Department of Education

National Capital Region

Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Monlimar Development Academy, Inc.
317 Manuel L. Quezon St. Lower Bicutan, Taguig City

General Biology 1
Grade Level : Grade 12
Quarter : 1st Quarter
Subject Code : GenBio1
School Year : 2022 - 2023
Instructor : Mr. Joshua Bong A. Bual

Office of the Academics – Curriculum I Instruction I Assessment

Class Rules

1. Using of Cell Phone during class is strictly not allowed.

2. Raise your hand to speak or volunteer.
3. Do not leave your seat without permission.
4. Ask for help if you do not understand something the teacher just said
and be respectful while asking for it.
5. Be on time for every assignment or test (except for medical or other
emergencies).
6. Respect each other’s ideas and opinions even if you disagree with them.

School Year: 2022 - 2023

 Subject Requirements

1. Notebook (Biology Journal)

2. Index Card ½ Dimension
3. 2 x 2 ID Picture
4. Ruler and Drawing Material
5. Legal Size Bond Paper (10 pcs)
6. Long Clear Book (Black)
7. Laboratory Kit (Lab Gown, Gloves, Goggles, Hair Cap/Net)

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL General Biology 2 (Specialized Subject) School Year: 2022 - 2023
Content and Performance Standard
Content Standard Performance Standard
The learners demonstrate understanding of… The learners should be able to...

• Cell Theory
• construct a 3D model of a
• Cell Structure and Functions plant/animal/ bacterial cell using
recyclable materials
• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
• construct a cell membrane model
• Cell Types from indigenous or recyclable
materials.
• Cell Modifications
 Content and Performance Standard
Week
MELC Lesson Topics Duration
Number
• Explain the postulates of the cell theory

• Describe the structure and function of major and Explaining the concept of
subcellular organelles Cell:

• Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells • Cell Theory

according to their distinguishing features • Cell Structure and
Functions FIVE (5) DAYS 1
• Classify different cell types (of plant/animal tissues) • Prokaryotic vs.
and specify the functions of each Eukaryotic Cells
• Cell Types
• Describe some cell modifications that lead to • Cell Modifications
adaptation to carry out specialized functions (e.g.,
microvilli, root hair
 Content and Performance Standard
Week
MELC Lesson Topics Duration
Number
• Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their
Distinguishing the Role
control points
of Cell Cycle:
• Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6
A review of this competency could be done since it
• Mitosis
has been taught in Grade 8 (S8LT-IVd-16 Compare
• Meiosis
mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell-
FIVE (5) DAYS 2
division cycle)
Identifying Disorders and
• Explain the significance or applications of
Diseases of Cell
mitosis/meiosis
Malfunction during Cell
• Identify disorders and diseases that result from the
Cycle
malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle

• Describe the structural components of the cell

Understanding the
Membrane
anatomy and physiology TEN (10) DAYS 3
• Relate the structure and composition of the cell
of the Cell membrane
membrane to its function
 Content and Performance Standard
Week
MELC Lesson Topics Duration
Number
Explaining Transport Mechanism:
• Explain transport mechanisms in cells
• Simple Diffusion
(diffusion osmosis, facilitated transport, FIVE (5) DAYS 4
• Facilitated Transport
active transport)
• Active Transport
• Bulk/Vesicular Transport
Determining the Difference
• Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis Between Exocytosis and FIVE (5) DAYS 5
Endocytosis
Structures and Functions of
Biological Molecules:
• Describe the components of an enzyme
• Explain oxidation/reduction reactions • Enzymes
• Determine how factors such as pH, Analyzing the factors that affect TEN (10) DAYS 6
temperature, and substrate affect enzyme enzymatic mechanism:
activity • pH
• temperature
• substrate
 Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Monlimar Development Academy, Inc.
317 Manuel L. Quezon St. Lower Bicutan, Taguig City

Week 1
Grade Level : Grade 11
Quarter : 1st Quarter
Subject Code : GenBio1
School Year : 2022 - 2023
Instructor : Mr. Joshua Bong A. Bual

Office of the Academics – Curriculum I Instruction I Assessment

EXCELLENCE I CHARACTER I SERVICE

Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Monlimar Development Academy, Inc.
317 Manuel L. Quezon St. Lower Bicutan, Taguig City

Lesson 1
Explaining the Concept of Cell:
• Cell Theory
• Cell Structure and Functions
• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
• Cell Types
• Cell Modifications

Office of the Academics – Curriculum I Instruction I Assessment

 Lesson Objectives
1. Define the meaning of Cell Theory

2. Explain the difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell and its
distinguishing features.

3. Illustrate different cell types of plants and animal tissue and specify its
characteristics and functions.

4. Analyze how plant and animal cell differ from each other and how each organelle
inside the cells interacts to other organelles and how certain cell processes leads to
cell modification.
Understanding The
History Of Cell
Earliest Microscopic
Observations
• In 1661, King Charles II of England commissioned a
microscopic examination of the natural world.
• The focus of the royal interest at that time was on insect
anatomy. However, an English scientist named Robert
Hooke (1635-1703) did more than what was required of his
assignment; He was fascinated with the microscopic world.
• More than satisfying his curiosity in examining bugs, he also
spent considerable time on everyday objects he found at
home.
 Earliest Microscopic
Observations
• He devised one of the earliest microscopes that can
magnify every sort of material he can find at that time
such as glass, crystal, point of a pin, body of a flea, and
even frozen urine. Hooke's most commemorative work
came from a thin slice of cork from a bark of an oak
tree.

• He described it as having a perforated and porous

surface like honeycomb.
 Earliest Microscopic
Observations
• He called these porous structures as cellulae, using the
Latin word for a small room" because it reminded him
of the empty barren rooms, where monks spent most
of their time. He drew what he observed, and his
drawings were collected in a manuscript called
Micrographia, an instant bestseller at that time.

• Hooke was first to be credited in publishing of seeing a

cell in 1666, but he cannot fully define what he saw.

• Today, modern biologists regard cells as the basic

structural unit of every life form. However, those hollow
chambers drawn by Hooke were actually not living.
They were just the walls left behind by the plant cells
that already have died.
 Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
• A Dutch naturalist, was credited to be the first to study
magnified Leeuwenhoek's microscope cells. His interest
came when he got hold of a copy of (circa lato 1600s)
Hooke's Micrographia, and from then on, devised his own
microscope to study biological specimens.

• His first invention was a simple microscope with only one

lens. He used his skill to devise more than 500 lenses
during his lifetime in which one of his lenses was able to
magnify 270 times.

• Due to his inventions, he was able to make thousands of

observations of microscopic objects and specimen in his
time.
• The detailed sketches of his objects were communicated to
Robert Hooke and the Royal Society of London.

• His work aroused others' curiosity to further investigate the

invisible world.

• Leeuwenhoek later on realized that he can discovered living

creatures in the pond water, though he did not use the word
"cell“, he gave the name animalcules, meaning "little
animals," because he saw them moving around in the pond
water.
Source:
• He studied many specimens such as blood, semen, feces, https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/le
pepper, and tartar, among others. Because of his ability to see euwenhoek.html
microscopic cells through his invention of the microscope, he
was the first to observe living cells.
Explaining
The Cell Theory
• Hooke's discovery about the cell from a dead cork
did not create an immediate impact during his time.
Hooke and Leeuwenhoek continued to make
observations nevertheless.

• But it had taken 200 more years before it became

generally accepted that all living things are made of
cells, which can reproduce themselves to perpetuate
life. It was because microscopes were so rare for
another 200 years from their time.
 • German botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden
Developers of (1804–1881) focused his interests in the
study of plant cells, while another,
The Cell Theory • German physiologist, Theodor Schwann
(1810-1862), examined animal cells in 1839.

• Along with the findings of other scientists,

they all confirmed that cells are
fundamental units of life and that the
bodies of living organisms are made up of
cells.

• In 1858, German physician Rudolf Carl

Virchow proposed a third tenet in the cell
theory stating that all cells come from other
cells through process of cell division.
The concepts of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were
summarized into what is known today as the Cell Theory,
which states the following:

1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells (Schleiden,

Schwann 1838-39)

2. Cell are the smallest unit and basic unit of structure and
function in organisms. (Schleiden, Schwann 1838-39)

3. Cell arise from previously existing cells. (Virchow, 1858)

Source:
https://www.the-scientist.com/foundations/sketching-out-cell-
theory-circa-1837-38927
 The modern version of the Cell Theory
includes the ideas that:
1. Energy flow occurs within cells.
2. Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to
cell.
3. All cells have the same basic chemical composition.

Source:
https://www.the-scientist.com/foundations/sketching-out-cell-
theory-circa-1837-38927
How do cell parts harmoniously function to
keep you alive?
Identifying Cell Structure and Functions
Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is

involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular
reproduction
 Nuclear Membrane

The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus

by forming a boundary between the nucleus
and other cell organelles
 Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the

transportation of substances throughout the
cell.

It plays a primary role in the metabolism of

carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids
and proteins.
 Golgi Bodies

Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post

office as it is involved in the transportation
of materials within the cell
 Ribosomes
Ribosomes are the protein
synthesizers of the cell
 Mitochondria

The mitochondrion is called

“The powerhouse of the cell.” It is
called so because it produces ATP –
the cell’s energy currency
Lysosomes

Lysosomes protect the cell by

engulfing the foreign bodies
entering the cell and helps in cell
renewal. Therefore, it is known as
the cell’s suicide bags
Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are the primary

organelles for photosynthesis. It
contains the pigment chlorophyll
Vacuoles
Vacuoles stores food, water, and other waste
materials in the cell
Comparing
Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes are organisms made up of cells that lack
a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.

Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that

possess a membrane-bound nucleus that holds
genetic material as well as membrane-bound
organelles.
 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are organisms that do not have
nucleus in their cells. We call theses cells
prokaryoric. They tend to be smaller and are
usually in unicellular organisms.
Example: Bacteria
Eukaryotes are organisms that do have a nucleus in their
cells. We call these cells eukaryotic. They tend to larger and
are usually in multicellular organisms.
Example: Plants, animals, protists
 TABLE 1.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EUKARYOTE AND PROKARYOTE

Characteristics Prokaryote Eukaryote

Nuclear membrane Absent Present
Chromosomes Single Multiple
Golgi apparatus,
endoplasmic reticulum, Absent Present
lysosomes
Mitochondria Absent Present
may contain chlorophyll but not chlorophyll, when present, are
Photosynthesis apparatus
in chloroplasts contained in chloroplasts
Ribosomes small large
Microtubule absent present
may occur in streams, or amoeboid
Cytoplasmic streaming does not occur
movement
when present, does not contain
Cell wall contains murein
murein
bacteria, archaea, and
EXAMPLE: animals and plants
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Cell Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
 Table 1.3 Cell Types Of Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell Descriptions Sample Pictures

helps transport materials to and from the

a. Epithelial Tissues
tissues and cavities that they separate.

hold parts of the body, such as bones,

b. Connective Tissues
together.

c. Muscle Tissues are for movement in animals.

d. Nerve Tissues receive and send sensations forward.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/8682.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/manpreetsinghpanjrath7/plant-tissues-by-
mak
 Table 1.3 Cell Types Of Eukaryotic Cells

Plants Cell Descriptions Sample pictures

Responsible for the production of new

a. Meristematic tissues
cells.

Are derived from the meristematic

b. Permanent tissues
tissues.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/8682.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/manpreetsinghpanjrath7/plant-tissues-by-
mak
Cell Modifications
• Are specialized or modifications re-acquired by the cell after
cell division that helps the cell in different beneficial ways.

• Cell modifications is actually a process that occurs after cell

division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified
so that they can perform their function efficiently and
effectively.
Cell Modifications Concept Map
Apical
Modifications
• Cell modification found on the
apical surface of the cell
Example of Apical Modifications

Cilia and Flagella

• Cilia are usually short, hair-
like structures that move in
waves

• Flagella are long whip-like

Structures

• Formed from microtubules

Example of Apical Modifications

Villi and Microvilli

• Villi are finger-like projections that arise from
the epithelial layer in some organs. They help
to increase surface area allowing for faster
and more efficient adsorption

• Microvilli are smaller projections that arise

from the cell's surface that also increase
surface area allowing faster and more
efficient absorption
Example of Apical Modifications

Pseudopods
• Temporary, irregular lobes formed by
amoebas and some other eukaryotic
cells

• Bulge outward to move the cell or

engulf prey

• The functions of pseudopodia include

locomotion and ingestion
Example of Apical Modifications

Extra – Cellular Matrix

(ECM)
• Compound secreted by the cell on its
apical surface

• Cell wall is the extracellular structure in

plant cells that distinguishes them from
animal cells

• Glycoprotein is the main ingredient of

ECM in animal cells
Basal
Modifications
• Cell modification found on the
basal surface of the cell
Example of Basal Modifications

Desmosomes/
Hemidesmosomes
• Anchoring junction on the basal surface of
the cell

• Rivet-like links between cytoskeleton and

extracellular matrix components such as
the basal lamina that underlie epithelia

• Primarily composed of keratin, integrins

and cadherins
Example of Basal Modifications
Lateral
Modifications
• Cell modification
found on the basal
surface of the cell
Example of Lateral Modifications

Tight Junction
• Act as barriers that regulate the movement
of water and solutes between epithelial
layers

• Prevent leakage of ECF

Example of Lateral Modifications

Adhering Junction
• Anchoring junction on the lateral surface of
the cell

• Very similar to the anchoring junction of

the basal surface of the cell

• Fasten cells to one another

Example of Lateral Modifications

Gap Junction
• Also known as communicating junctions

• Closable channels that connect the

cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells

• Presence of connexon that allow direct

exchange of chemicals between the
cytoplasm of two cells
 TABLE 1.4 DIFFERENT CELL MODIFICATIONS
Types of cell
Example Functions
modifications
∙ are cylindrical, motile cytoplasmic apical projections of
cells lining surface along which materials are
a. Cilia
transported. It facilitates movement of substances
along the epithelial surface usually in one direction.
∙ are similar in structure to cilia except that they are
b. Flagella
much longer than cilia. It facilitates cell motility.
1. Apical ∙ are smaller projections that arise from the cell's
modification c. Microvilli surface that also increase surface area allowing faster
and more efficient absorption
∙ temporary or semi-permanent extension of the
d. Pseudopod
cytoplasm, used in locomotion.
∙ provides support and anchorage for the shape of the
e. Extracellular matrix
cells, regulates and determines cells dynamic and
(ECM)
behavior.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/8682.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/manpreetsinghpanjrath7/plant-tissues-by-
 TABLE 1.4 DIFFERENT CELL MODIFICATIONS

Types of cell
Example Functions
modifications

2. Basal ∙ anchoring junction on the basal surface of the cell.

a. Hemidesmosomes
modification Primarily composed of keratin, integrin, and cadherin.
∙ act as barriers that regulate the movement of water
1. Tight Junction and solutes between epithelial layers. Prevent leakage
of ECF.
∙ anchoring junction on the lateral surface of the cell. It
initiates cell-cell contacts, and mediate the maturation
3. Lateral 2. Adhering Junction
and maintenance of the contact.
modification
∙ also known as communicating junctions. Closable
channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining
animal cells. Presence of connexon that allow direct
3. Gap Junction
exchange of chemicals between the cytoplasm of two
cells.

Source: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/8682.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/manpreetsinghpanjrath7/plant-tissues-by-
GCSE Biology - Cell Types and Cell Structure #1

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCCp-Y_-7J0

 Let’s Dig In

Answer the following essential questions to assess the understanding about

the topic discussed.

1. Why is it important to understand and appreciate the biologists'

contribution to your knowledge about cells?

1. How useful is the cell type in classifying organisms?

1. How do different cells in the body keep you alive?

 Let’s apply
WRITTEN WORK NO. 1
DIGITAL POSTER ORGANELLE

INTRODUCTION

Cells are so small that it is hard to imagine their parts. Students usually have a hard time remembering their
functions, aside from their names. In this project, you will be given an opportunity to advertise a certain
organelle so it can be remembered easily. You will work individually to produce a digital poster with a
description of an assigned cell organelle and a corresponding common object that can represent it

Objective: To design a poster comparing a common object with the function of the organelle

Materials:

• computer
• internet
• reference materials
PROCEDURE

1. The table below shows the different organelles.

1. Cell membrane 6. Mitochondria

2. Nucleus 7. Central vacuole
3. Endoplasmic reticulum 8. Cytoskeleton
4. Golgi apparatus 9. Lysosome
5. Vesicles 10. Cell Junctions

1. With your chosen organelle in mind, conceptualize a more commonly recognizable analogy or
metaphor to the cell organelle, and locate appropriate pictures of those analogous objects to
put on your poster. For instance, you might use a picture of a government building as an
analogy for the nucleus. You must be creative in choosing appropriate objects.

1. Within the poster layout, write a few sentences to explain why each object image was used to
describe the said organelle. This must demonstrate your knowledge of the function of the cell
organelle on the poster.
PROCEDURE

4. The key to earning the maximum number of points for this

project is to be as accurate as you can when depicting the
cell organelle, using as many images that you can render and
the right conceptual integration of its functions. The more
creative yours are, the more points you will earn you but they
must also be fitting for the cell organelles they represent or
the creativity will be wasted.

4. It is easy to spot a poster in which minimal effort was used

because the images are sloppy and they lack clarity and
vibrant colors. Yours should reflect the hard work and time
that you put into it. Be guided with the sample output below.

4. The file must be in jpeg format, Powerpoint or Publisher,

portrait or landscape view that is 8.5x11 inches in size.
 Digital Poster Rubric
EXCELLENT
10pts
The poster includes all required
REQUIRED
elements as well as additional
ELEMENTS
information.
All items of importance on the
poster are clearly labeled with
LABELS labels that can be read from at
least 3 feet away.
All graphics are related to the
topic and make it easier to
GRAPHICS -
understand.
RELEVANCE
All borrowed graphics have a
source citation.
The poster is exceptionally
ATTRACTIVENE
attractive in terms of design,
SS
layout, and neatness.
GOOD FAIR POOR
8pts 5pts 2pts
All but 1 of the required
All required elements are Several required elements were
elements is included on the
included on the poster. missing.
poster.
Almost all items of importance Many items of importance on
Labels are too small to view OR
on the poster are clearly the poster are clearly labeled
labeled with labels that can be with labels that can be read
no important items were
labeled.
read from at least 3 feet away. from at least 3 feet away.
All graphics are related to the Graphics do not relate to the
All graphics relate to the topic.
topic and most make it easier to topic OR several borrowed
One or two borrowed graphics
understand. Some borrowed graphics do not have a source
have a source citation.
graphics have a source citation. citation.
The poster is acceptably The poster is distractingly
The poster is attractive in terms
attractive though it may be a bit messy or very poorly designed.
of design, layout, and neatness.
messy. It is not attractive.
 Let’s Reflect
As a Monlimarian, what do you think is the
relevance of cell functions in our body to our
functions as an individual in the society?
 Let’s Explore
Write additional information to our topic through this website.

Cell Virtual Tour : Cell Biology

https://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/tour/cell/cell.htm
 References
Title of the Book: Basic Concepts in Biology

Author: Penecilla, Formacion, Fandialan, Valmonte, Sandoval, Esmeralda

Page/s: 35-37
 Instruction for Submission
Instructions: Submit your output in Google classroom before
September 13, 2022 (Tuesday) at 11:59 pm.

Note: Follow the given format.

End of Lesson