Epilepsy is due to excessive discharge of impulses from some parts of the brain, particularly
the cerebral cortex.
Associative learning
Non-associative learning.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 30/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Habituation means getting used to something to which a person is constantly exposed. When a
person is exposed to a stimulus repeatedly he starts ignoring the stimulus slowly.
When a stimulus is applied repeatedly, habituation occurs. But if the same stimulus is
combined with another type of stimulus, which may be pleasant or unpleasant, the person
becomes more sensitive to the original stimulus. It is called the amplification of response or
sensitization.
Memory is defined as the ability to recall past experiences. It is also defined as the retention of
learned materials.
Short-term memory is the recalling of events of hours or days. Long-term memory is the
recalling of events of weeks, months or years.
The basic mechanism of short-term memory is the development of new neural circuits by the
formation of new synapses.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 31/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
The basic mechanism of long-term memory is the reinforcement of newly formed neuronal
circuits by using it often leading to consolidation and encoding of memory in different areas of
the brain.
It is the process by which the memory is facilitated and stored in the brain by means of
structural and biochemical changes.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 32/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 33/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Speech is the expression of thought by the production of articulate sound, bearing a definite
meaning.
The mechanism of speech is by the coordinated activities of the central speech apparatus and
peripheral speech apparatus. The central speech apparatus consists of higher centers, i.e. the
cortical and subcortical centers. Peripheral speech apparatus includes the larynx or soundbox,
pharynx, mouth, nasal cavities, tongue, and lips. All the structures of the peripheral speech
apparatus work in coordination with the respiratory system.
Motor areas:
– Broca’s area (area 44) or speech center or motor speech area – it controls the movements of
vocalization
– Upper frontal area – it controls the coordinated movements concerned with writing.
Sensory areas:
– Auditopsychic area – it is concerned with memories of the spoken words
– Visuopsychic area – it is concerned with the storage of memories of visual symbols.
Q.343 What is Wernicke’s area, Dejerine area, and sensory speech center?
Wernicke’s area is the auditory speech center located in the region at the
posterior end of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere and is
concerned with comprehension, i.e. interpretation and understanding of
auditory information.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 34/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Dejerine area is the visual speech center located in the angular gyrus behind
Wernicke’s area. These two areas are collectively known as Sensory speech area.
It includes Broca’s area (area 44) and Exner’s area (motor writing center). Broca’s area is located
in the inferior frontal gyrus in the region of the anterior and ascending rami of the lateral
sulcus in the dominant hemisphere whereas Exner’s area is located in the middle frontal gyrus
in the dominant hemisphere.
Aphasia is defined as a loss or impairment of speech due to brain damage. It is due to damage
to speech centers.
Broca’s aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
Global aphasia
Anomic aphasia
Other types of aphasia – motor aphasia, sensory aphasia, and agraphia.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 35/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
The fluid present in the central canal of the spinal cord, subarachnoid space, and cerebral
ventricles is known as cerebrospinal fluid or CSF. It is a part of ECF.
CSF is formed by the choroid plexus, which is situated in the ventricles of cerebral
hemispheres. A major portion of CSF is formed in lateral ventricles.
CSF is formed by the process of secretion by the choroid plexus. It involves active transport
with expenditure of energy.
Volume : 150 ml
Reaction: Alkaline.
50-70 mg%
750 ml/min.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 36/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Organic substances such as proteins, amino acids, sugar, cholesterol, urea, uric
acid, creatinine, and lactic acid
Inorganic substances such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,
chlorides, phosphates, bicarbonates, and sulfates
Blood cells - lymphocytes – 5/cumm.
A major quantity of CSF is formed in lateral ventricles and flows to the third ventricle through
the foramen of Monro. From here, it passes to the fourth ventricle through aqueductus Sylvius.
From the fourth ventricle, CSF enters cisterna magna and cisterna lateralis through the
foramen of Magendie (central opening) and foramen of Luschka (lateral opening). A portion of
cisternal fluid circulates through the spinal subarachnoid space. A larger part of fluid passes
upwards over the brainstem through the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 37/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
CSF is mostly absorbed by the arachnoid villi into dural sinuses and spinal veins. A small
amount is absorbed along the perineural spaces into cervical lymphatics and into perivascular
spaces.
CSF is absorbed by means of filtration due to the gradient between hydrostatic pressure in
subarachnoid space and the pressure exerted by blood in the dural sinus.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 38/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
When the head receives a severe blow, the brain moves forcefully and hits against the skull
bone at a point opposite where the blow was applied. This leads to damage of brain tissues.
This is called a contrecoup injury.
CSF is mostly collected by lumbar puncture by passing a needle into the subarachnoid space
between 3rd and 4th lumbar spines. It is also collected by cisternal puncture by passing a
needle into cisterna magna between the occipital bone and atlas.
Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the skull associated with enlargement of the head is called
hydrocephalus. It causes atrophy of brain tissues, mental weakness, and convulsions.
The barrier for the passage of certain substances from blood into brain tissues is known as the
blood-brain barrier.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 39/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
The blood-brain barrier is developed by the formation of tight junctions between the
endothelial cells of capillaries and the development of foot processes of astrocytes (neuroglia)
around the capillaries.
Q.366 Name some substances, which can pass through the blood-brain barrier.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and some drugs like
sulfonamides, tetracycline, and many lipid-soluble substances.
Q.367 Name some substances, which cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier.
It protects the brain from damages caused by the entry of injurious substances
from blood into brain tissues
It maintains the constant neuronal environment in the central nervous system by
preventing the escape of neurotransmitters into the blood.
The barrier between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid existing in choroid plexus is called
blood-cerebrospinal barrier fluid. It allows the movements of all the substances, which are
allowed by the blood-brain barrier.
ANS is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is concerned with the regulation of
visceral or vegetative function of the body. It is also called a vegetative or involuntary nervous
system.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 40/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Q.373 Name the nerves, which constitute the parasympathetic division of ANS.
ANS is concerned with the regulation of vegetative functions in the body, which are beyond
voluntary control. By regulating various vegetative functions, ANS plays an important role in
homeostasis.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 41/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Drugs, which produce the effects similar to the effects of stimulation of sympathetic nerves are
called sympathomimetic drugs. Examples are phenylephrine, isoproterenol, albuterol,
ephedrine, tyramine, and amphetamine.
The drugs, which prevent the actions of sympathetic neurotransmitters are known as
sympathetic blockers. Examples are reserpine, guanethidine, benzamide, phentolamine,
metoprolol, and hexamethonium
Drugs, which produce the effects similar to the effects of stimulation of parasympathetic
nerves are called parasympathomimetic drugs. Examples are pylocarpine, methacholine,
neostigmine, and physostigmine.
Drugs, which prevent the actions of parasympathetic nerve fibers are called parasympathetic
blockers. Examples are homatropine and scopolamine.
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 42/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Comments (0)
LOGIN NOW
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 43/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
CATEGORY
Anatomy
1
5 Child Category
Physiology
2
3 Child Category
Biochemistry
3
2 Child Category
Embryology
5
3 Child Category
Forensic Medicine
6
1 Child Category
Community Medicine
7
0 Child Category
Microbiology
8
0 Child Category
Pathology
9
1 Child Category
Pharmacology
10
0 Child Category
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 44/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Surgery
12
1 Child Category
Medicine
13
0 Child Category
Others
14
0 Child Category
ENT
15
0 Child Category
Nursing
16
0 Child Category
All Activity
Home
Notes
Books
Ask
Category
Categories
Miscellaneous
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 45/46
ص1:19 2023/1/3 Nervous System Part 2 (Viva) - Emedicodiary
Write for Us
Contact US
About us
Privacy Policy
Disclaimer
267 293
Questions Books
27 879
Blog Users
https://emedicodiary.com/que/391/nervous-system-part-2-viva 46/46