WIND POWER PLANT

Wind energy is basically harnessing of wind

power to produce electricity. The kinetic
energy of the wind is converted to electrical
energy. When solar radiation enters the earth's
atmosphere, different regions of the
atmosphere are heated to different degrees
because of earth curvature. This heating is
higher at the equator and lowest at the poles.
Since air tends to flow from warmer to cooler
regions, this causes what we call winds, and it
is these airflows that are harnessed in
windmills and wind turbines to produce power.
WIND POWER PLANT
Wind power is not a
new development as this
power, in the form of
traditional windmills -for
grinding corn, pumping
water, sailing ships -
have been used for
centuries. Now wind
power is harnessed to
generate electricity in a
larger scale with better
technology.
 WIND POWER PLANT

Wind Energy Technology

The basic wind energy conversion device is the
wind turbine. Although various designs and
configurations exist, these turbines are generally
grouped into two types:
1. Vertical-axis wind turbines, in which the axis
of rotation is vertical with respect to the
ground (and roughly perpendicular to the
wind stream),
2. Horizontal-axis turbines, in which the axis of
rotation is horizontal with respect to the
ground (and roughly parallel to the wind
stream.)
 WIND POWER PLANT
USEFUL FORMULAS:
1. Pump Power (𝑃𝑝 )
𝑷𝒑 = 𝜸𝑸𝑯
𝑷𝒑 = 𝜸𝑸𝑯/ 𝒆𝒑
2. Kinetic Energy (KE)
𝟏
KE = 𝟐 𝒎𝒂 𝒗𝟐𝒂

3. Volume of air (𝑉𝑎 )

𝒎𝒂 𝑹𝒂 𝑻𝒂
𝑽𝒂 = 𝑷𝒂

4. Aerodynamic efficiency (𝑒𝑎 )

𝑷𝒑
𝒆𝒂 =
KE
 TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGY

Tidal Energy
Tidal electricity generation involves
the construction of a barrage
across an estuary to block the
incoming and outgoing tide. The
head of water is then used to drive
turbines to generate electricity from
the elevated water in the basin as
in hydroelectric dams.
 TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGY
Tidal barrages
One type of tidal energy system uses
a structure similar to a dam called a
barrage. The barrage is installed
across an inlet of an ocean bay or
lagoon that forms a tidal basin. Sluice
gates on the barrage control water
levels and flow rates to allow the tidal
basin to fill on the incoming high tides
and to empty through an electricity
turbine system on the outgoing ebb
tide. A two-way tidal power system
generates electricity from both the
incoming and outgoing tides.
 TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGY

Ocean Energy
Oceans cover more than 70% of Earth's
surface, making them the world's
largest solar collectors. Ocean energy
draws on the energy of ocean waves,
tides, or on the thermal energy (heat)
stored in the ocean. The sun warms the
surface water a lot more than the deep
ocean water, and this temperature
difference stores thermal energy.
 TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGY

Ocean Energy
The ocean contains two
types of energy:
1. Thermal energy from
the sun's heat
2. Mechanical energy
from the tides and
wave
 TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGY

Ocean Energy
The ocean contains two types of energy:
1. Thermal energy from the sun's heat
Ocean thermal energy is used for many
applications, including electricity generation.
There are three types of electricity conversion
systems:
a. closed-cycle
b. open cycle
c. hybrid
 TIDAL AND OCEAN ENERGY

Ocean Energy
The ocean contains two types of
energy:
2. Mechanical energy from the
tides and wave
A barrage (dam) is typically
used to convert tidal energy into
electricity by forcing the water
through turbines, activating a
generator
 BIO ENERGY

Biomass is a renewable energy

resource derived from the
carbonaceous waste of various
human and natural activities. It is
derived from numerous sources,
including the by-products from the
wood industry, agricultural crops, raw
material from the forest, household
wastes etc.
 BIO ENERGY

A typical biogas plant has the following

components:
1. Digester - the slurry (dung mixed with water) is
fermented
2. Inlet tank - for mixing the feed and letting it
into the digester,
3. Gas holder/dome - in which the generated gas
is collected
4. Outlet tank - to remove the spent slurry
5. Manure pit - where the spent slurry is stored
BIO ENERGY

Applications:
➢Water pumping and Electricity generation
➢Heat generation
➢High Efficiency Wood Burning Stoves
➢Bio fuels
➢Biopower
➢Biomass Cogeneration
VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATIONS
 VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATIONS
INTRODUCTION
A power plant's purpose is to supply electricity to a big number of consumers. But
depending on what they do, various consumers have different power needs. As a result of
this fluctuation in demand, a power plant's load is never constant and instead changes
periodically. The inherent fluctuation of the load expected by consumers is the primary
cause of the difficulties associated with operating modern power plants. Unfortunately,
electrical power cannot be stored and, therefore, the power station must produce power as
and when demanded to meet the requirements of the consumers. Although customer
demands vary greatly, the power engineer would prefer that the power station's alternators
operate at their rated capacity for maximum efficiency. Because of this, power plant design is
quite complicated.
 VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATIONS
EFFECTS OF VARIABLE LOAD:

1. Need of additional equipment - The variable load on a power station necessitates to have
additional equipment. By way of illustration, consider a steam power station. Air, coal and water are
the raw materials for this plant. In order to produce variable power, the supply of these materials
will be required to be varied correspondingly. For instance, if the power demand on the plant
increases, it must be followed by the increased flow of coal, air and water to the boiler in order to
meet the increased demand. Therefore, additional equipment has to be installed to accomplish this
job.
2. Increase in production cost - An alternator operates at maximum efficiency near its rated
capacity. If a single alternator is used, it will have poor efficiency during periods of light loads on the
plant. Therefore, in actual practice, a number of alternators of different capacities are installed so
that most of the alternators can be operated at nearly full load capacity. However, the use of a
number of generating units increases the initial cost per kW of the plant capacity as well as floor
area required. This leads to the increase in production cost of energy.
 VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATIONS
LOAD CURVES – refers to the graph used to represent the relationship b/w the demand
load and time sequence.

DAILY LOAD CURVE - These load

variations during the whole day (i.e., 24
hours) are recorded half-hourly or
hourly and are plotted against time on
the graph.
MONTHLY LOAD CURVE – can be
obtained from the Daily load curve.
Thus, the YEARLY LOAD CURVE depends
from the monthly load curve.

The curve showing the variation of load on the power station with respect to time (w.r.t.)
 VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATIONS
LOAD CURVES IMPORTANCE:

✓ The daily load curve shows the variations of load on the power station during different
hours of the day.
✓ The highest point on the daily load curve represents the maximum demand on the
station on that day.
✓ The load curve helps in selecting the size and number of generating units.
✓ The load curve helps in preparing the operation schedule of the station.
 VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATIONS
IMPORTANT TERMS, FACTORS & FORMULAS:

o Average load - The area under the daily load curve or the energy produced (i.e. kW-hrs)
divided by the total number of hours.
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠

o Load Factor - The ratio of the area under the load curve to the total area of rectangle in
which it is contained gives the load factor. Or the ratio of Average load and the Maximum
demand or Peak load.
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
L𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
 VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATIONS
IMPORTANT TERMS, FACTORS & FORMULAS:

o Connected load - It is the sum of continuous ratings of

all the equipment connected to supply system.
For example, if a consumer has connections of five 100-watt lamps and a power point of 500 watts, then connected
load of the consumer is 5 × 100 + 500 = 1000 watts. The sum of the connected loads of all the consumers is the
connected load to the power station.

o Maximum demand or Peak Load - It is the greatest

demand of load on the power station during a given
period.
 VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATIONS
IMPORTANT TERMS, FACTORS & FORMULAS:

o Demand Factor - It is the ratio of maximum demand

on the power station to its connected load.
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

o Diversity Factor - The ratio of

the sum of individual
maximum demands to the
maximum demand on power
station. 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 VARIABLE LOAD ON POWER STATIONS
IMPORTANT TERMS, FACTORS & FORMULAS: Plant Capacity 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
PCF =
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
o Plant Capacity Factor - It is the ratio of actual
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
energy produced to the maximum possible = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
energy that could have been produced during = Reserve Capacity + Max Demand

a given period. Annual Plant Capacity 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 8760

o Plant use factor - It is ratio of kWh generated

to the product of plant capacity and the
number of hours for which the plant was in
operation.
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ
Plant use factor =
𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑠𝑒
ASSIGNMENT