EFFECTIVENESS OF CURFEW HOURS AS A CRIME PREVENTION

STRATEGY IN AMBONAO, CALASIAO, PANGASINAN

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES, STUDIES AND LEGAL BASIS

The literature and studies cited in this chapter tackle

the different concept, understanding, and ideas,

generalization or conclusions and different development

related to study of the enrollment from the past up to

the present and which serves as the researchers guide in

developing the project. Those that were also included in

this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are

relevant and similar to the present study.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE

Curfew

Curfew ordinances are typically local registration that

identifies a particular time which does not allow

residents to be out in public. In general, curfews seek

to reduce juvenile crime and victimization, and empower

parents to help control children’s behavior. The

assumption behind curfew legislation is that;

individuals who are at home or under adult supervision

are less likely to be involved in criminal activity,

either as a perpetrator or a victim. Similar to

probation practices, the use of general curfews across

the country has almost alike trends in juvenile justice

sentencing policy.

Curfews have again become popular in recent years as a

response to increased crime and violence, but research

on their effectiveness is mixed. There are some thoughts

available on what respondents think about curfews and

how the rules actually affect their lives and criticisms

of unconstitutionality threaten their very existence

(Ruffle & Reynolds, 1999).

History of Curfew Ordinances

The origin of curfew ordinances is closely tied to the

origin of the juvenile court itself as with the

probation practices. Requiring residents to be out in

public by a certain time maintained some people’s

control over behavior. Curfews are highly variable

between jurisdictions, as well as differential enforced,

but some notions can be made about their use through a

test of time. Juvenile crime and curfew ordinances and

their enforcement goes together. If juvenile crime

increases, so do curfew ordinances and their

enforcement. Marketos (1995) set the 1950s and 1990s as

examples of this. The 1990s “get tough” rationale was

adopted as a strategy for increased number of offenders

and to restrict the access of the juveniles at the

streets. Others created ordinances for the first time

while some jurisdictions revised the old ones (Ruffle &

Reynolds, 1999).

Curfew violations are usually considered status

offenses, which would indicate a less serious response

from the formal criminal justice system. The number of

juveniles arrested for curfew, however, is a substantial

proportion of arrests.Considering the number of

juveniles that come to the attention of the police and

the courts because of curfew violations, information

regarding the effectiveness of ordinances is essential

(Maguire & Pastore, 1994).

Evaluation of Curfew

Contemporary general curfew ordinances are highly

variable across the country and receive a significant

amount of both support and criticism. Supporters cite

drops and consider the youth as grounds while opponents

look for discriminatory enforcement, constitutional

issue and resources for it to be abolished. As to

jurisdiction, some police officers support this, while

others find it a burden (Watzman, 1994).

Most support for curfew enforcement comes from individual

jurisdiction evaluations. In general, programs that are

collaborative and include multiple components obtain the

best results. For example, New Orleans, USA got the

support from the government, religious groups, Police and

Juvenile Bureau Staff, and medical personnel to staff a

Central Curfew Center (CCC) to provide services and

counseling to curfew violators. Summer employment and

some recreation programs were also given the youths to

supply their pro social activities. A comparison of

juvenile crime rates between 1993 and 1994 showed a 27%

reduction in juvenile crime overall, with a 33% decline

in armed robbery and a 42% drop in auto theft during

curfew hours. These doesn’t only address the

issue on curfew violation but it also strengthens

community ties and provides opportunities for juveniles

in building their skills which shows decreased juvenile

involvement in crime. The subject of juvenile curfews is

highly controversial, however, and unwavering support is

difficult to find (Bilchik,1996).

Importance of Curfew Hours

The use of a curfew serves the same purpose, it is to

ensure the safety and control for the people and also

those in authority. A curfew assists in ensuring the

safety of the people. When curfew is implemented, it can

be said to be safer during riskier times especially at

night. Additionally, a person who is authorized or

required to go out during the implementation is

recommended not to go to places he or she is not

comfortable of. This can prevent them from engaging in an

unwanted situation. It also ensures the safety of people

from harm and behaviors such as drinking liquors, doing

drugs, promiscuity, and violence. In days where a person

may face harm and threats, we need to be using curfew as

a tool as our disposal. It is obviously important to

ensure that the curfew is reasonable, manageable and

indeed, that it is appropriate and valid. It is not to be

used as part of an autocratic style of parenting, but

rather as a tool that benefits all members of the family.

Often negotiation between parent and child will allow for

some interesting discussions. Negotiating a curfew will

also allow the child to feel his/her opinion is taken

into consideration. Ultimately, of course, the decision

needs to be that of the parent. The negotiation of a

“curfew discretion” needs to be considered by parents too

where the child is perhaps participating in something out

of the ordinary. There needs to be a degree of give and

take around curfew times (Pretorius, 2019).

Curfews have flourished as a crime control measure for

several reasons. In terms of broadpolitical factors,

there has been growing concern about the juvenile crime

problem. Young offenders, specifically those fourteen

years old and younger, have been described as the

“leadingedge of the juvenile crime problem” (Butts and

Snyder 1997). Although this group accounts for

only about one-third of juvenile crime, violent crime

rates between 1980 and 1995 for this groupgrew at twice

the rate of older juveniles (94 percent for juveniles

fourteen years and younger, 47percent for older

juveniles) (Butts and Snyder 1997). These observations

led to widespread criesfor more effective handling of

young offenders by the criminal justice system. For

conservatives,these concerns translated into more

vigorous law enforcement, increased social controls,

andharsher punishments. For liberals, these concerns were

reflected in early identification ofpotentially serious

delinquents, followed by intervention strategies designed

to preventdevelopment of serious delinquent careers.

Within this context, curfews had something useful tooffer

to both sides of the political spectrum.Curfews are

highly effective to a broad audience that encompasses a

wide diversity ofphilosophical and political persuasions.

As an instrument of social policy, curfews has been

usedto reinforce parental responsibility and strengthen

family relationship with one another. Curfewlaws,

emphasizes parental responsibility of the parents as the

first line of enforcement for curfewlaws. There are many

curfew laws sanction both parents and children for

violations, and someexclusively target parents. As a

related matter, family bonds may be strengthened as the

childrenspend more time at home rather on streets, and

this could benefit in other domains, such as

schoolperformance. As a crime control instrument, curfew

laws troth to reduce both juvenile offendingand

victimization. They also provide law enforcement with an

additional tool to investigate anddetect juvenile crime

more aggressively (Adams 2003)

Types of Curfew Laws

The initial type of curfew is the Juvenile Curfew Law, it

was set by state and local governments to restrict

minors, specifically those who are 18 years old and below

to be out in public at a specific time unless they are

being accompanied by their parent or guardian, attending

religious and school activities, instructed by an adult,

experiences emergency, and on their way or from their

work. Its purpose is to prevent and protect the minors

from criminal activities, threat, and harm.

If a juvenile happen to violate the curfew law, the

following may be given as reciprocal action: monetary

fees, mandatory community service, revoking of driving

privileges, and confinement to a juvenile detention

center (usually for repeat offenders). But are also

instances where parents are accountable for their

children’s violations wherein they can be fined. If crime

rate increases on a local government, officers activate

curfew laws like issuing tickets or arresting violators,

otherwise, officers escort the violators home and give

verbal warning.

The second type is the Emergency Curfews, these are being

imposed during times of crisis, catastrophe or natural

disaster such as to prevent the spread of Covid-19,

hurricanes, blizzards, wildfires, public riots, and other

dangerous fugitives. When emergency curfews are

implemented, the local government typically specifies

certain conditions. For instance, on these days of

pandemic, local governments allow those who work in the

medical field, BPOs, and other essential fields to go

outside but they are also encouraged to limit their

movements.

Lastly, the Business Curfews restrict the operation of

certain establishments at a certain time where people may

gather especially in places with high level of crime,

loitering, and otherwise disorderly conduct (LawFirms,

2021)

Legal Challenges

Curfews have received numerous legal challenges. Bast

and Reynolds (2003) present a detailed discussion of four

legal cases brought against a curfew ordinance within the

locality. Two of these curfew ordinances were upheld

andtwo were struck down. A common basis for these

challenges was that the curfew ordinance violated the

civil rights of adolescents (most of whom are not

adjudicated delinquents) by restricting their freedom of

movement or other individual liberties. Watzman (1994)

argues, however, that the more exceptions for “acceptable

activities” (for example, legitimate employment) a given

policy provide, the more likely it is to survive a

challenge on constitutional grounds.

Fried (2001) argued that an important legal

consideration in the debate over the constitutionality of

juvenile curfews is their effectiveness. The legal

justification for restricting the rights of juvenile

rests on the state’s interest in protecting juveniles

from victimization and in reducing juvenile crime. If

juvenile curfews are found to be ineffective in

furthering these interests, then legal challenges may

become more successful context. However, as argued by

Bastand Reynolds (2003), the certainty of the evidence on

the effectiveness needed for a legal justification is

likely to be low, only needing to establish a reasonable

expectation of positive benefits.

The Valenzuela City Government strictly implements the

Sangguniang PanlungsodOrdinance No. 13, series of 211,

and otherwise known as,

“The Internet Ordinance ofValenzuela City,”

beginning with a massive poster and tarpaulin campaign

around thecity.The campaign aims to inform the public

that in Valenzuela City, minors, or any person below 18

years old, are allowed at internet cafés, and computer

rental and gamingshops from 4:00 p.m. to 9:30 p.m.

only.Tarpaulins were installed at conspicuous areas

around the city and posters are being placed at internet

cafés, and computer rental and gaming shops, to

spreadawareness among the owners and operators of such

establishments that a new local law toregulate their

operation is in force.The simply designed poster,

featuring clear-cut text and a sketch of a school-agegirl

in front of a personal computer stamped with a red

caution symbol, is one of theseries of posters and

tarpaulins released by the Office of the City Mayor,

through thePublic Information Office (PIO), along with

the posters/tarpaulins against selling ofliquor and

tobacco products to minors, and posters/tarpaulins on the

prohibited hours ofselling liquor and alcoholic products

in the city.The concept of this literature provides

empirical evidence among researchers thatthere are

existing ordinances or law in place of study. It is the

utmost reason why the proponents pursue the study and to

assess the effectiveness of the implementation of

different curfews in the city. The City of Valenzuela are

rigidly employed the law andthey followed what is due for

the community. The study will

According to the study of crime prevention of Alonzo

(2011), Cities across the countryhave used youth curfews

to address growing public concern about juvenile crime

andviolence. By reducing the number of youth on the

street during certain hours, curfews areassumed to lower

the risk factors associated with youth crime. In addition

to preventingcrime, the curfews are also argued to

protect youth from dangerous situations. Curfewshave been

widely cited by policy makers as an effective tool for

reducing crime whileacademic research shows mixed

results. A multi-layered approach is suggested to reduce

juvenile crime, including graffiti removal and

prevention, after school and evening programs, employment

programs, mentorship, and early childhood intervention.

Althoughthese tools may not completely eradicate the

issue, it may provide a starting point in crime

prevention. This also recommend that an evidence-based

process carried out by a selectgroup of professionals,

experts, and key stakeholders be used to determine how

and whattools and strategies best will work for

ColumbiaThe emerging impact of curfew in the Philippines

defines how important to assessthe evident result of the

law implementation. This premise will support how

therespondents will deal to the evaluation that they will

conduct in the Barangay Ambonao, Calasioa.

Graffiti offenders: Juvenile case issue

According to gang war cases study by Allen (2010), Cities

have used a variety ofapproaches to counter the

prevalence of graffiti, especially gang related graffiti.

There aretwo overarching strategies that can be taken

when dealing with graffiti: remove it and prevent it.

Most cities attack graffiti with both strategies.

Graffiti reporting hotlines,neighborhood volunteer

groups, and dedicated graffiti removal staff are the most

common tools used for the removal graffiti. Graffiti

abatement or prevention can beapproached by going after

graffiti artist or taggers themselves or by creating

physicalsurfaces that are difficult or less desirable to

deface. Arresting graffiti offenders can bedifficult as

it is hard to link one person to multiple incidences of

graffiti in an area. A farmore effective approach is to

provide programs that keep youth from ever

becominginvolved in graffiti or gangs in the first place.

Landscaping, outdoor lighting, roughsurfaces, and public

art are used to make areas more difficult and less

desirable tovandalize.This issue mentioned by Allen is an

example of issues that the proponents wouldlike to know

if it was solve by the implementation of the law. Not

only gan-war and buthabitual disturbances in community

will be assess by the proponents utilizing responses

according to the respondents’ perception

LEGAL BASIS

Curfew Ordinance in the Philippines

It is an act imposing curfew hour from ten in the

evening (10:00 pm) to five in the morning (5:00 am) for

persons below eighteen (18) years of age and prescribing

penalties for violations thereof. Be it enacted by the

Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines

in Congress assembled:

Section 1. Imposition of Curfew Hours; Covered Persons -

There is hereby imposed curfew hours from ten o'clock in

the evening (10:00 pm) to five o'clock in the morning

(5:00 am) for persons below eighteen (18) years 4 of

age.

Section 2. Exceptions - During curfew hours, no minors

shall be allowed in the streets, commercial

establishments, recreation centers, malls or any other

areas outside the

immediate vicinity of their residence except: a) Those

accompanied by their parents, family members of legal

age, or guardians upon proper verification; b) Those

running lawful errands such as buying of medicines,

using of telecommunication facilities for emergency

purposes and the like upon proper verification; c)

Students of night school and those who by virtue of

their employment are required to stay in the streets or

outside their residence after ten o'clock in the evening

(1 0:00 pm); Provided, that minors falling under

these categories shall secure a certification from their

Punong Barangay exempting them from the coverage of this

Act, or present a document or identification proving

their qualification under such category.

Section 3. Role of the Barangay - The Punong Barangay,

Members of the Barangay Council and the duly designated

Barangay Tanods are hereby authorized to implement the

provisions of this Act.

Section 4. Guidelines in Apprehension - Offenders of

this Act shall be apprehended in accordance with the

following guidelines: The apprehending official or

officer shall, without unnecessary delay, notify the

parents or guardians of the offender and release the

offender in recognizance to said

parents or guardian with the understanding that the

offender shall be submitted to the Punong Barangay for

the corresponding penalty under Section 5 of this Act;

In cases where the offender is not a resident of the

Barangay where the apprehension was made, during the

determination of the identities and residence of the

offender's parents or guardian for purposes of their

information and release of the offender to their

custody, the offender shall be held in the holding

facility of the Barangay where the apprehension was made

for not more than twenty-four (24) hours, and thereafter

if the

release of the offender to his/her parents' or

guardian's custody cannot be reasonably accomplished,

the Punong Barangay concerned shall turn over the

offender to the Municipal or City Social Welfare Office

concerned for proper disposition; For an offender who is

homeless,abandoned, neglected or have no known parents,

relatives or guardians, the apprehending official or

officer shall refer the offender to the custody of the

Municipal or City Social Welfare Office concerned within

twenty-four (24) hours of apprehension.

Section 5. Penalties - Any offender of this Act shall be

penalized as follows: a) First Offense - Four (4) hours

of community service consisting of cleaning and sweeping

of surroundings, among others. b) Second Offense - Twelve

(12) hours of community service consisting of cleaning

and sweeping of surroundings, among others, c) Third

Offense and Subsequent Offenses — Forty (40) hours of

community service and loss of parental authority over the

offender by the parents or guardians concerned.

Section 6. Suspension of the Provisions of the Act in

Special Cases - The President, through administrative

issuances, may suspend the implementation of this Act

nationwide or in specific areas for a length of time as

may be necessary in celebration of fiestas and special

and legal holidays.

Section 7. Role of the Philippine National Police (PNP)

The Philippine National Police shall provide police

support to the Punong Barangays whenever needed for the

enforcement of this Act.

Section 8. Implementing Rules and Regulations. - The

Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

and the Department of Interior and Local Government

(DILG), in consultation with the Philippine National

Police (PNP), shall, within ninety (90) days from the

passage of this Act, promulgate the rules and regulations

necessary for the effective implementation of this Act.

Section 9. Separability Clause - If any provision of this

Act is declared unconstitutional or inoperative, the

other provisions not so declared shall remain in force

and effect.

Section 10. Repealing Clause. - All laws, decrees,

orders,

rules and regulations or parts thereof inconsistent with

the Act or the rules and regulations promulgated pursuant

thereto are hereby repealed or amended accordingly.

Section 11. Effectivity. - This Act shall take effect

fifteen (15) days after publication in two (2) national

newspapers of general circulation.

Curfew Ordinance in the Province of Ilocos Norte

Residents in Ilocos Norte can now have more time to do

economic activities as curfew hours have been reduced in

the province. In the latest public advisory of Governor

Joseph Matthew M. Manotoc, he said that curfew hours from

11:00pm to 4:00 am will encourage people to enjoy the

outdoors but with safety precaution. The old curfew hours

were from 10:00 pm to 4:00 am but this has affected some

businesses which opted to close between 6:00 pm to 7:00

pm. From a straight penalty of Php 5, 000 for violating

curfew hours, the provincial government through an

amended ordinance has reduced the penalty to Php 1, 000

for first offense, Php 2, 000 for second offense, and a

maximum of Php 5, 000 for the third offense (PNA, 2020).

Statistics on Curfew Violators in the Province of Ilocos

Norte Sustaining its annual "generally peaceful" status,

the Province of Ilocos Norte through the Ilocos Norte

Police Provincial Office (INPPO) registered a more than

60% reduction in crime rate since the implementation of

the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine (ECQ)

(Adriano, 2020).

Republic of the Philippines

PROVINCE OF MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL
MUNICIPALITY OF JIMENEZ
-oOo-
Office of the Sangguniang Bayan
EXCERPT FROM THE MINUTES OF THE REGULAR SESSION OF THE
SANGGUNIANG BAYAN OF
JIMENEZ, MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL, HELD IN THE SESSION HALL ON
DECEMBER 16, 2013.
PRESENT: Hon. Joselito C. Chiong Vice-Mayor & Presiding
ARTICLE V CURFEW
ESTABLISHING CURFEW HOURS WITHIN JIMENEZ
SECTION 1 -There shall be curfew hours to be observed in
Jimenez as follows:
a. Minors -below 18 years 10:00 P.M. – 4:00 A.M.
b. Adults -12:00 MN. - 4:00 A.M.
c. Minors entering internet cafes - up to 9 pm only
d. Exceptions: Sponsored Discos, vigils and other forms
of entertainment up to 3 A.M. only
SECTION 2 -Violation of this ordinance shall be penalized
as follows:
Minors:1st Offense - warning
2nd Offense - For disposition by DSWD
3rd Offense - parents to be fined =P=500.00
Adults:1st Offense - warning
2nd Offense -temporary custody in the Municipal Holding
Area to be
released the following day
3rd Offense fine of not more than =P=500.00
For Internet Cafes:
Internet cafes MUST put up appropriate signages and must
inform minor customers that 9:00
P.M. is the time limit, and shall stop Internet
services / availability and telling them (minors) to go
home. Internet café violators shall be fined:
a. =P=500.00 for the 1st Offense,
b. =P=1,000.00 for the 2nd Offense and cancellation of
Business Permit / Non Renewal
of Business Permit
c. 3rd Offense 2,500.00 fine including holding them
(CAFES) responsible for the safety
of the minors within their establishments

EXCERPTS FROM THE MINUTES OF THE REGULAR SESSION OF THE

SANGGUNIANG BAYAN OF CUYAPO, NUEVA ECIJA, HELD ON APRIL

10, 2006 AT THE SANGGUNIANG BAYAN SESSION HALL.

RESOLUTION No. 28, s-2006

RESOLUTION APPROVING RESOLUTION NO. 2, S-2006 OF BARANGAY

VILLAFLORES, RE: RESOLUTION ADOPTING MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE

NO. 58, s- 2003 IMPOSING CURFEW HOURS TO ALL RESIDENTS OF

THE BARANGAY FROM 10:00 PM TO 4:00 AM OF ANY DAY WITHIN

ITS TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION – referred to the Committee

on Barangay Affairs;

WHEREAS, Bgy. Villaflores, this Municipality passed and

filed a Resolution No. 2, s-2006

adopting Municipal Ordinance No. 58, s-2003 imposing

curfew hours to all residents of the

barangay from 10:00 in the morning to 4:00 in the evening

of any day within its territorial

jurisdiction;

WHEREAS, in the implementation of curfew hours, not only

minors but all residents

shall not be allowed outside their houses except in cases

of emergency, wake of any dead

resident, or in special occasions such as weddings,

Town/Bgy. Fiesta;

NOW THEREFORE, upon motion of SBM Ferdinand B. de Guzman

and duly seconded

by SBM Antonio V. Ysmael, this Body, in an open session

assembled RESOLVES, as it is hereby

RESOLVED to approve Resolution No. 2, s-2006 of Bgy.

Villaflores, Re: Adopting Municipal

Ordinance No. 58, s-2003 imposing curfew hours to all

residents of the barangay from 10:00

in the morning to 4:00 in the evening of any day within

its territorial jurisdiction;

PROVINCE OF ZAMBOANGA DEL

MUNICIPALITY OF BAYOG 7011

OFFICE OF THE SANGGUNIANG BAYAN

MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE NO. 9-15-05

SECTION 1 - TITLE - The period and time from Nine O’clock

in the evening (9:00

P.M.) to Four O’clock in the morning (4:00 A.M.) is

hereby declared as “Curfew Hours

for Minors”.

SECTION II - REGULATED ACTS - No person below eighteen

(18) years of age

shall stay outside of his Residential compound or

premises and roam, wander, saunter

around or loiter, in any Public Roads, Parks, Plazas, or

any Public place in this

Municipality during the period of curfew hours mentioned

in the preceding section,

unless otherwise exempted under the provision of this

Ordinance.

SECTION III - EXEMPTIONS: This Article shall not apply in

the following

circumstances:

1) When Minor is being accompanied by his parents,

guardian or adult person in- charge of his custody.

2) When minor is engaged in a lawful pursuit of

livelihood or providing assistance in any lawful

activity.

3) When the minor is going to, or coming from, scholastic

functions like attending classes, commencement exercises,

convocation, educational programs and similar activities.

4) When the minor is on an errand to save life or

property, like calling for the services of a Physician,

Midwife, Priest, Police officer, Fireman and other

similar circumstances.
5) When the minor is going to, or coming from any

religious, social, civic or sports

program and similar activities.

6) When the minor is responding to emergency situations

during the occurrence of Natural or Man-made calamities.

7) When the Minor can show proof, or explain to the

satisfaction of apprehending officer, that he has just

arrived from travel and is on his way home and similar

circumstances

8) One (1) day before and after Christmas Day; new Years

Day; Election Day; and other similar events of Public

interest.

9) Two (2) days before and after the day of Town “Fiesta

or Fiesta” of the barangay

where the minors resides.

10) When the minor has a “Curfew Pass” by the authorities

concerned.

11) On such other dates or occasions when the Sangguniang

bayan decided, thru a

Resolution, or Ordinance to suspend the implementation of

this Ordinance.

SECTION IV - RULES AND REGULATIONS.

1) Whenever a minor is apprehended for alleged violation

of this Ordinance, he

shall be placed under Protective Custody of the Police

Officer on duty at Police

Headquarters but only for the remaining period of curfew

hours and shall be

released immediately thereafter or sooner thereof upon

request of their parents,

guardian, or any immediate members of their family. He

shall not be placed

behind bar or imprisoned unlike convicted felon.

2) No person, natural or juridical, who has been granted

a Mayor’s Permit to

operate a business or trade activity shall admit, or

allow to stay, in his

establishment any minor during the period of curfew

except when the minor is

employed as a helper or working therein, or a member of

the family of operator,

manager, or person in-charge of such establishment.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

According to Provincial Police Director, PCol.

Christopher Abrahano, the intensified police presence,

and maintenance of 24-hour checkpoints stationed in

strategic locations contributed to the general

peacefulness of Ilocos Norte. In an overview of the peace

and order situation of Ilocos Norte, PCol. Abrahano said

that based on their records, there are incidents of theft

and physical injuries while murder-homicide incidents

lowered down. However, 61 people violated the guidelines

on total lockdown imposed across the province. They

violated the curfew hour, liquor ban, and disobedience to

a person in authority or the Article 151. Another four

people were also arrested for overpricing of alcohol and

masks. As a member of the Provincial "Salun-at" Task

Force, INPPO is actively performing its function to

ensure enforcement of lockdown guidelines. Among its

initiatives include the protection of four boundary

checkpoints to certify that only authorized person can

enter the province, including the integrated checkpoints

in each city and municipality; enforcement of "one entry,

one exit" policy in places of convergence such as

groceries and public markets; and support in the

regulation of price control and temporary closure of

non-essential establishments (Adriano,2020).

Crimes Deterred When Curfew is Implemented

A dated curfew outcome study examined the effects of a

summertime curfew law in a large Midwestern city. Rates

of serious crimes such as rape, robbery, burglary, etc.

Committed by juveniles during the month of August were

calculated for the four years prior to adoption of the

summer curfew and compared with rates after the curfew

took effect. The findings suggested that crime rates were

reduced during curfew hours(Hunt & Weiner, 2017).

Ruffle and Reynolds (1995) reviewed more than 160

newspaper stories about curfews which appeared during

1993 and part of 1994. They found that the rationale for

adoption of curfews in most cities was to reduce juvenile

crime and crime victimization. Several cities were

reported to have adopted curfews both as a hedge against

the geographical displacement of juvenile crime to their

cities from other areas and as part of a domino effect

when surrounding cities and municipalities passed them.

At the time of the survey, three major American cities

(Denver, Phoenix, Orlando) had adopted city-wide curfews

that had specific application to hot spot high crime

areas. How Curfews Might Affect Crime According to Adams

(2003), the logic of juvenile curfews is to keep people

home during late evening and early morning hours and this

will prevent them from committing crimes and to become

crime victims. Reduced opportunity to commit crime should

translate into fewer crimes. Furthermore, the potential

for fines or other sanctions is presumed to deter people

from being out in a public place during curfew hours. It

is also argued that curfews provide police with a useful

tool for managing people in public places during curfew

hours. Finally, curfews may make it easier for parents to

enforce a rule for when a youth must be home in the

evening (Ruffle and Reynolds, 1995). The statement above

has been questioned. Gottfredson and Soule (2005) argued

that most of the crimes committed by juveniles happened

in the hours before and after school. This means that

only few proportion of crimes were committed during

curfew hours. Additionally, it is rare for curfew

ordinances to be associated with increased law

enforcement resources, reducing the likelihood of

effective enforcement. Studies have shown that

overstretched and under-resourced police departments may

forego the enforcement of a curfew law in favor of

focusing on more urgent demands. Thus, having a curfew

ordinance in place does not always translate into

vigorous enforcement, further limiting any potential

effect (Bannister and Reynolds, 2001).

The Effect of the Curfew Implementation

Curfew is an order specifying a time throughout that

positive rules apply. The main purpose of the study is to

determine the effect of the curfew hour implementation as

to the perception of the Barangay Official, Barangay

Police, and Police Officer of Nasipit, Agusan del Norte.

A descriptive correlational research design was used in

the study. The result shows that the curfew hour was

implemented regularly by the continuous efforts rendered

by the Barangay Officials, Barangay Police, and Police

Officers. The result proves that the safety and security

needs of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs are essential,

including the security of our body, employment,

resources, the morality of the family, and health. It was

recommended that communities living in the Barangay

cooperate and participate in the curfew implementation

(Ruffle and Reynolds, 1995).

According to Galabin (2018), studies of curfews

conducted by municipalities may have severe

methodological flaws of which does or may not necessarily

prove that these ordinances do not work. Analyzing such

impacts is important because curfew policies can be

thought of as constituting treatments. Indeed, if, as

basic economic models, crime is a purposive activity,

then curfew should only reduce delinquency if the

technology used to produce this behavior is imperfectly

substitutable between curfew and non-curfew hours.

(Becker, 1968).

According to the study of Maslow’s hierarchy of n

eeds as cited by Villarica(2011), the most immediate

concern of people is physical safety from violence. Even

after the bulk of fighting is over, physical insecurity is

often pervasive throughout society from politically

motivated violence, rampant gunfire, and retaliation by

former enemies,

gender-based violence, landmines, and emerging armed

criminal elements. Stateauthority and security

institutions, meanwhile, are likely to be politicized,

part of the problem, and severely impaired or

nonexistent, creating a security vacuum that

insurgents, terrorists, extremists, or criminals will

seek to fill. The security threats in transitional

environments call for a dual capability to subdue large-

scale threats to the peace process while also maintaining

public order.This concept provides the researcher to

profoundly study the relevance of safetyamong communities

and the level of their understanding on the functions of

Nationalsecurity on their places. It is a common endeavor

of every Filipinos to be a victim ofcrimes and

disturbance or scandals which according to Maslow people

needs a safe andcomfortable environment which free of

hazards and they can live freely according to theirwill.

This entails thatA country’s recovery from violent

conflict depends first and foremost on the

establishment of security. Without

security, parties to the conflict will not lay down their

arms, and a country will never progress beyond a state of

siege and will remain stagnantin its economic, political,

and social development. People will refrain from

resumingnormal activities that are fundamental to a

healthy and vibrant society, like sending theirchildren

to school, opening shops for business, or traveling to

the market. Civilianagencies will be unable to begin

laying the critical foundation for promoting the rule

oflaw, good governance, economic growth, and healthy

social development.For the past administrations in the

Philippines, there are different curfewsimposed by the

legislative and even local ordinance which promotes anti-

hazards, anti-crimes and anti-violence program. It is

indeed an ideal proposition of providing a safeand sound

environment among Filipinos who are weak on the

disadvantageous effects ofchanging generations from a

more liberated one. In connection to crimes, adult are

not just prone of it even children. The manifestations of

curfew in the country were based onrampant news of

killings which involves minors. Another indexes of it is

the habitualactivities of Filipinos that causes

disturbance in the community such as singing usingKaraoke

until dawn, drinking or having party on the streets and

gang-war participated bydifferent fraternities or street

children.

Implementation of Curfew Ordinances in Cabanatuan City,

Nueva Ecija Curfew ordinances are widely praised, but

little researched, enforcement mechanism that local

police departments can use to combat juvenile

delinquency. The study used a descriptive method which

describes the current level of implementation of the

curfew hours on selected Barangays in Cabanatuan City.

There is a total of one hundred fifty respondents that

majority of them were the youths/juveniles ages ranges

from eleven to seventeen of different Barangays in

Cabanatuan City. As to the level of implementation of

curfew ordinance, it is the consistency which is missing

which is happened to be one of the most essential thing

in the process of implementation. As to the perception of

the youths to the programs given by the Barangay

Officials to those who violate the said curfew ordinance,

as to the data gathered by the researcher, the programs

given or offered doesn’t even work as a deterrence for

the youths aren’t afraid of the potential pain they will

be incurring because the Barangay Officials do not give

sanctions to the apprehended violators (Carpio, 2020).

House Bill 1035- Karaoke Curfew

As cited on Philippine Star (2016), the anti-videoke bill

has been filed by the House of Representatives, which

prohibits the use of loud musical instruments such as

videoke and other sound-amplifying equipment past 10 p.m

nationwide to avoid disturbance in the community Anyone

who violates the law will be fined one thousand pesos, or

worse, may face imprisonment of not more than six months.

If in case a business establishment violates this, their

permits or license shall be rescinded.

This study will also determine if this is always being

followed by the residents.

Safe Neighborhood

According to study of safe neighborhood by Sampson

(2010), neighbors with high levels of crime are often

densely populated, mixed use (businesses and residences

in the same area) areas, with concentrated poverty, a

transient population, a high proportion of single-parent

households, and dilapidated buildings. Children and

adolescents living in neighborhoods characterized by

crime or disorganization are more likely to become

victims of violent are more likely to experience

social and emotional problems such as aggression, stress,

and withdrawal, as well as delinquency and low school

achievement.

This concept shows the importance of safe and sound

environment among the residents. It is important to

ensure one’s environment because this determines his or

her progress on acquiring positive and ideal attitude.

Problems Encountered During Curfew Hours

In March 2020, a news report stated Barangay Officials

from Sta. Cruz, Laguna are facing charges after detaining

curfew violators in a dog cage. This was followed by a

police officer caught on video beating up several

residents in Manila for violating quarantine protocols;

the PNP responded with an investigation of the incident.

On the 7th of April, 2020, a Barangay Official in

Mexico, Pampanga forced three LGBTQI+ people to perform

humiliating acts as punishment for violating the curfew;

the punishment was recorded on video and posted on

Facebook by the Barangay Captain. The rest of the group

were subjected to other forms of degrading punishment

(AmnestyInternational Philippines, 2020).

These review of related literature and studies were used

by the researchers in attaining the objectives and

completion of the study

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