BOTANICAL RUST REMOVER FROM MACOPA (SYZYGIUM

SAMARANGENSE) FRUIT EXTRACTS AND VINEGAR

A Research Paper Presented to Tanauan Institute Senior High School

Tanauan City, Batangas

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

III and Capstone

by:

Delos Reyes, Lanze Leonard R.

Mendez, Banjo
Mitra, Dharnel P.
Villajuan, Samuel E.
Alzona, Rovic
Delin, Althea Jicelle
Fronda, Kriszia Mae M.

Tanauan Institute, Inc.

May 2022
 Chapter 1

Background of the Study

This study falls under the science field where it aims to find out the feasibility of

Macopa fruit extracts (Syzygium Samarangense) and vinegar as botanical rust removers.

This study is intended to determine whether vinegar and Macopa extracts are reliable and

efficient rust removers. Common chemical rust removers are made with some strong

mineral acids that are known for their successful and faster cleaning of rusting materials.

Hence, these compounds can be hazardous to human internal and external health only if

they are not handled, stored, and used properly. Poisonous substances are contained in

anti-rust products and can lead to serious injury. However, botanical fruits also have a

number of chemical properties that are safe for human health and are present in common

chemical iron oxide removal. This prompted the researchers to conduct a botanical

experiment to find out if the botanical specimens are also usable and effective for

removing iron oxide other than using chemical rust removal. And these common

chemical compounds are also found in vinegar and Macopa extracts.

Vinegar is from the French word "vin aigre," which means "sour wine." Vinegar

is a combination of acetic acid and water made by the fermentation process that can be

made from almost any fermentable carbohydrate source. The main component of vinegar

is acetic acid, where acetic acid is used to describe ethanoic acid, an acidic, colorless

liquid that makes the vinegar known for its pungent sour smell and can also be naturally

found in spoilt foods. Acetic acid is known for its effectiveness as a household cleaning

agent because it can tolerate strong and acidic products. Vinegar is a basic seasoning in

cooking for a certain food because of its remarkable taste, which makes it more useful.
Vinegar is a proven cleaning agent for appliances because it also has antimicrobial

properties. Although vinegar cannot be used as an effective disinfectant that can kill

bacteria or viruses, it's an excellent cleaner.

On the other hand, Macopa, or rose apple, is known by its various names

depending on the area to which it belongs and its common pear-like shape with its bright

red color. Macopa is native to Southeast Asian countries and comes from a tropical tree

that can grow up to 12 meters tall. It has the taste of sweet and sour, which makes it more

delicious and nutritious. In traditional medicine, because of its numerous health benefits,

it is considered a remedy mostly for diabetes and various human health problems. Aside

from it containing medical remedies for illness that people obtain from Macopa, it also

consists of a chemical compound called titratable acid. Titratable acid is the term used to

describe acids such as phosphoric and sulfuric acid. These acids also consisted of a

chemical rust product.

Both vinegar and Makopa have the same chemicals that can be used in removing

rust that a chemical rust remover also contains. Despite the fact that vinegar is considered

a type of weak acid and has a low pH value, the acetic acid does not completely separate

in water. A typical household vinegar is about 5% acid, while a vinegar that contains

10% acetic acid or a high concentration is corrosive. It can cause chemical burns and

should be handled carefully (Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., 2019). However, even

though the vinegar has a low pH of acetic acid, it is still effective in removing the rust

from metal. In addition to that, weak acids can dissolve and loosen the crumbly hydrated

iron oxide or rust to form a soluble salt. They can also replace it with a thin film of

smooth hard oxide on the surface of the iron to help it resist further hydrated oxidation.
 This study informs the readers about the feasibility of Macopa fruit extracts and

vinegar as rust removers. It also gives information about the chemicals of each material

that can be used in removing rust. In addition to that, the ingredients for making this rust

remover are easy to find. They can be found in the backyard and at home. Furthermore,

there are no toxic chemicals in it, so it's safer to use and saves a lot of money and time. In

conclusion, having a rust remover using Macopa fruit extracts and vinegar will be

beneficial.

Statement of the Problem

The major materials that will be employed to make a botanical rust remover,

Macopa (Syzygium samarangense) and Vinegar, contains chemical substances that is

feasible to work as rust remover. This research study ventures to develop a botanical rust

remover from the fruit extracts of Macopa fused with vinegar. This comprised the

academic year 2022-2023.

To complete this investigation, the researchers will inquire and collect data from

reliable resources and develop an actual rust remover from the mentioned ingredients.

Specifically, it sought to provide responses on the subsequent statements:

1. Study the chemical properties of Macopa and vinegar to figure out which are

good for making a botanical rust remover.

2. Determine how effective the following ingredients are in terms of removing rust

from metal:

2.1. Macopa fruit extract

 2.2. Vinegar

3. Assess developed botanical rust removers in terms of:

3.1. Effectivity

3.2. Certain amount of product

4. Proceed doing trials to test the developed botanical rust remover to see if it is

effective, requires adjustments, or is unsuccessful in eradicating rust.

5. Determine the extent to which botanical alternatives are used as cleaning agents.

Develop a botanical rust remover using Macopa fruit extracts and vinegar.

Research Hypothesis

The researchers hypothecate that the chemical properties present in Macopa extracts

and Vinegar mixture are feasible in developing a botanical rust remover.

1. If the chemical properties that could be capable of eradicating rust from iron are

determined, then Macopa extracts and Vinegar mixture can be used in developing

a rust remover.

2. If the amount of ingredients required for the effectivity of the product can be

determined, then Macopa extracts and Vinegar mixture can be used in developing

a rust remover.

Certain variables may still affect the effectiveness of Macopa (Syzygium

samarangense) Extract and Vinegar Mixture as a Botanical Rust Remover. The purpose

of this research is to produce a rust remover through the use of organic mixtures. In this
brief data set, we aim to prove the feasibility of using Macopa (Syzygium samarangense)

Extract and Vinegar Mixture as a Botanical Rust Remover.

Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of the study "Botanical Rust Remover from Macopa (Syzygium

samarangense) Fruit Extracts and Vinegar" are:

1. To inform readers about the feasibility of using organic and household materials

as rust removers.

2. To determine whether this rust remover can benefit citizens,

3. To help people save their money.

4. To reduce the environment's scrap and to extend the service life of those

materials.

5. To keep the environment and people safe.

6. To reduce waste.

Significance of the Study

The aim of this research is to develop a Botanical Rust Remover from Macopa

(Syzygium samarangense) Fruit Extracts and Vinegar. The researcher believes that this

study will not only be based on the yield data but also help on the following accounts:
Automotive Industry. This study will benefit automotive owners because most of the

automotive parts are made of metal and easily rusts from water, and it is also organic and

will not waste a lot of money.

Industrial Companies. The factories are the biggest beneficiaries of having this because

they are using machines and it can help them remove rust from the machines that they

have always used.

Agricultural Sector. The Agricultural Sector will also benefit the most specifically the

producers of Macopa fruit and vinegar in developing the Botanical Rust Remover.

Future Researchers. This study could help them serve as a guide in their future studies

and support their findings as a reference.

Scope, Limitations, and Delimitations of the Study

This study was conducted by grade 12 STEM students at Tanauan Institute, Inc.

This study was considered to find and validate the use of Macopa (Syzygium

samarangense) fruit extract and vinegar as a substitute in removing rust. It will be limited

to those who are working at welding shops, auto repair, and vulcanizing shops around

Barangay Darasa, Tanauan City, Batangas, and shall be conducted during this school year

2022–2023.
 The primary data gathering method that will be used is through interviews to

determine the effectiveness of Macopa (Syzygium samarangense) fruit extract and

vinegar as rust removers.

This study, moreover, focuses on how widely botanical alternatives are utilized as

cleaning agents using macopa fruit extract and vinegar to create a botanical rust remover.

Definition of Terms

Titratable acid - a term to describe acids such as phosphoric acid and sulfuric acid,

which are involved in renal physiology.

Acetic acid - one of the best remedies for tackling rust. It works best if the rusted

surfaces are small and can be easily removed.

Macopa - a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae, native to an area that

includes the Greater Sunda Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman and Nicobar

Islands, but introduced in prehistoric times to a wider area and now widely cultivated in

the tropics.

Remedy - a medicine or treatment for a disease or injury.

Eradicating - gerund of eliminate, remove, or exterminate.

Automotive - relating to or concerned with self-propelled vehicles or machines

Botanical - a substance obtained from a plant and used as an additive.

Rust - a state of deterioration or disrepair resulting from neglect or lack of use.

Toxic Chemicals - a substance that can be poisonous or cause health effects.

Fermentation - the process in which a substance breaks down into a simpler substance.

Chapter 2

Iron

Doce et al., (2016) state that iron is a well-known metal that has substantially

aided our economy. Iron is a late transition element in the periodic table and is derived

from the Latin word "ferum." Its symbol is "Fe."It is denoted by the symbol "Fe." This

element has an atomic number of 26 and is classified as a silvery white solid metal in

Group VIII of the periodic table. When iron reacts readily with oxygen, the process of

oxidation occurs. When steel atoms react with oxygen, the complex iron (III) oxide is

created. Corrosion occurs when iron, oxygen, and water react in rust. This is especially

true with regard to metals. On iron, the oxide layer acts as a protective coating. It is quite

delicate. By the time the iron departs, it is likely to rust rapidly.

Rust

According to Heather (2021), rust is not just a fact of life; it has a substantial

effect on a range of variables. Rust deteriorates metals over time, leaving holes that cause

artifacts to be destroyed. Rust is inconvenient in any case. This will only result in the

equipment being left unrepaired due to rust.

 Types of rust

Red Rust Fe2O3H2O (High Oxygen/ Water Exposure). Water exposure

and high oxygen levels cause red rust to appear. Since there is no basis for finding it, this

sort of rust has no definite location on anything visible (Armor VCI, 2019).

Yellow Rust FeO (OH) H2O (Iron oxide-hydroxide). When rust is highly

soluble in iron oxide, yellow rust develops. Due to its distinct properties, it is also known

as "solvated rust." Furthermore, this rust occurred as a result of extremely high moisture

levels, which are common in areas where there is a lot of water (Armor VCI, 2019).

Brown Rust Fe2O3 (High Oxygen/ Low Oxide). It is a reddish-brown crust

on the metal's surface that is drier than red and yellow rust and forms when there is a lot

of oxygen and not a lot of moisture. This can sometimes mean rust that only affects parts

of a metal object, not the whole thing (Armor VCI, 2019).

Black Rust Fe3O4 Iron (II) oxide (limited oxygen). When rust from iron

oxides is exposed to low oxygen and moisture, black rust develops. The outcome of

oxidation in a low-oxygen environment is a thin, black coating that can be seen. A

substance that covers the part with black rust prevents oxygen from reaching the surface.

Rust Remover

Quinn (2010) claims that a rust remover will keep an object from corroding

completely. It's a good idea to eliminate rust from one or more metal objects before the

item completely deteriorates. If one neglects rust on one of the tools, for example, the

tool will deteriorate and finally become useless. Clothing and metal can be discolored by

rust. Rust may also discolor concrete surfaces. On the other hand, discoloration isn't as
severe as rust. If one does not intervene before it's too late, rust will degrade metal to the

point that it's no longer usable. Almost everything can be cleaned using rust-removal

chemicals. This is because rust may harm practically any surface, and this is the situation.

Rust may affect a variety of materials, including cement, concrete, textiles, and metal.

Rust is a serious home concern due to the extensive damage it can cause to furniture,

equipment, and other household objects. Wet and metal-containing parts of the house,

such as the kitchen and bathroom, are the most prone to rust since rust is generated by a

reaction between moisture and iron. This has made permanently eliminating rust and rust

stains much more difficult. One of the negative effects of rust is the deterioration of once

desirable commodities into elderly and neglected objects.

Right Rust Remover

According to Holland (2022), while removing rust can be difficult, using the right

rust remover can make the process more manageable and efficient. Rust is a silent killer

that slowly corrodes iron and steel, finally causing corrosion and causing far more

damage than what is visible on the surface. Heavy-duty vehicles, suspension bridges, and

even enormous warships may be brought down by a small amount of oxygen and

moisture. Rust appears as a reddish-brown stain when iron and oxygen react to form iron

oxide in the presence of moisture. It can provide character to metal surfaces, but the

drawbacks far exceed any perceived beauty. When rust occurs and the amount of iron

oxides exceeds that of the original metal, the material's structure or integrity is usually

irreversibly ruined. To avoid or postpone corrosion, many iron objects are coated with

rust-resistant alloys such as stainless steel, galvanized with zinc or aluminum, or coated

with paint, lacquer, or varnish. However, these deterrents can wear away with normal
wear and contact with the environment, causing rusting to commence. Under unfavorable

conditions and without sufficient shielding, ferrous metals may literally dissolve in thin

air, resulting in a heap of reddish metal items crumbling. And if one has rusted tools, it's

only a matter of time before they quit operating. Rust, on the other hand, is not always

linked to a metal surface.

Natural/Organic rust removers

According to Markus S. (2008), natural rust removers can be found by purchasing

them or made personally. It is more economical to produce than to buy, which can also be

made on your own. Aside from being inexpensive, it is also safer because of the nontoxic

ingredients it contains that do not affect a person's internal and external health. Although

it contains chemicals to become an effective rust remover, its presence is minimal and not

dangerous at all. It becomes less hazardous and harmful to people as well as to the

environment. One weakness of natural rust removal is that it is not as effective as

chemical-based removal. A chemical-based rust remover has more active chemical

substances that speed up the removal of iron oxide compared to an organic removal

because it is organic and less noxious. Though it has been proven that it is better to use

organic rust removal because, aside from its eco-friendly ingredients, it is also more

harmless to use for people and is inexpensive yet still effective. In other words, rust

removal products are an important tool for cleaning. Whether chemical or organic

removal, both can help to make the metal equipment durable. However, it is inevitable to

compare the two for their effectiveness and thorough cleaning. But if one is saving yet

looking for an effective rust remover, it is better to use organic rust removal products. As

such, it is also conducive to the environment.

 ColonelHeat1616 (2022), organic acid and the rust remover containing citric acid

are said to be effective, which has led to its gradual rise as an effective rust remover. The

industry somehow adopted its environmentally sound and anti-rust effects. It says that an

organic acid is reliable for oxidation as well as chemical-based removal. However,

despite the efficient and successful use of these two, they can both have favorable and

adverse characteristics when using them. That is why the search for a lower corrosiveness

for steel that has speed and a high rate of rust removal by developing a rust-removing

composition is still pursuing it.

Removing stains and rusts

According to Ying and Kai Qui (2010), medical equipment used in hospitals,

particularly steel, oxidizes regardless of whether it is used. As a result of this issue,

several hospitals employ rust cleaning chemicals and the use of rust-resistant steel. This

also lowers the expense of new equipment for hospitals, and all steel that is still in use

can be repurposed with the application of rust-removing agents. Apart from rust, another

issue is the presence of stain and how it can be properly eliminated. According to Li

(2017), there are two primary techniques to erase stains: chemically with peroxide for

teeth washing and chemically with abrasive in preventive pastes and dentifrices. Both of

the preceding techniques produce a whitening effect.

Makopa

Antioxidant Activity of Makopa

According to Alegaldo and Bucog (2009), fruit extract from makopa can be used

as an antioxidant substance. Using a free radical scavenging assay, oxidation may cause
deleterious effects on the human body. Thus, antioxidants are essential to prevent

diseases. The pure makopa fruit juice was extracted with the use of ascorbic acid with a

concentration of 4 mg/mL of solution and ethanol with a concentration of 1.195 mH per

16.5 mL. The instrument used to measure the absorbance was a UV-V spectrometer. The

results showed that the pure fruit juice changed the color of the untreated solution from

violet to yellow. The average absorbance of the third trials was 0.44%, while the

antioxidant activity was 62%. On the other hand, enzymes are better linked to testing

different solutions to measure absorbance. However, characterization shows that the fruit

juice from makopa can be used as a rust remover.

Sensory Qualities of Makopa

According to Peidad (2020), the sensory qualities of wine produced from Makopa

(Syzygium Samarangense) Somehow, evergreen makopa was collected from San

Policarpo, Eastern Samar, and was used as the primary raw material in this study. The

musts are high in acid content and require dilution with water and another addition of

sugar before fermentation. However, the fruits are underutilized since almost all kinds of

fruits can be used for wine making. Makopa fruit juice is an excellent raw material for

wine production and is also the best way to introduce makopa to the world. This study

determined that the sensory qualities of wine from makopa (Syzygium Samarangense)

have total soluble solid (TSS) titratable acid (TA), which is used for making wine.

However, titratable acid has a specific gravity of 1.05% of solution, while alcohol content

has an overall acceptability of 8.61% of solution and can also be used as a rust remover.

Vinegar
 According to Bhatti (2016), vinegar is produced when Acetobacter bacteria

convert dilute ethyl alcohol to acetic acid. Vinegar is primarily composed of acetic acid

and water. S. Tan, a chemist in the early eighteenth century, identified the sour liquid was

acetic acid. The colour and flavour are contingent on the raw material that is utilized such

as: cider, beer, wine, sugars, starch, fermented fruit juices and barley malt solution. The

percentage of acetic acid in typical home vinegar fluctuates between 4% and 6%.

However, larger amounts may be discovered but are not permitted to be consumed by

humans. Vinegar has been used for over 10,000 years, and for the last 5000 years, people

produced flavored vinegars and offered it to the public.

Cleaning Uses of Vinegar

According to Peltier (2021), vinegar's high acidity level aids in the disintegration

of mineral deposits, such as lime and rust, as well as the dissolution of soap scum, owing

to their alkaline nature, making it ideal for bathroom and kitchen cleaning. Vinegar's

efficacy as a cleaning agent extends to removing grease from ovens, cooktops, stoves,

and grills, and it easily cleans out wax build-up from wood floors. Additionally, a vinegar

soak aids in the removal of discoloration from kitchen sinks, mugs, and coffee machines,

such as coffee and tea stains. It is also effective in deodorizing and neutralizing smells

from the kitchen and bathroom, as shown by a simple spritz of a vinegar-water solution.

Also, it may be added to the laundry's rinse cycle as a softening agent. To summarize,

vinegar may be used for a variety of cleaning purposes. Peltier (2021), emphasized the

vinegar's cleaning properties and concluded that it can be used nearly any place in the

house, from scrubbing wood floors to wiping windows and wastebaskets. However, it is
not recommended for use on marble due to the acid content, which can damage its

surface.

Vinegar as Rust Stain Remover

While acid may be used to eliminate rust discoloration, the chemical interaction

between the acid and the surface of the iron nail may cause the rusting process to be

accelerated ("Potential of Vinegar as a Rust Stain Remover," 2016). According to Neller

(2004), corrosion occurs significantly and more rapidly in acerb solutions than in

impersonal solutions, and the latter is faster than in alkalic solutions. Therefore, to see the

best results, after soaking the Fe nail in vinegar to eradicate the rust, the Fe nail must be

immersed in furuncle H2O to ensure that no further chemical reaction occurs. Thus, there

will be no corrosion that will happen on the iron nail.

Vinegar as Rust Remover

Based on an article in House Caravan (2022) entitled "Why Does Vinegar

Remove Rust?", vinegar is considered one of the best natural cleaners that can be used to

remove rust because of its natural acidity, which makes it capable of eradicating rust.

Acid dissolves rust and corrosion that has accumulated on metals. It was also specified

that vinegar reacts differently to various metals, such as aluminum, which contains

protective oxide. A few tips and steps on eliminating rust with the use of vinegar were

also mentioned. When dealing with little damaged items, soaking them in vinegar is

advised, and when dealing with larger damaged items, pouring the vinegar directly is

recommended. Then finish it with a thorough rinse and dry with a towel. These are just

some of the tips and steps cited in the article.

Botanical/Organic Rust Remover

Cleaning uses of Lime juice

According to Parke (2017), lemon is the most frequently used fruit in household

cleaning because of its high acidity and antibacterial properties. Lime may be used in a

similar manner and is useful for a variety of cleaning jobs, including removing rust.

Citrus and vinegar as rust removers

According to Sarinas et al. (2013), rust on nautical vessels is a common problem.

Therefore, studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of some

environmentally friendly natural products as alternative rust removal solutions.

Experiments with citrus, lemongrass, vinegar, and hydrochloric acid have shown that the

combination of citrus and vinegar is most effective in removing rust. It is true that

hydrochloric acid is a common and effective solution, but it is still a dangerous chemical.

However, the combination of citrus fruits and vinegar is good for the environment and is

a natural way to get rid of rust.

Mixture of calamansi, vinegar, and dishwashing soap as a rust remover

According to Alcon et al. (2021), rust is a major problem with metal products,

probably due to exposure to water and prolonged exposure, as well as other factors that

can cause rust. There are several cheap and expensive rust removers on the market today.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of the combination of calamansi, vinegar, and

dishwashing liquid as an alternative rust inhibitor as a more accessible and cost-effective

solution. However, vinegar, lemon, and dishwashing liquid are commonly used as

alternative stain removers. Since calamansi is acidic, and when added, vinegar dissolves
rust and dishwashing liquid prevents the removed rust from adhering to the surface. In

conclusion, the mentioned mixture is a good organic alternative to remove rust.

Baking Soda and Lemon as Rust Remover & Citric Acid as Rust Remover

According to research performed by Louis A., Verna D.L., and Khrizia B. (April

2018), rust removers can be created from natural ingredients and can be done at home

with relative ease. Their findings show that a mixture of lemon juice and baking soda is

excellent at eliminating rust from metals and other metal-containing surfaces. Citric acid,

found in lemons, and baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate, are both effective

in removing rust from metal surfaces. Citric acid is also mentioned in an article authored

by Eric Novinson entitled "The Effect of Citric Acid on Metals," which states that it is

used in a variety of applications, including rust treatment. It is also mentioned that citric

acid is a weaker organic acid than sulfuric acid, which means that it does not degrade iron

at the same rate as sulfuric acid. Because the citric acid solutions available over-the-

counter are often administered in lower quantities, they are considered safe for

consumption. According to him, it is sufficient to stimulate the reaction in treating rust by

briefly immersing an iron item that has rusted in a citric acid solution for a few seconds.

As a result of the citric acid's chelating action on the iron oxide, a clean piece of iron is

left behind along with a solid chelate that can be easily removed.
 Chapter 3

Materials and Methods

Preparation of Makopa Extract

The researchers bought Makopa (Syzygium Samarangense) fruit weighing 1000

grams on the market. Mongi et al. (2015), conducted a study to see how different drying
processes affected total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in Tanzanian fruits
and vegetables. The 1000gram fruits will be washed before it will be placed under the
heat of the sun for 3 days to be dried and crushed until pulverized using a blender.

Extract of Makopa (Syzygium Samarangense)

The pulverized Makopa will be dissolved in 4000 ml of water at a normal

temperature. Mix it well and strain the puree with the use of a strainer. The extract will be
collected after the filtration process.

Preparation of the Compound

Even with its alkaline nature, vinegar's high acidity level helps release mineral
deposits like lime and rust, as well as dissolve soap scum, Peltier (2011). By using a
series of measures, including vinegar and Makopa, to see which measurements worked
best in this experiment and which measurements needed to be altered. Determine how
many kilograms or milliliters of Makopa and vinegar you need to get the best texture and
product combination. In this way, the effectiveness of the mixture may be easily assessed.

The Procedure for Removing Rust

Out of the ten nails, only two severely damaged by iron oxide were selected to be
the subjects for the experiment. The chosen nails will be subjected to two methods of
treatment (soaking and scrubbing).

Soaking

The mixture will be poured into a new container. After that, the material
that is portably oxidized will be soaked in the solution.

Scrubbing

If the material(s) are large and oxidized, use the brush to apply the mixture
to the surface.
Monitoring

The researchers will leave it for a few hours until the dissolving of the rust is
observed. The rusted nail must show results during oxidation.

Cleaning Phase

The researchers will rinse the nails with water when the rust is ready to be
removed. Lastly, dry the material using a clean cloth.

Data Tablee

Expected Data

Botanical Rust Remover from Makopa (Syzygium Samarangense) Fruit Extracts

and Vinegar

Ingredients Measurements Application

 Makopa Extract Scrubbing
1:1 (500mL:500mL)  Apply the product
 Vinegar liberally and directly to
the rusted metal, then
1:2 (500 mL:1000mL) scrub it thoroughly
using a brush.

2:1 (1000mL:500mL)

Soaking
1:1 (500mL:500mL)  Immerse the metal with
rust on the surface. Let
the rusted metal
1:2 (500 mL:1000mL) submerge in the
solution for several
hours to soften and
reduce the adhesion of
2:1 (1000mL:500mL) rust to the metal.