Take office: Assume an Official position or employment

Leftist: a person who seeks radical social and economic change in the direction of greater equality.

Landowners: Holders of land

Strongman: An influential political figure who exercises leadership

Coup: A violent and illegal seizure of power fom a Government

Asume el cargo: asume un puesto oficial o empleo

Izquierdista: una persona que busca un cambio social y económico radical en la dirección de una
mayor igualdad.

Propietarios: propietarios de tierras

Hombre fuerte: una figura política influyente que ejerce el liderazgo

Golpe de Estado: una toma de poder violenta e ilegal de un gobierno

Quiz 1

Historia de Guatemala

The first proof of human settlers in Guatemala goes back to 10,000 BC, although there is some
evidence that put this date at 18,000 BC, such as obsidian arrow heads found in various parts of
the country (History of Guatemala, 1999). There is archaeological proof that early Guatemalan
settlers were hunters and gatherers.

The impressive ancient Mayan civilization, Guatemala was conquered by Spanish conquistador
Pedro de Alvarado in 1524 and in this way Guatemala was a Spain province.

From 1898 to 1920, Dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera ran the country, and from 1931 to 1944,
Gen. Jorge Ubico. Castañeda served as strongman. After Ubico's overthrow in 1944, liberal-
democratic coalitions led by Juan José Arévalo (1945–1951) and Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán (1951–
1954) instituted social and political reforms that strengthened the peasantry and urban workers at
the expense of the military and big landowners like the U.S.-owned United Fruit Company. With
covert U.S. backing, Col. Carlos Castillo Armas led a coup in 1954, and Arbenz took refuge in
Mexico.
A series of repressive regimes followed, and the country was plunged into a 36-year civil war
between military governments and leftist rebels. Death squads murdered an estimated 50,000
leftists and political opponents during the 1970s. The U.S. ended military aid in 1978.

After several other military governments, civilian Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo took office in 1986.
He was followed by Jorge Serrano Elías in 1991. In 1993, Serrano moved to dissolve Congress and
the Supreme Court and suspend constitutional rights, but the military deposed Serrano and
allowed the inauguration of Ramiro de Leon Carpio, the former attorney general for human rights.

To stimulate the economy, Guatemala, along with El Salvador and Honduras, signed a free trade
agreement with Mexico in June 2000. In Aug. 2001, plans for tax increases prompted
widespread, and often violent, protests.

La primera prueba de los colonos humanos en Guatemala se remonta a 10,000 AC, aunque hay
algunas pruebas que ponen esta fecha en 18,000 AC, como puntas de flecha de obsidiana
encontradas en varias partes del país (Historia de Guatemala, 1999). Hay pruebas arqueológicas de
que los primeros colonos guatemaltecos fueron cazadores y recolectores.

La impresionante civilización maya antigua, Guatemala fue conquistada por el conquistador

español Pedro de Alvarado en 1524 y de esta manera Guatemala fue una provincia de España.

De 1898 a 1920, el dictador Manuel Estrada Cabrera dirigió el país y, de 1931 a 1944, el general
Jorge Ubico. Castañeda sirvió como hombre fuerte. Después del derrocamiento de Ubico en 1944,
las coaliciones liberales democráticas dirigidas por Juan José Arévalo (1945–1951) y Jacobo Arbenz
Guzmán (1951–1954) instituyeron reformas sociales y políticas que fortalecieron al campesinado y
a los trabajadores urbanos a expensas de los militares y los grandes terratenientes. como la United
Fruit Company, de propiedad estadounidense. Con el respaldo secreto de Estados Unidos, el
coronel Carlos Castillo Armas dirigió un golpe de estado en 1954, y Arbenz se refugió en México.

Siguió una serie de regímenes represivos, y el país se vio sumido en una guerra civil de 36 años
entre gobiernos militares y rebeldes de izquierda. Los escuadrones de la muerte asesinaron a unos
50,000 izquierdistas y opositores políticos durante la década de 1970. Estados Unidos terminó la
ayuda militar en 1978.
Después de varios otros gobiernos militares, el civil Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo asumió el cargo
en 1986. Fue seguido por Jorge Serrano Elías en 1991. En 1993, Serrano se movió para disolver el
Congreso y la Corte Suprema y suspender los derechos constitucionales, pero el ejército depuso a
Serrano y permitió La inauguración de Ramiro de León Carpio, ex fiscal general de derechos
humanos.

Para estimular la economía, Guatemala, junto con El Salvador y Honduras, firmaron un acuerdo de
libre comercio con México en junio de 2000. En agosto de 2001, los planes de aumentos de
impuestos provocaron protestas generalizadas y, a menudo, violentas.

Quiz 2

Apparel. vestir o ropa

Settling. asentar

Soil. suelo

Surpassing incomparable

Sustained sostenido

. Trade. comercio

Trends. tendencia

Market. mercado

Foreign. exterior

Investment. inversión
Gross Domestic product. producto Interno Bruto

Guarantee. garantía

Treaty. tratado

Labor force. mano de obra

Wage. salario

Rate. Velocidad

Business. negocio

Asset. activo

Trade. Comercio
 Quiz 4
Invest in Guatemala | Productive Guatemala
With more han 15 million inhabitants, it represents 35% of the regional GDP and the youngest
population

*312,000 univerisity students +180,000 hig school graduates each year

Guatemala delivers high quality services

- Chef
- Doctor
- Carpenter
- Ejecutive

Guatemala produces world-class manufacturing products, is the largest producer and exporter of
oil and renewable energy in the Central American region.

Due to its more tan 360 microclimates and its fertile land, it supports a great variety of crops that
produce high quality food. It the largest food and beverages industry of the region and is the
largest producer of beer and liquors.

Guatemala produces and exports thousand of products. Due to its good comercial relations and
Free Trade Agreements signed.
Guatemala produces happiness too… it has been rated among the happiest and more positive
countries in the world.

Invierta en Guatemala | Guatemala productiva

Con más de 15 millones de habitantes, representa el 35% del PIB regional y la población más
joven.

* 312,000 estudiantes universitarios +180,000 graduados de escuelas superiores cada año

Guatemala ofrece servicios de alta calidad.

- Chef

- Médico

- carpintero

- Ejecutiva

Guatemala produce productos de fabricación de clase mundial, es el mayor productor y

exportador de petróleo y energía renovable en la región centroamericana.

Debido a sus microclimas más bronceados 360 y su tierra fértil, es compatible con una gran
variedad de cultivos que producen alimentos de alta calidad. Es la industria de alimentos y bebidas
más grande de la región y es el mayor productor de cerveza y licores.

Guatemala produce y exporta miles de productos. Debido a sus buenas relaciones comerciales y
acuerdos de libre comercio firmados.

Guatemala también produce felicidad ... ha sido clasificada entre los países más felices y más
positivos del mundo.

VOCABULARY

Exachange Furniture

Arable Mining

Rate Petroleum

Rubber Metallurgy

Foreign Drawback Business

Farming Well (referred to agriculture context)

1. exchange noun (GIVING AND GETTING)

the act of giving something to someone and them giving you
something else:
 an exchange of ideas/information
 They were
given food and shelter in exchange for work.
 She proposes an exchange of contracts at two
o'clock.

exchange noun (CONVERSATION)

a short conversation or argument:

 There was a brief exchange between the two leaders.

exchange noun (STUDENTS)

an arrangement in which students from one country go to stay with students from
another country:

 Are you going on the French exchange this year?

 a German exchange student

exchange noun (STOCK EXCHANGE)

a stock Exchange

2. Arable

Arable farming land is used for, or is suitable for, growing crops:

arable farming/farmers/farms/land
Synonym: cultivable

3. Rate

the speed at which something happens or changes, or the amount or number of times it
happens or changes in a particular period:
examples

 Although she's recovering from her illness, her rate of progress is quite
slow.
 I told my assistants to work at their own rate.
 The taxi was going at a tremendous rate.

4. Rubber

an elastic substance (= that stretches) made either from the juice of particular tropical trees or
artificially / an eraser:

 Tyres are almost always made of rubber.

5. Foreign

belonging or connected to a country that is not your own:

 Spain was the first foreign country she had visited.

 foreign languages
 His work provided him with the opportunity for a lot of foreign travel.

Something can be described as foreign to a particular person if they do not know about it or it
is not within their experience:

 The whole concept of democracy, she claimed, was utterly foreign to the
present government.

A foreign object or substance has entered something else, possibly by accident, and does not
belong there:

 a foreign object/substance
 foreign matter

6. Farming - Farm
 an area of land, together with a house and buildings, used for growing crops and/or keeping
animals as a business:

 a dairy farm
 farm animals
 fresh farm produce

an area of land, esp. together with a house and other buildings, used for growing crops or
keeping animals

A farm can also be a place where a specific type of animal is raised in large numbers to be sold:

to use land for growing crops or keeping animals as a business:

 [ I/T ] Their family has farmed (this land) for three generations.

7. Ornamental Plant

Quiz 5

Apparel industry

The Guatemalan apparel industry has made robust yearly increases since it started exporting in
1980. Today it is a booming industry with over 500 factories and some 80,000 workers throughout
the country.

Today the Guatemalan apparel industry no longer has to import most of the components for
manufacturing. "Full package" apparel production is available from local producers who offer
export quality components to the industry. As a result, many service-related producers are joining
international associations to certify the quality of their products.

Guatemala receives trade benefits under the Caribbean Basin Initiative as well as under the
Generalized System of Preferences. Additionally, Guatemala is a signatory of the Multi Fiber
Agreement.
Almost all of Guatemala's apparel production for export takes place outside the country's two
operating industrial parks. Local laws (Decree 29-89) permit free-standing factories, wherever
located, to secure all fiscal and customs benefits of a free-trade zone operation.

Guatemala encourages both foreign and national investment in the apparel industry through
Decree 29-89. The goal of this legislation is to promote, encourage and develop the production of
merchandise destined for countries outside the Central American region.

Industria del vestido

La industria de la indumentaria guatemalteca ha realizado fuertes incrementos anuales desde que

comenzó a exportar en 1980. Hoy es una industria en auge con más de 500 fábricas y unos 80,000
trabajadores en todo el país.

Hoy, la industria de la confección guatemalteca ya no tiene que importar la mayoría de los

componentes para la fabricación. La producción de ropa de "paquete completo" está disponible
de productores locales que ofrecen componentes de calidad de exportación a la industria. Como
resultado, muchos productores relacionados con el servicio se unen a asociaciones internacionales
para certificar la calidad de sus productos.

Guatemala recibe beneficios comerciales bajo la Iniciativa de la Cuenca del Caribe, así como bajo el
Sistema Generalizado de Preferencias. Además, Guatemala es signataria del Acuerdo de Fibra
Múltiple.

Casi toda la producción de indumentaria para exportación de Guatemala se lleva a cabo fuera de
los dos parques industriales que operan en el país. Las leyes locales (Decreto 29-89) permiten que
las fábricas independientes, donde sea que se encuentren, aseguren todos los beneficios fiscales y
aduaneros de una operación de zona de libre comercio.

Guatemala fomenta la inversión extranjera y nacional en la industria del vestido a través del
Decreto 29-89. El objetivo de esta legislación es promover, alentar y desarrollar la producción de
mercancías destinadas a países fuera de la región centroamericana.

Shrimp farming industry

The Guatemalan shrimp farming industry, located in the country's Pacific Coast region, has shown
substantial increases in production during the last decades. Shrimp farming has gained importance
in Guatemala, both as an alternative economic activity and as a significant regional source of
employment.

On the average Guatemalan shrimp farms produce two and a half harvests annually, depending on
the size of shrimp desired. The Pacific White (Penaeus vannamei) and Pacific Blue (Penaeus
stylirostris) varieties of shrimp are the two main species that Guatemalan farms harvest.

Several factors contribute to the attractiveness of shrimp farming in Guatemala: a)

availability of wild fry (post larvae) from the country's estuaries; b) availability of competitively-
priced high quality feeds from local mills; c)
a relatively pristine environment basically void of pollution; d) market recognition of good quality f
armed product; e) minimal incidence of diseases and f) close proximity to world markets.

The immediate potential for expanding farming areas could generate production levels of over 24
million pounds annually.

Tourism reached a milestone during 1993 by closing the gap with coffee as the largest producer of
foreign earnings in Guatemala.

Significant increases in hotel rooms were also posted in the traditional tourist locations bringing
the total in the Central Highlands to nearly 300 and in the northern department of El Peten to over
200. In the capital city, 630 new hotel rooms are presently under construction.

Due to Guatemala's privileged geographic position it offers over 300 microclimates and 28 life
zones. The visitor to Guatemala can find exotic and varied land features that range from black
sand beaches to deserts, from jungle rain forests to mountain highlands. All within hours from
each other.

Visitors can take advantage of the many package tours that the country has to offer. These include
adventure tourism, ecotourism, archaeology, ethnology and many more that can be adapted to
visitors needs.

Entry requirements in Guatemala

Traveling to Guatemala is easy, both in terms of air transportation and entry requirements. Based
on the principle of reciprocity, entry requirements differ for visitors from different countries, as
listed below. Tourist cards maybe obtained from an airline serving Guatemala, or at any
Guatemalan consulate; the cost is U.S. $5.00.
Citizens of the following countries require only a valid passport; they DO NOT require a visa or
tourist card: Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Belize, Costa Rica, Denmark, El Salvador, Spain, Finland,
France, Germany, the Netherlands, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Japan, Nicaragua, Norway, Uruguay, the
Vatican, Sweden, and Switzerland.

Citizens of the following countries require a visa or tourist card: Canada, Mexico, the United
Kingdom, the United States of America.

Citizens of the rest of the world should contact the nearest Guatemalan consulate for details of
entry requirements.

Non Tratidional Agricultural sector

Guatemala, a predominantly agricultural country, has long relied on traditional products such as
coffee, sugar and bananas as its main source of foreign income. A new trend has been emerging in
the last two decades with the cultivation of new or non-traditional products such as vegetables,
fruits and ornamental plants.

Guatemala's non-traditional agricultural export sector offers broad opportunities for foreign
investors, both in wholly owned or joint-venture enterprises.

Guatemalan producers have achieved full market acceptance in the U.S. and Europe for the high
quality and competitive prices of their exports in many categories of fruits, vegetables, flowers and
ornamental plants. Exports of these products have been increasing at a vigorous average of 23%
yearly for the last seven years.

Foreign investors in Guatemala receive the same treatment under local laws as do Guatemalans.
The Guatemalan Government and all private sector organizations are strongly committed to
attracting foreign investors to the export sector.

The flower and vegetable sectors are presently receiving the greatest investment, but the
potential for further expansion in the tropical fruit sector is in place, in-country, in the Pacific and
Caribbean coastal lowlands. Given Guatemala's developed infrastructure and its proximity to
major markets, the potential in the agricultural sector is enormous.

Quiz 6

 Atom
the smallest unit of any chemical element, consisting of
a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. Atoms
can combine to form a molecule.

 Bonding
the process by which a close emotional relationship is developed:
Much of the bonding between mother and child takes place in those early weeks.

 Brittle
brittle adjective (EASILY BROKEN)

As you get older your bones become increasingly brittle.

The pond was covered in a brittle layer of ice.

 Copper
copper noun (METAL)

 Disruption
the action of preventing something, especially a system, process,
or event, from continuing as usual or as expected

 Elongate
to become or make something become longer, and often thinner:
The cells elongate as they take in water.
  Field
an area of land, used for growing crops or keeping animals,
usually surrounded by a fence:

 Grain
a seed or seeds from a plant, especially a plant like a grass such
as rice or wheat:

 Matter

a situation or subject that is being dealt with or considered:

Could I talk to you about a personal matter?

 Melting point
the temperature at which a substance melts

 Nanoscience
We have these words with similar spellings or pronunciations:

ethnoscience
neuroscience
bioscience
conscience
nescience
omniscience
data science
hard science
biosciences
consciences
  Nanotechnology
an area of science that deals with developing and producing extremely small
tools and machines by controlling the arrangement of separate atoms
 Polymer

a chemical substance consisting of large molecules made from

many smaller and simpler molecules:

Many polymers, such as nylon, are artificial.

Proteins and DNA are natural polymers

 Precipitate
to make something happen suddenly or sooner than expected:
An invasion would certainly precipitate a political crisis.
Fear
of losing her job precipitated (= suddenly forced) her into action.

 Yield
to supply or produce something positive such as a profit,
an amount of food or information:
an attempt to yield increased profits
The investigation yielded some unexpected results

 Shear
to cut the wool off a sheep:

The farmer taught her how to shear sheep.

 Steel

a strong metal that is a mixture of iron and carbon, used for making
things that need a strong structure, especially vehicles and buildings:

steel girders/rods/struts
  stiff
firm or hard:
stiff cardboard
a stiff collar
His clothes were stiff with dried mud.
This hair spray has made my hair stiff.
Mix the powder and water into a stiff paste.

 structure
the way in which the parts of
a system or object are arranged or organized, or
a system arranged in this way:
the grammatical structure of a sentence
The structure of this protein is particularly complex

 tough

strong; not easily broken or made weaker or defeated:

These toys are made from tough plastic.
Children's shoes need to be tough.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/tough?q=%E2%80%A2%09tough