TRIGONOMETERY

MOD 3 LESSON 2
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.Illustrate the different circular functions
2. Find the reference of an angle.
3. Use reference angles to find the exact
values of circular functions.
REVIEW

An angle is determined by rotating

a ray about its endpoint.

 The starting position of called the

initial side. The ending position is
called the terminal side.
REVIEW
90 

Standard Position: II I
An angle is in standard
position if its vertex is located
at the origin and one ray is on 180  0  , 360 
the positive x-axis. The ray Initial Side

on the x-axis is called III IV

the initial side and the other
ray is called the terminal
side.
270 
REVIEW
Counter-clockwise Clockwise
REVIEW
Conversions Between Degrees and Radians
1. To convert degrees to radians, multiply
𝜋
degrees by 180°

2. To convert radians to degrees, multiply

180°
radians by 𝜋
REVIEW
Coterminal Angles

Angles that have the same initial and terminal side.

REVIEW
REVIEW
REVIEW
Introduction
• Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that
studies the relationship of lengths and angles in
triangles.
• The major trigonometric functions,
including sine, cosine, and tangent, were first
defined as ratios of sides in a right triangle.
Introduction
• For any right triangle, there are six possible ratios of sides that can be
calculated for each acute angle θ:.
Introduction
• These ratios are referred to as trigonometric
ratios or trigonometric functions, since they depend on the
angle θ, and each is given a name:
Introduction
Definition: TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
Let θ be an acute angle in a right triangle, then

𝑏
𝑏 𝑎 sin 𝜃 𝑏
Notice that since sin 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 = , then tan 𝜃 = = 𝑐
𝑎 =
𝑐 𝑐 cos 𝜃 𝑎
𝑐
𝑐
𝑐 𝑐 csc 𝜃 𝑎
Also, notice that since csc 𝜃 = 𝑏 and sec 𝜃 = 𝑎 , then cot 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = 𝑏
𝑐 =𝑏
𝑎
RECIPROCAL IDENTITIES
The remaining three trigonometric functions can be
derived from 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃, and 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 using the reciprocal
1
identities. Recall that the reciprocal of 𝑥 is for 𝑥 ≠ 0.
𝑥
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: The Cartesian Plane
A right triangle can be drawn so that the right angle is made when
a perpendicular segment connects the point (𝑥, 𝑦) to the x-axis.

Notice that the side opposite 𝜽 has length 𝒚 and the other leg of the right triangle has length 𝒙.
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: The Cartesian Plane
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: The Cartesian Plane
Example 1: Find c𝑜𝑠 𝜃 whose terminal side passes through the point (3,4).
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: The Cartesian Plane
Example 2: Find sin 𝜃 whose terminal side passes through
the point (−12,5).
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: The Cartesian Plane
Example 3: Find t𝑎𝑛 𝜃 whose terminal side passes
through the point(−3,3).
 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS: The Cartesian Plane
Example 4: Find 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 whose terminal side passes through the point(4, −5).
UNIT CIRCLE
A circle centered at the origin with radius 1.
Thus, the equation of the unit circle is
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
UNIT CIRCLE
A circle centered at the origin with radius 1.
Thus, the equation of the unit circle is
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 1
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
Definition: Let (𝑥, 𝑦) be the point of intersection of the
terminal side of an angle 𝜃 with the unit circle of an angle
𝜃. Then we have the following definitions:

Cosine function: cos 𝜃 = 𝑥

Sine function: sin 𝜃 = 𝑦
𝑦
Tangent function: tan 𝜃 = ; 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥
1
Secant function: sec 𝜃 =
𝑥
1
Cosecant function: csc 𝜃 = 𝑦
𝑥
Cotangent function: 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = 𝑦; 𝑦≠0
VALUES OF TRIGO FUNCTIONS FOR VARIOUS
QUADRANTAL ANGLES
The Signs of Trigonometric
function
Find the six circular functions of 30°.
 REFERENCE ANGLE
𝒚

Let 𝜃 be a non-
quadrantal angle in standard
position. Its reference
𝑶 𝒙 angle is the acute
angle α formed by the
terminal side of θ and the
horizontal axis.
Find the six circular functions of 120°.
𝒚

1
120°

𝑶 𝒙
Find the exact value of the following functions using
the reference angle
Example 1 : sin −135°
𝒚

𝑶 𝒙
1
−135°
Find the exact value of the following functions using
the reference angle
Example 2: sec 690°
𝒚

690°

𝑶 𝒙
1
Find the exact value of the following functions using
the reference angle
Example 3: tan −300°
𝒚

1
−300°

𝑶 𝒙
Find the exact value of the following functions using
the reference angle
Example 4: cos 210°
𝒚

1
210°

𝑶 𝒙
Find the exact value of the following functions using
the reference angle
5𝜋
Example 5: cot
𝒚 6

1
5𝜋
6
𝑶 𝒙
Find the exact value of the following functions using
the reference angle
𝜋
Example 6: cot −
𝒚 4

𝑶 𝒙
𝜋
1 −
4
Find the exact value of the following functions using
the reference angle
𝜋
Example 7: csc −
𝒚 4

𝑶 𝒙
𝜋
1 −
4
 2
Evaluate that sec 𝛼 given that cos 𝛼 = where
3
3
𝜋 < 𝛼 < 2𝜋
2
 5
Evaluate that tan 𝜃 given that sin 𝜃 = where
7
1
𝜋 <𝜃<𝜋
2
Find the angle 𝜃 in the third quadrant such that
3
sin 𝜃 = − , where 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.
2
Find the angle 𝛽 in the fourth quadrant such that
cot 𝛽 = −1, where 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.
 SUMMARY TAKE AWAY
•The 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 and 𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 at a point on the unit circle
given by an angle 𝜃 are defined by the functions 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = sin 𝜃.
•Although the tangent function is not indicated by the unit circle, we can
sin 𝜃
apply the formula tan 𝜃 = find the tangent of any angle identified.
cos 𝜃
•Using the unit circle, we are able to apply trigonometric functions to any
angle, including those greater than 90°.
•The unit circle demonstrates the periodicity of trigonometric functions by
showing that they result in a repeated set of values at regular intervals.
•reference angle is the acute angle α formed by the terminal side of θ and
the horizontal axis.