we Alsuder ko J i eS Chapter 5 Study Guide 5-1 Study Guide - operations with Polynomials Multiply and Divide Monomials Negative exponents are a way of expressing the multiplicative inverse of a number, Negative Exponents | « = a" for any teal number a # 0 and any integer n. ‘When you simplify an expression, you rewrite it without powers of powers, parentheses, or negative exponents. Each base appears only once, and all fractions are in simplest form. The following properties are useful when simplifying expressions. Product of Powers a™- a" =a™*" for any real number a and integers m and n. | Quotient of Powers <= a™-" for any real number a #0 and integers m and n. Fora, real numbers and m, nintegers: @nyt aa (abyraa 5" Properties of Powers Example: Simplify. Assume that no variable equals 0. a. (3m4n-?) (—5mn)? (3m*n-?) (—Smn)?= 3m4n-? - 25m?n? Smtm?n? n? Sm*t2y-242 = 15ms Exercises: Simplify. Assume that no variable equals 0. tet: aye chnreal 2 {of <. “1 ne i] (35) ~ 7.5 (-5a°b8)?(abe)? : 5 = beso bYoth? ct [tl fear] 11. 4j(--2k2)(3j2k-7) 12, 222Gm?n? Tamia aye FY 37 4s = 2matedmitn® y ye perineal \L mips é = 4 = \gmsn" Te m3 nd5-1 Study Guide (continues Operations with Polynomials Polynomial —_| a monomial or a sum of monomials Like Terms _| terms that have the same variable(s) raised to the same power(s) ‘To add or subtract polynomials, perform the indicated operations and combine like terms. Example 1: 4xy? + 12ay—7x?y ~ (Q0xy + Sxy? -8x2y), 4xy? + Lay 7x2y — oxy + Say? — Bx2y) = Axy? + 12xy— 7x2y ~ ony - Say? + axty Distribute the minus sign CTxty + Bxty ) + (Axy? ~Sxy?)+(12xy—20xy) Group tke terms. 2y —xy? — Bay Combine tke terms, impli ‘You use the distributive property when you multiply polynomials. When multiplying binomials, the FOIL pattern is helpful. ‘To muttiply two binomials, add the products of POIt pater F the firstterms, © the outerterms, —_I the innerterms, and __L the /ast terms. Example 2: Find (6x 5)(2x+ 1). (6x~5)Qx+1)=6x-2e + 6x-1 + (5) + GS) First terms Outer terms Inner terms Last terms, = 12x? + 6x—10x—5 Multiply monomials = 12x? -4x-5 ‘Add like terms. Exercises: Simplify. 1. 6x2 3e42)- (4x? 48-3) = Pts | 2. Gy? slaw) 522) + aly? a8 wD = East gisxy ety 3. Amy 6m)~(6m+4m2) -) Ee 4. 27x2 — Sy? 2 14x? Hager lem Evasr eh 2 dxy+t 5. 24p? ~ Lap2XGp - 1Sp? + 13p? (7p (Ap?= 29+ up| Find each product. 7. 2x(3x2-5) = Zor 10x 8.7a{6-2a-a7)= (Ua — gr y,3) 9.82288) [4a uo] 10.64 DQx? 3041) = WAY 4 2 Ay 11. Qn =a? Yn) no Dg Se Px x sax +1) eee REARS 2nt+ Or <2nr- Barn 43 WL BnB Oy xB (2n*stok -Sn®— Sn + pS xt 7 4]5-2 Study Guide - Dividing Polynomials Long ion To di le a polynomial by a monomial, use the skills leamed in Lesson 5-1 To divide a polynomial by a polynomial, use a long division pattern. Remember that only like terms can be added or subtracted. sap tr ~ 21p*atr? — oper Example 1: Simplify ne 32p2t?r ~ 21p%ger? — oper Sper pret 2iptatr? _opter per peer apFer = BpO-2 2-0 pO-9_My@-2 geld“ pA-Y _2yG-D e1-M -O-Y = 4pt—Tgr—3p Example 2: Use long division to find (x? 8x? + 4x —9) + (x4). x? 4e-12 x74 Je = Be $a 9 (Cx? — 4x? 4x2 + de (hte? + 16 n12x= (pide + 48 57 The quotient is x? ~ 4x — 12, and the Exercises: Simplify. 2 + 300? 4, (2x? — Sx ~3) + (x-3) 2eef X-3 [2xtsy 3 mee) forts x G Sm 7 e&- ‘ “LS m-u 2 = =sta = [4g tLe po! prs +\__ 42 Tee OES eee Tes ser eo aca 2 ~5tE S08 | oo *b 8 bs ptavey, ete) je Ee: ~5-2 Study Guide continues Synthetic Division @ procedure to divide a polynomial by a binomial using coefficients of the dividend and Synthetic division | the value of rin the divisor x -r Use synthetic division to find (2x3 — 5x? + 5x—2)+(e~1). Step 1 | Write the terms of the dividend so that the degrees of the terms are in 2x 5x? +5x-2 descending order. Then write just the coefficients. Zid Sia Spd. Step 2 | Write the constant rof the divisor x — rto the left, In this ease, r= 1. Bring down the first coefficient, 2, as shown. i)2 5 5 2 5 7 | Step 3 | Multiply the first coefficient by r, 1 -2 = 2. Write their product under the second coefficient. Then add the product and the second coefficient: i)2 % is-% -5+2=-3. 2 —,4 Ext Step 4 | Multiply the sum, ~3, by r -3- 1=—3. Write the product under the next coefficient and add: 5 + (-3) = 2. 1J2 5 5 2 ‘Step | Multiply the sum, 2, by r2_1=2. Write the product under the next coefficient and add: -2 + 2 0. The remainder is 0. 1]2 5 5 2 2 2-3 2 0 ‘Thus, (2x? — 5x24 Sx—~2) + (x—1) =2x? 3x +2, Exercises: Simplify. 1. Gx = 722 + 9x— 14) +(x-2) ~7 q =i = ey 23x -xa7 217 : 3.028 +322 -10x=3)+ (+3) 2.529 +72 -x-3)+ +1) DS belie ol Soke 4.02 = 82 + 19x-9)+(e—4) Lay =pEard 124, beri. A io) 3 =[O2R ul hale seer ~~ 4 2 =3x~1 q 12 sia Sea sams 5.223 + 10x? +9e+38)=(e+5) 6. (3x3 — 8x? + 16x~1) + (e-1) 3 yo 4G = f2x249 -2% 3-6 Iw “te zY 3 A 4 > +4 zo 4 aA] 2 7.(¢3 - 9x? + 17x—1)+(@-2) 8. (4x3 —25x? + 4x + 20) + (x6) : z =U eles F ® 22: zo Wtx-2+3 By Bere] 8 a ay 8 te Tasco Retna qe 9. (6x3 + 28x? — 7x +9) +(x +5) 10. (x* — 4x? +22 + 7x2) +(x-2) SMG 2zy -749 ZV oy =4 a op ye -39 0 iS ee ees vac ee: 2-3 1 Ip5-3 Study Guide - Polynomial Functions Polynomial Functions ‘A polynomial of degree n in one variable x is an expression of the form Polynomial in qx" + dy 42""* +... + agK? + aX + Oy, One Variable | where the coefficients ay 1, dy 2, dy, -- @o Fepresent real numbers, a, is not zero, and n represents a nonnegative integer. The degree of a polynomial in one variable coefficient of the term with the highest degre the greatest exponent of its variable. The leading coefficient is the [ ‘A polynomial function of degree n can be described by an equation of the form Polynomial PU) = gx" + ay 4X" 1+... + gx? +a, X + dy, Funetion where the coefficients ay 3, ty 2, dya, -- @ Fepresent real numbers, a, is not zero, and n represents a nonnegative integer. Example 1: What are the degree and leading coefficient of 3x - 2x4 7 + x32 Rewrite the expression so the powers of x are in decreasing order. dxf + x3 4327-7 is is a polynomial in one variable. The degree is 4, and the leading coefficient is ~2. Example 2: Find f(-5) if flx) = x3 + 2x? — 10x +20. (fe) = x3 + 2x? — 10x +20 (Original function =5)? +2(—5)? - 10(-5) +20 Replace x with -6. =-125 +50+50+20 Evaluate. 5 Simply Example 3: Find g(a? — 1) if g(x) = x? + 3x—4. gO) =x? 430-4 Original function g(a? ~1) = (a? ~ 1)? +3(a?—1)—4 Replace xwith a? —1 =at—2a?+1+3a?-3-4 Evaluate =at+a?-6 Simply, Exercises State the degree and leading coefficient of each polynomial in one variable. If it is not a polynomial in one variable, 1. 3x4 + 6x3 — 2,100 ~ 5x3 + 10x” 3. 4x° + 6x* + 8x8 — 10x? +20 ae 2| Degree =7 dgee=se LL=¥ Degen = 4 CL=\0 lee 4A? Bay + 16y? : 5. 8x? 9x5 + 4x? 36 ee Nok & polynomial in Dayee=5 Nac (at One veri able! we 24 Find f(2) and f(-5) for each function. od 7. fx) =x? -9 8. fix) = 4x3 — 3x2 +2x-1 9, fx) = 9x3 — dx? + 5x47 2, sheep Je) AaS-303 eer Sed=HU2YEYOIS (2) £7 Sn-74-f9 Jota 9) Sesy-sy4a- VW Ses)= Heghe sesh Res\4 3CS)= qesF-uns sesh = [5s = eas)5-3 Study Guide (continues, Polynomial Functions Graphs of Polynomial Functions | If the degree is even and the leading coefficient is positive, then [X) asx IX) teasxote I the degree is even and the leading coefficient is negative, then End Behavior of fix) 2 asx fx) waste Polynomial Funotions Ifthe degree is odd and the leading coefficient is positive, then fix) +m asx fX) + te asx te Ifthe degree is odd and the leading coefficient is negative, then MX) rte asx— fx) oe asx te ‘The maximum number of zeros of a polynomial function is equal to the degree of the polynomial ‘A zero of a function is a point at which the graph intersects the x- ‘On a graph, count the number of real zeros of the function by counting the number of times the graph crosses or touches the x-axis, Real Zeros of a Polynomial Function Example: Determine whether the graph represents an odd-degree polynomial or an even-degree polynomial. Then state the number of real zeros. Asx —+—, fl) > ~ and as x + +, fit) + +, 80 it is an odd-degree polynomial function. The graph intersects the x-axis at 1 point, so the function has 1 real zero. Exercises For each graph, a. deseribe the end behavior, b. determine whether it represents an odd-degree or an even-degree function, and c. state the number of real zeroes. a) fia ces K-29 a) fay yee XT ALyy wey 43 0 SA) 3 ka oo Jay ror 8 4 fu) >-° 2 > 2 b) event! b) Even ob) ODD eye 1 35-4 Study Guide - Analyzing Graphs of Polynomial Functions Graphs of Polynomial Functions Location Principle | SuPPose y= f(x) represents a polynomial function and a and b are two numbers such ] thal (a) <0 and(8)> 0. Thon he uncon has at aa ono eal sero bomen aan. | Example: Determine consecutive integer values of x between which each real zero of fx) = 2x" — ‘Then draw the graph. Sis located. Make a table of values. Look at the values of (x) to locate the zeros. Then use the points to sketch a graph of the function. in sign indi re that there are zeros between x = and x=—1 and between x Exer Graph each funetion by making a table of values. Determine the values of x between which each real zero is located. 4 3x3 41 6. fl) =x5-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continue Analyzing Graphs of Polynomial Functions Maximum and Minimum Points A quadratic function has either a maximum or a minimum point on its graph. For higher degree polynomial functions, you ean find turning points, which represent relative maximum or relative minimum points. Example: Graph fix) = x* + 6x? — 3, Estimate the x-coordinates at which the relative maxima and minima occur. Make a table of values and graph the function, BTA TA relative maximum ogcurs at [apa anda elatve minimum [= [20 | indicates a relative maximum [= [24 =| 13 | 1 | 2 | zero between x=—1,x=0 [0 | 3 | indicates a relative minimum 1/4 2 | 29 Exercises Graph each polynomial function. Estimate the x-coordinates gt which the relative maxima and relat tow =ta 7s = Mx = Pa Min2 05%) Min Le flzy=x9—3x? tid = (2/4 2 fls)=2x3 4x27 -3r SAN 3, gry 2x3 349 “6 Jy elk a cm = [2 St min (1-4)5-5 Study Guide - Solving Polynomial Equations Factor Polynomials For any number of terms, check for: greatest common factor For two terms, check for: Difference of two squares a? ~b? = (a + b(a—b) Sum of two cubes a3 +b? = (a+ b)(a®—ab + b2) Difference of two cubes | Techniques for Factoring a? ~bS = (a—b)(a? + ab +b?) Polynomials For three terms, check for: Perfect square trinomials a? +2ab +b? = (a + by a? —2ab +b? = (a— by? General trinomials acx? + (ad + bo)x + bd = (ax + b)(ex + d) For four or more terms, check for: Grouping ax + bx + ay + bj (a+ b)+y(a+b) = (a+ DYx+y) Example: Factor 24x? ~ 424-45, First factor out the GCF to get 24x? — 42x — 45 = 3(8x7 — 14x 15). To find the coefficients of the x terms, you must find ‘two numbers whose product is 8 - (—15)=~120 and whose sum is ~14. The two coefficients must be -20 and 6. Rewrite the expression using ~20x and 6x and factor by grouping. 8x? — 14x — 15 = 8x? — 20x + 6x15 Group to find a GCF. = 4x(2x — 5) + 3(2x—5) Factor the GCF of each binomial = (4e +3 )Qx-5) Distributive Property Thus, 24x? — 42x — 4: 3(4x + 32x ~5), Exercises Factor completely. If the polynomial is not factorable, write prime. Le uity? +4292 2.6m + 189}Cn—3) 2? + 0-416 22024 4B) xy x + 3y) bent sthasifte) ~ fee suet!) \Cam +-10n43\ | aril y 8: 35x4y*— 60x) 6.2r? +250 > 2CrS4128) Enix —1) SxyV(7fHI2¥ ral Zz ~ (ane be] VWry-2) [Rost scusy 7. 100m®—9 ; Bxt+x41 9.8 +c8—c?-¢ (1om*s3Yiom!-3) Qos C(esctwe -1) =elelen)s acy] > (=e) __ =I[clonye- cn5-5 Study Guide (continuea Solve Polynomial Equations Ifa polynomial expressi quadratic form, then you can use what you know about solving quadratic equations to solve the related polynomial equation. Example 1: Solve x* — 40x? + 144=0. xt— 40x? + 144=0 Original equation (7)? — 40(x2) + 144=0 ite the expression on the left in quadratic form. (2? ~4)( x? - 36) =0 Factor. 0 or x7 -36=0 Zero Product Property or (6) +6)=0 Factor. orx~6=Oorx+6=0 Zero Product Property or x=60r x=-6 Simply The solutions are +2 and +6 Example 2: Solve 2x + Vx —15 2x +VE-15=0 (Original equation 2(vx)" + VE-15=0 Write the expression on the left in quadratic form. (Vx -5\ vx +3)=0 Factor. 2x Oorvx+3=0 Zero Product Property ‘Simpy ince the principal square root of a number cannot be negative, Vx = —3 has no solution, The solution is Zor6 + F Xt 6x26 x34 sy Exercises = Pu 2) (te (red) Solve each equation. p Lxt=49 9 y-H4= 0 2x4 6x2 =-8 3.x4— 3x2 = 54 (247-7) x= 2 h Fe] xethe sr =i I never aes Wai) 4.306 —48e? =0 5.m® — 16m? + 64=0 yore 4 ~Sy?+4=0 _3e( 44 We) (mi Xmas) PN gay’ BEATA) = (rma nbett 4 UVin 2Xabom oi) MSZ mz Wimaincy— [me u o DY o 8. 4x4 73x? + 144=0 sei? |5-6 Study Guide and Intervention The Remainder and Factor Theorems Synthetic Substitution Remainder | The remainder, when you divide the polynomial f(x ) by (x — a) isthe constant (2). Theorem | f(x) = g(x) - (xa) + fla), where g(x) is a polynomial with degree one less than the degree of fx). Example 1: If flx) = 3x* + 2x3 — 5x? + x2, find f(-2). Method 1: Synthetic Substitution Method 2 Direct Substitution Replace x with ~2. By the Remainder Theorem, 2) should be the fix) = 3x4 + 2x3 5x? +x-2 3(-2)* + 2(-2)9- 5(-2)?+ (2) ~ 16-20 2 2or8 1 o>) G4 Lo 3Ral ane SUES Fees [LV ‘The remainder is 8, so {-2) = 8. Example 2: Ifflx) = 5x3+ 2x1, find 3), Again, by the Remainder Theorem, (3) should be the remainder when you divide the polynomial by x —3. Sy 3 3} thE: s >) 115 45 Ma Ox eee 5 15 47/140 @ yr BIS fl / 5 paar 2 ra ‘The remainder is 140, 0 f3)= 140, / @ 4 4 eam Sly Eereey a 3G BAS Rese “3-3 $5) t(3) = Sg 7S] 2s) 4x? + 6x—7 4, fle) = 24 + 11x? — 5. fox) = 2x3 4x2 Sx + QE $092 -27 SJE) f09)> 27 7. fo) = z+ 2 [sod <25¢ Rosner (Bos zet Si-d=z04) 9. fox) = Sx + 3x3 = ax? De +4 10. fix) =3x* — 2x? x7 F-S5-6 Study Guide (continues Factors of Polynomials The Factor Theorem can help you find all the factors of a polynomial, [Factor Theorem | The binomial x — ais a factor of the polynomial Ax) ifand only Ifa) = 0 z| Example: Show that x + 5 is a factor of x? + 2x*— 13x + 10. Then find the remaining factors of the polynomial. By the Factor Theorem, the binomial x + 5 is a factor of the polynomial if -$ is a zero of the polynomial function. To check this, use synthetic substitution, -=5|1 2 -3 10 51S 3 Since the remainder is 0, x + 5 is a factor of the polynomial. The polynomial x? + 2x? — 13x + 10 can be factored as (x + 5)( x? — 3x + 2). The depressed polynomial x? — 3x +2 can be factored as (x ~ 2}(x- 1). So x3 + 2x? — 13x +10 = (x + Sy 2Kx- 1). Exercises Given a polynomial and one of its factors, find the remaining factors of the polynomial. 1x9 +x? —10x+8;x-2 Sena ae a) ~ - ~ Bypyps fo 38 3 3 Be Rta fF «& yeas) a six-2) 3.x3 + 15x? + 71x + 105; x+7 4.x3 — Tx? — 260+ 72; x44 = ~2 rea Di IS Ty tes 7 b 7t sigld Sly @ Tw iG Xe Ex AIS xx 41 rere] eax=2) =x +6;x-1 6.3x3 —x? 62x40; x44 a SEES Slog Ja ne ey a ga 2 ie oe ae er 3-13 -lo 8 z 1 \ ad 2 ee est-3) Gv) By x 10. BX 2x10 ommercylt OZ) [Gxa2Xx-s SeQe-5) 25) 12x81? + S7x—10;x-5 ADRA-~3 8. 14x3 4x? 2dr + 9;x-1 Bx+rVr-5) joe vs eae “35 to Sos “ve mW wan pea aa (Ax 4 Watasy -4 Ga {a A\3x-2) (as% gx)463x42) (HK -BX2x8) (ae su) Gox *) Of 2 Ni 2) KC2 93) 9 axed) D1 (3- Gr 3x-2) (rx 12x43) iS5-7 Study Guide - Roots and Zeros Synthetic Types of Roots The following statements are equivalent for any polynomial function f(3). + cis a zero of the polynomial function f(x). +c $ a root or solution of the polynomial equation fx) = 0. + (x~c) is a factor of the polynomial fx). + If is real, then (c, 0) is an intercept of the graph of f(x) Fundamental Theorem of | Every polynomial equation with degree greater than zero has at least one root in the Algebra set of complex numbers. Corollary to the A polynomial equation of the form P(x) = 0 of degree n with complex coefficients has Fundamental Theorem —_| exactly n roots in the set of complex numbers, including repeated roots. of Algebras. Descartes’ Rule of Signs _| If P{x) is @ polynomial with real coefficients whose terms are arranged in descending Powers of the variable, + the number of positive real zeros of y = P(x) is the same as the number of changes in sign of the coefficients of the terms, or is less than this by an even number, and + the number of negative real zeros of y = P{x) is the same as the number of changes in sign of the coefficients of the terms of P(-), or is less than this number by an even number. Example 1: Solve the equation 6x? + 3x= 0. State Example 2 : State the number of positive real zeros, the number and type of roots. five real zeros, and imaginary zeros for 6x3 43-0 4xt—3x3 x? + 2-5, sxx? +1)=0 Since p(x) has degree 4, it has 4 zeros. Use the Zero Product Property. = there ae tree sign changes, there are 3 or 1 Sa ositive real zeros. : See aor 2A 0 Find p(x) and count the number of changes in sign for x=0 or 2x its coefficients. Px) = 4(-x)* - 3(-x)+ (-x)? + 2-0) -5 oe ‘The equation has one real root, 0, and two imaginary Any ax a WE Since there is one sign change, there is exactly 1 > negative real zero. Thus, there are 3 positive and 1 negative real zero or 1 positive and I negative real zeros and 2 imaginary zeros. roots, Exercises Solve each equation. State the number and type of roots. 1.x? +4x— 2. 2x3 — S0x=0 3.123 + 100x=0 Oa x-3) 2x( XW) 7 Bale Ux( 3xt 420) =) (EN 9 cach ey 31% 9 3 295/ \ce3) "roms Bem, TRL Fe ani State the possible number of posit i aginary zeros for each function. aa 4 f0)=3e8 222 Be 22 YD ceals eA Bes rect cooly ° ne as Fon= 38 tx2 46x12 Be anes ev L BRS 200 Gyrel rong Fe4)= BY, Neisiuleas (2or0 C)eat Gage lnecy7/5-7 Study Guide (coninos Find Zeros Complex Conjugate ‘Suppose a and b are real numbers with b # 0. If + bis a zero of a polynomial function Theorem with real coefficients, then a — b/is also a zero of the function. Example : Find all of the zeros of lx) = x ~ 15x? + 38x60, Since f(x) has degree 4, the function has 4 zeros. fis) = x4 — 15x? + 38x — 60 fx) = x4 — 15x? — 38x60 Since there are 3 sign changes for the coefficients of x), the func change for the coe zeros. on has 3 or 1 positive real zeros. Since there is + sign the function has 1 negative real zero, Use synthetic substitution to test some possible 3.9 18 60 usr=6 5 e20r | 0 S03 is a zero of the polynomial function, Now try synthetic substitution again to find a zero of the depressed polynomial. 2)1 3 6 2» 1 1 i 4) 3 nt 4 1o-l 13 5 ‘So —5 is another zero, Use the Quadratic Formula on the depressed polynomial x? — 2x + 4 to find the other I zeros, 1 £iv3. The function has two real zeros at 3 and —5 and two imaginary zeros at 1 + i-V3. Exercises Find all zeros of each function, Lx) =38 +x? 49x49 3.pla)=a? 4. p(x) = x3 — 5x? + 1x155-8 Study Guide - Rational Zero Theorem Identify Rational Zeros Let f(x) =a, x" + a@,_,x"~! +... + a, x? + a,x + ay represent a polynomial function with Rational Zero Theorem | integral coefficients. If is @ rational number in simplest form and isa zero of y= fx), then pis a factor of ay and q isa factor of ay Corollary (Integral Zero | If the coefficients of a polynomial are integers such that a,, = 1 and ay #0, any rational Theorem zeros of the function must be factors of ag, Example : List all of the possible rational zeros of each function. a. fd 2x? + 6x10 If isa rational root, then p isa factor of —10 and q isa factor of 3. The possible val ss for p are +1 £5, an £10. The possible values for g are 61 and 63. So all of the possible rational zeros are = ® +1, £2, £5, £10, +3, +3, 5 0 +Sanda2 b. g(x) =x? 10x? + 14-36 Since the coefficient of x3 is 1, the possible rational zeros must be the factors of the constant term —36, So the possible rational zeros are +1, +2, +3, +4, +6, +9, +12, £18, and +36. Exercises List all of the possible rational zeros of each function. a 1. fis) = x2 +3x? 2 +8 2. g(a) = 5 — 7x4 + 3x2 +x 202 1 4 t t eR capi fyay fat erars_ tis aot 4 S.q(s) =3e* 523 + 105+ 12 $2,243 t4 3 £10 Pa tLsz 3326 54 28 Sal t2 33 4436 42, atatay Bx txt tax? \) 8. efx) = Sx®— 3x4 + 5x9 +2x?-15 q ? pe ty t3- tpt5-8 Study Guide (continues Find Rational Zeros Example 1: Find all of the rational zeros of f(x) = 5x3 + 12x? — 29x + 12. From the corollary to the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, we know that there are exactly 3 complex roots. According to Descartes’ Rule of Signs there are 2 or positive real roots and 1 negative real root. The possible rational zeros are +1, 22 at 46 22, 2 2 3, 44, 46, £12, 45 45,45, 24, 28 44% Make a table and test some possible rational zeros, | s |12[ -29 | 12 1|s5]17|-12] 0 Since f(1) =0, you know that x = 1 is a zero. The depressed polynomial is Sx? + 17x ~ 12, which can be factored as (Sx ~ 3)(x + 4). By the Zero Product Property, this expres: mn equals O when x = 3 or x=—4. The rational zeros of this function are 1, 3, and —4, Example 2: Find all of the zeros of f(x) = 8x‘ + 2x? + 5x? + 2-3, There are 4 complex roots, with 1 positive real root and 3 or I negative real roots. The possible rational zeros are +1, £3, + 2 npr a a8 a8 ond a2, 525.45 ond ad Pe Make a table and test some possible values. The depressed polynomial is 8x3 + 6x? + 8x + 6. Try ¥ synthetic substitution again. Any remaining rational prs EEA eB 5) eS. roots must be negative. 1 | 6 [10/15 | 7] 14 - 2 [6 [18] 41 | 64 | 765 Elels[e ite —|elal7 Since ¢ (3) x=—2is another rational root. ‘The depressed polynomial is 8x? + 8 = 0, wl roots +i, a The zeros of this function are 5, ~3, and +3. Exercises x \ und Yhe Calculawer to Gnd a Find all of the zeros of each function. rook. Then 1 fucered for She rest BS fis) = xt + 2x3 ~ 11x? + Br 60 CQ 3) 1 2 +r t -vo Ixt + Sx? + 30x? + 45x54 = = is -sY af ar ey ey) * IF 2 bo (oe BS ca Rat ‘aro Te Unt=Bat 4 Sean 27 ee BSS — 84543) (uy ao) (4x-3)+4( 4x43) Teste 70x 43) 4444 8) Geax) Gaus) wet dy