Appendix

List of Appendixes

A–1 Properties of Areas

A–2 Preferred Basic Sizes
A–3 Screw Threads
A–4 Properties of Standard Wood Boards
A–5 Properties of Angles (L-shapes) —Equal Legs and Unequal Legs
A–6 Properties of Channels (C-Shapes)
A–7 Properties of I-Shapes
A–8 Properties of Hollow Tubing—Square and Rectangular
A–9 Properties of Steel Pipe and Mechanical Tubing
A–10 Typical Properties of Carbon and Alloy Steels
A–11 Typical Properties of Stainless Steels and Nonferrous Metals
A–12 Properties of Structural Steels
A–13 Typical Properties of Cast Iron
A–14 Typical Properties of Aluminum Alloys
A–15 Typical Properties of Wood
A–16 Typical Properties of Selected Plastics
A–17 Design Stress Guidelines
A–18 Stress Concentration Factors
A–19 Beam Deflection Formulas for Simply Supported Beams
A–20 Beam Deflection Formulas for Cantilevers
A–21 Beam Diagrams and Deflection Formulas for Statically Indeterminate Beams
A–22 Conversion Factors

752
 Appendix

A–1 Properties of areas.a

Circle pD 2 D R
A= = pR 2 r= =
4 4 2
R
pD 4 pD 4
D I= J=
64 32

pD 3 pD 3
S= Zp =
32 16
Circumference = πD = 2πR
Hollow circle (tube) p( D 2 - d 2 )
A= D2 + d 2
4 r=
4
d D p( D 4 - d 4 ) p( D 4 - d 4 )
I= J=
64 32
p( D 4 - d 4 ) p( D 4 - d 4 )
S= Zp =
32 D 16 D
Square A = s2
s4 s
Ix = rx =
X X s 12 12
s/2
s3
Sx =
s 6

Rectangle A = bh
Y bh3 bh 2 h
Ix = Sx = rx =
12 6 12

hb3 bh 2 b
Iy = Sy = ry =
C 12 6 12
X X
h

h/2

Y b/2
b
(Continued )

753
754 Appendix

A–1 Properties of areas.a

Triangle bh
A=
2
bh3 h
h Ix = rx =
X X 36 18
y = h/3
bh 2
Sx =
b 24
Semicircle pD 2
Y A=
8
c = 0.288D Ix = 0.00686D4 Sx = 0.0238D3 rx = 0.132D
X X Iy = 0.0245D4 Sy = 0.0491D3 ry = D/4 = R/2
y = 2D/3π = 0.212D
Y
D
Regular hexagon A = 0.866h2
Y Ix = 0.0601h4 Sx = 0.120h3 rx = 0.264h
Iy = 0.0601h4 Sy = 0.104h3 ry = 0.264h
X X h
y = 0.500h

c = 0.577h
Area under a second- Area over a second-
degree curve degree curve
Vertex Vertex
C

H C H

3 5 3 B
B B B
8 8 4 4
B B
1
A = 2 BH A= BH
3 3

Area under a third- Area over a third-

degree curve degree curve

H C H

0.2B
0.4B 0.6B 0.8B

B B
1
3 A= BH
A = BH 4
4

Symbols used are A, area; r, radius of gyration = I /A ; I, moment of inertia; J, polar moment of inertia; S, section modulus; and
a

Zp, polar section modulus.

Appendix 755

A–2 Preferred basic sizes.

SI metric
Fractional (in.) Decimal (in.) (mm)
1
64
0.015 625 5 5.000 0.010 2.00 8.50 1.0 40
1
32
0.031 25 5 14 5.250 0.012 2.20 9.00 1.1 45
1
16
0.0625 5 12 5.500 0.016 2.40 9.50 1.2 50
3
32
0.093 75 5 34 5.750 0.020 2.60 10.00 1.4 55
1
8
0.1250 6 6.000 0.025 2.80 10.50 1.6 60
5
32
0.156 25 6 1
2
6.500 0.032 3.00 11.00 1.8 70
3
16
0.1875 7 7.000 0.040 3.20 11.50 2.0 80
1
4
0.2500 7 1
2 7.500 0.05 3.40 12.00 2.2 90
5 0.3125 8 8.000 0.06 3.60 12.50 2.5 100
16
3
8
0.3750 8 1
2
8.500 0.08 3.80 13.00 2.8 110
7
16
0.4375 9 9.000 0.10 4.00 13.50 3.0 120
1
2
0.5000 9 12 9.500 0.12 4.20 14.00 3.5 140
9 0.5625 10 10.000 0.16 4.40 14.50 4.0 160
16
5
8
0.6250 10 12 10.500 0.20 4.60 15.00 4.5 180
11
16
0.6875 11 11.000 0.24 4.80 15.50 5.0 200
3 0.7500 11 1
2 11.500 0.30 5.00 16.00 5.5 220
4
7 0.8750 12 12.000 0.40 5.20 16.50 6 250
8
1 1.000 12 1
2 12.500 0.50 5.40 17.00 7 280
1 1
4
1.250 13 13.000 0.60 5.60 17.50 8 300
1 12 1.500 13 12 13.500 0.80 5.80 18.00 9 350
1 34 1.750 14 14.000 1.00 6.00 18.50 10 400
2 2.000 14 1
2 14.500 1.20 6.50 19.00 11 450
2 1
4 2.250 15 15.000 1.40 7.00 19.50 12 500
2 12 2.500 15 12 15.500 1.60 7.50 20.00 14 550
3
2 4 2.750 16 16.000 1.80 8.00 16 600
3 3.000 16 12 16.500 18 700
3 1
4 3.250 17 17.000 20 800
3 1
2 3.500 17 1
2 17.500 22 900
3 34 3.750 18 18.000 25 1000

4 4.000 18 12 18.500 28
4 1
4
4.250 19 19.000 30

4 12 4.500 19 12 19.500 35

4 34 4.750 20 20.000

Note: The sizes highlighted in blue are the first choices. Use the sizes in black when a smaller
increment is needed.
756 Appendix

A–3 Screw threads.

(a) American Standard thread dimensions, numbered sizes
Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF
Basic major Threads per inch, Tensile stress area Threads per Tensile stress area
Size diameter, D (in.) n (in.2) inch, n (in.2)
0 0.0600 — — 80 0.001 80
1 0.0730 64 0.002 63 72 0.002 78
2 0.0860 56 0.003 70 64 0.003 94
3 0.0990 48 0.004 87 56 0.005 23
4 0.1120 40 0.006 04 48 0.006 61
5 0.1250 40 0.007 96 44 0.008 30
6 0.1380 32 0.009 09 40 0.010 15
8 0.1640 32 0.0140 36 0.014 74
10 0.1900 24 0.0175 32 0.0200
12 0.2160 24 0.0242 28 0.0258
(b) American Standard thread dimensions, fractional sizes
Coarse threads: UNC Fine threads: UNF
Basic major Threads per inch, Tensile stress area Threads per Tensile stress area
Size diameter, D (in.) n (in.2) inch, n (in.2)
1
4
0.2500 20 0.0318 28 0.0364
5
16
0.3125 18 0.0524 24 0.0580
3
8
0.3750 16 0.0775 24 0.0878
7
16
0.4375 14 0.1063 20 0.1187
1
2
0.5000 13 0.1419 20 0.1599
9
16
0.5625 12 0.182 18 0.203
5
8
0.6250 11 0.226 18 0.256
3
4
0.7500 10 0.334 16 0.373
7
8
0.8750 9 0.462 14 0.509
1 1.000 8 0.606 12 0.663
1 81 1.125 7 0.763 12 0.856
1 14 1.250 7 0.969 12 1.073
1 83 1.375 6 1.155 12 1.315
1 12 1.500 6 1.405 12 1.581
1 34 1.750 5 1.90 — —
2 2.000 — —
(Continued )
Appendix 757

A–3 Screw threads.

(c) Metric thread dimensions
Coarse threads Fine threads
Basic major Tensile stress area
diameter, D (mm) Pitch (mm) Tensile stress area (mm2) Pitch (mm) (mm2)
1.0 0.25 0.460 — —
1.6 0.35 1.27 0.20 1.57
2.0 0.40 2.07 0.25 2.45
2.5 0.45 3.39 0.35 3.70
3 0.5 5.03 0.35 5.61
4 0.7 8.78 0.50 9.79
5 0.8 14.2 0.50 16.1
6 1.0 20.1 0.75 22.0
8 1.25 36.6 1.00 39.2
10 1.50 58.0 1.25 61.2
12 1.75 84.3 1.25 92.1
16 2.00 157 1.5.0 167
20 2.5 245 1.5 272
24 3.0 353 2.0 384
30 3.5 561 2.0 621
36 4.0 817 3.0 865
42 4.5 1121 — —
48 5.0 1473 — —
Designations for American Standard Unified Screw Threads: UNC - unified coarse threads; UNF - unified fine threads.
758 Appendix

A–4 Properties of wood boards.

Y

W
X X

Y
t
(a) Properties of U.S. sized wood boards
With long dimension
Actual section size (in.) horizontal With long dimension vertical
Moment of Section Moment of
Nominal Area of section inertia, Iy modulus, inertia, Ix Section modulus,
size Width, W Thickness, t (in.2) (in.4) Sy (in.3) (in.4) Sx, (in.3)
1×2 1.50 0.75 1.125 0.053 0.141 0.211 0.281
1×3 2.50 0.75 1.875 0.088 0.234 0.977 0.781
1×4 3.50 0.75 2.625 0.123 0.328 2.680 1.531
1×6 5.50 0.75 4.125 0.193 0.516 10.398 3.781
1×8 7.25 0.75 5.438 0.255 0.680 23.817 6.570
1×10 9.25 0.75 6.938 0.325 0.867 49.466 10.70
1×12 11.25 0.75 8.438 0.396 1.055 88.989 15.82
2×2 1.50 1.50 2.250 0.422 0.563 0.422 0.563
2×3 2.50 1.50 3.750 0.703 0.938 1.953 1.563
2×4 3.50 1.50 5.250 0.984 1.313 5.359 3.063
2×6 5.50 1.50 8.250 1.547 2.063 20.80 7.563
2×8 7.25 1.50 10.88 2.039 2.719 47.63 13.14
2×10 9.25 1.50 13.88 2.602 3.469 98.93 21.39
2×12 11.25 1.50 16.88 3.164 4.219 178.0 31.64
4×4 3.50 3.50 12.25 12.51 7.146 12.51 7.146
4×8 7.25 3.50 25.38 25.90 14.80 111.1 30.66
4×12 11.25 3.50 39.38 40.20 22.97 415.3 73.83
6×6 5.50 5.50 30.25 76.26 27.73 76.3 27.73
6×8 7.25 5.50 39.88 100.52 36.55 174.7 48.18
6×10 9.25 5.50 50.88 128.25 46.64 362.7 78.43
(Continued )
Appendix 759

A–4 Properties of wood boards.

Y

W
X X

Y
t
(b) Wood boards: SI metric sized
With long dimension
Actual section size (mm) horizontal With long dimension vertical
Nearest Moment of Section Moment of
nominal inertia, Iy modulus, Sy inertia, Ix Section modulus,
U.S. sizea Width, W Thickness, t Area, A (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm4) Sx (mm3)
1×2 40 19 760 2.29 × 104 2.41 × 103 1.013 × 105 5.07 × 103
1×3 65 19 1235 3.72 × 104 3.91 × 103 4.348 × 105 1.3379 × 104
1×4 90 19 1710 5.14 × 104 5.42 × 103 1.154 × 106 2.5650 × 104
1×6 140 19 2660 8.00 × 104 8.42 × 103 4.345 × 106 6.2067 × 104
1×8 190 19 3610 1.086 × 105 1.143 × 104 1.0860 × 107 1.1432 × 105
1×10 240 19 4560 1.372 × 105 1.444 × 104 2.1888 × 107 1.824 × 105
1×12 290 19 5510 1.658 × 105 1.745 × 104 3.8616 × 107 2.663 × 105
2×2 45 45 2025 3.417 × 105 1.519 × 104 3.42 × 105 1.519 × 104
2×3 65 45 2925 4.936 × 105 2.194 × 104 1.030 × 106 3.169 × 104
2×4 90 45 4050 6.834 × 105 3.038 × 104 2.734 × 106 6.075 × 104
2×6 115 45 5175 8.733 × 105 3.881 × 104 5.703 × 106 9.919 × 104
2×8 190 45 8550 1.443 × 106 6.413 × 104 2.5721 × 107 2.708 × 105
2×10 240 45 10 800 1.823 × 106 8.100 × 104 5.1840 × 107 4.320 × 105
2×12 290 45 13 050 2.202 × 106 9.788 × 104 9.1459 × 107 6.308 × 105
4×4 90 90 8100 5.468 × 106 1.215 × 105 5.4675 × 106 1.215 × 105
4×8 190 90 17 100 1.1543 × 107 2.565 × 105 5.1443 × 107 5.415 × 105
4×12 290 90 26 100 1.7618 × 107 3.915 × 105 1.82918 × 108 1.262 × 106
6×6 140 140 19 600 3.2013 × 107 4.573 × 105 3.2013 × 107 4.573 × 105
6×8 190 140 26 600 4.3447 × 107 6.207 × 105 8.0022 × 107 8.423 × 105
6×10 240 140 33 600 5.4880 × 107 7.840 × 105 1.61280 × 108 1.344 × 106
For reference only. Common names for U.S. sizes. See Appendix A–4(a) for actual dimensions.
a
 760

A–5 Properties of steel angles (L-shapes), equal and unequal legs.

x Y
x Y Z

Z Centroid
Centroid
X X
X X y
y

Y α Z Y α Z
(a) Angles: U.S. units, steel, larger sizes, 2–8 in.
Section properties
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y Axis Z–Z
Shape Weight per Area, Ix Sx Y Iy Sy x r α
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) foot (lb/ft) A (in.2) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.) (°)
a L 8×8×1 51.3 15.1 89.1 15.8 2.36 89.1 15.8 2.36 1.56 45.0
b L 8×8×1/2 26.7 7.84 48.8 8.36 2.17 48.8 8.36 2.17 1.59 45.0
c L 8×4×1 37.6 11.10 69.7 14.00 3.03 11.6 3.94 1.04 0.844 13.9
d L 8×4×1/2 19.7 5.80 38.6 7.48 2.84 6.75 2.15 0.854 0.863 14.9
e L 6×6×3/4 28.8 8.46 28.1 6.64 1.77 28.1 6.64 1.77 1.17 45.0
f L 6×6×3/8 14.9 4.38 15.4 3.51 1.62 15.4 3.51 1.62 1.19 45.0
g L 6×4×3/4 23.5 6.90 24.4 6.23 2.08 8.63 2.95 1.08 0.857 23.2
h L 6×4×3/8 12.2 3.58 13.4 3.30 1.94 4.84 1.58 0.940 0.871 24.1
i L 4×4×1/2 12.7 3.75 5.52 1.96 1.18 5.52 1.96 1.18 0.776 45.0
j L 4×4×1/4 6.58 1.93 3.00 1.03 1.08 3.00 1.03 1.08 0.783 45.0
k L 4×3×1/2 11.1 3.25 5.02 1.87 1.32 2.40 1.10 0.822 0.633 28.5
1 L 4×3×1/4 5.75 1.69 2.75 0.988 1.22 1.33 0.585 0.725 0.639 29.2
m L 3×3×1/2 9.35 2.75 2.20 1.06 0.929 2.20 1.06 0.929 0.580 45.0
n L 3×3×1/4 4.89 1.44 1.23 0.569 0.836 1.23 0.569 0.836 0.585 45.0
o L 3×2×1/2 7.70 2.26 1.92 1.00 1.08 0.667 0.470 0.580 0.425 22.4
p L 3×2×1/4 4.09 1.20 1.09 0.541 0.980 0.390 0.258 0.487 0.431 23.6
q L 2×2×3/8 4.65 1.37 0.476 0.348 0.632 0.476 0.348 0.632 0.386 45.0
r L 2×2×1/4 3.21 0.944 0.346 0.244 0.586 0.346 0.244 0.586 0.387 45.0
s L 2×2×1/8 1.67 0.491 0.189 0.129 0.534 0.189 0.129 0.534 0.391 45.0
(Continued )
Appendix
A–5 Properties of steel angles (L-shapes), equal and unequal legs.
x Y
Appendix

w Centroid

X X
y
h
Y
(b) Angles: U.S. units, steel, equal and unequal legs, smaller sizes, 0.50–2.5 in.
Section propertiesa
Weight/ftb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Short side, h Long side, w Thickness, t Area, A Steel IX SX y IY SY x
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.2) (lb/ft) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a 0.500 0.500 0.125 0.109 0.372 0.002 30 0.006 98 0.170 0.002 30 0.006 98 0.170
b 0.625 0.625 0.125 0.141 0.478 0.004 79 0.0113 0.201 0.00479 0.0113 0.201
c 0.875 0.875 0.125 0.203 0.691 0.014 20 0.0233 0.264 0.0142 0.0233 0.264
d 0.625 1.000 0.125 0.188 0.637 0.005 53 0.0121 0.167 0.0185 0.0286 0.354
e 0.750 1.000 0.125 0.203 0.691 0.009 47 0.0174 0.207 0.0197 0.0295 0.332
f 1.000 1.000 0.125 0.234 0.797 0.0217 0.0309 0.296 0.0217 0.0309 0.296
g 1.000 1.000 0.250 0.438 1.487 0.0369 0.0558 0.339 0.0369 0.0558 0.339
h 1.250 1.250 0.125 0.297 1.009 0.0439 0.0493 0.359 0.0439 0.0493 0.359
i 1.250 1.250 0.250 0.563 1.912 0.0767 0.0905 0.403 0.0767 0.0905 0.403
j 0.875 1.375 0.125 0.266 0.903 0.0162 0.0247 0.217 0.0509 0.0560 0.467
k 1.250 1.500 0.188 0.480 1.633 0.0651 0.0726 0.353 0.1035 0.1013 0.478
l 1.500 1.500 0.125 0.359 1.222 0.0778 0.0721 0.421 0.0778 0.0721 0.421
m 1.500 1.500 0.250 0.688 2.337 0.1385 0.1340 0.466 0.139 0.1340 0.466
n 1.250 1.750 0.125 0.359 1.222 0.0486 0.0515 0.307 0.113 0.0943 0.557
o 1.750 1.750 0.125 0.422 1.434 0.1256 0.0992 0.484 0.126 0.0992 0.484
p 1.750 1.750 0.250 0.813 2.762 0.2272 0.1860 0.529 0.227 0.186 0.529
q 1.250 2.000 0.188 0.574 1.952 0.0707 0.0752 0.311 0.232 0.177 0.686
r 1.500 2.000 0.125 0.422 1.434 0.0847 0.0748 0.368 0.173 0.125 0.618
s 1.500 2.000 0.250 0.813 2.762 0.1515 0.139 0.413 0.316 0.236 0.663
t 1.500 2.500 0.188 0.715 2.430 0.1275 0.111 0.352 0.461 0.279 0.852
Note: Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to inside and/or outside corners.
Sample data: Numerous additional sizes available. Consult vendors.
aI, Moment of inertia; S, section modulus; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and their locations x and y.

bUsing density of steel = 0.283 lb /in.3

m
761

(Continued)
A–5 Properties of steel angles (L-shapes), equal and unequal legs.
762

x Y

w Centroid

X X
y
h
Y
(c) Angles: SI units, equal and unequal legs, 10–100 mm
Section propertiesa
Weight/mb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Short side, h Long side, w Thickness, t Area, A Steel IX SX y IY SY x
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/m) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 10 15 3 66.0 4.973 477 69.1 3.09 1375 146 5.59
b 10 20 3 81.0 6.103 520 72.1 2.80 3140 257 7.80
c 15 20 3 96.0 7.233 1743 163 4.31 3653 277 6.81
d 15 25 3 111 8.363 1856 168 3.93 6876 428 8.93
e 15 30 3 126 9.493 1946 171 3.64 1.146 × 104 608 11.1
f 20 20 3 111 8.363 4030 290 6.09 4030 290 6.09
g 20 30 3 141 10.623 4551 306 5.12 1.272 × 104 640 10.1
h 20 40 3 171 12.883 4897 316 4.48 2.829 × 104 1109 14.5
i 25 25 3 141 10.623 8204 465 7.35 8.204 × 103 465 7.35
j 30 30 5 275 20.719 2.216 × 104 1072 9.32 2.216 × 104 1072 9.32
k 30 50 4 304 22.904 2.152 × 104 941 7.13 7.800 × 104 2373 17.1
l 40 40 5 375 28.253 5.561 × 104 1974 11.8 5.561 × 104 1974 11.8
m 40 60 5 475 35.787 6.270 × 104 2081 9.87 1.740 × 105 4334 19.9
n 40 80 6 684 51.533 7.836 × 104 2525 8.96 4.526 × 105 8868 29.0
o 50 50 5 475 35.787 1.125 × 105 3155 14.3 1.125 × 105 3155 14.3
p 50 75 5 600 45.205 1.266 × 105 3322 11.9 3.485 × 105 6884 24.4
q 50 100 6 864 65.095 1.590 × 105 4039 10.6 9.058 × 105 14 073 35.6
r 60 60 6 684 51.533 2.333 × 105 5452 17.2 2.333 × 105 5452 17.2
s 75 75 6 864 65.095 4.688 × 105 8677 21.0 4.688 × 105 8677 21.0
t 100 100 10 1900 143.148 1.800 × 106 25240 28.7 1.800 × 106 25 240 28.7
Note: Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to inside and/or outside corners.
Sample data: Numerous additional sizes available.
a I, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and their locations x and y.
Appendix

b Using density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.

A–6 Properties of channels (C-shapes).
Y
Flange
Appendix

Depth Web

X X
Centroid
x

Y
(a) American Standard: U.S. units, steel, larger sizes
Section properties
Flange Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Thickness, tf
Shape Area, A Depth, d Web thickness, tw Width, bf Average Ix Sx Iy Sy x
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a C 15×50 14.7 15.0 0.716 3.72 0.650 404 53.8 11.0 3.77 0.799
b C 15×40 11.8 15.0 0.520 3.52 0.650 348 46.5 9.17 3.34 0.778
c C 12×30 8.82 12.0 0.510 3.17 0.501 162 27.0 5.12 2.05 0.674
d C 12×25 7.35 12.0 0.387 3.05 0.501 144 24.0 4.45 1.87 0.674
e C 10×30 8.82 10.0 0.673 3.03 0.436 103 20.7 3.93 1.65 0.649
f C 10×20 5.88 10.0 0.379 2.74 0.436 78.9 15.8 2.80 1.31 0.606
g C 9×20 5.88 9.0 0.448 2.65 0.413 60.9 13.5 2.41 1.17 0.583
h C 9 ×15 4.41 9.0 0.285 2.49 0.413 51.0 11.3 1.91 1.01 0.586
i C 8×18.75 5.51 8.0 0.487 2.53 0.390 43.9 11.0 1.97 1.01 0.565
j C 8×11.5 3.38 8.0 0.220 2.26 0.390 32.5 8.14 1.31 0.775 0.572
k C 7×14.75 4.33 7.0 0.419 2.30 0.366 27.2 7.78 1.37 0.772 0.532
1 C 7×9.8 2.87 7.0 0.210 2.09 0.366 21.2 6.07 0.957 0.617 0.541
m C 6×13 3.83 6.0 0.437 2.16 0.343 17.3 5.78 1.05 0.638 0.514
n C 6×8.2 2.40 6.0 0.200 1.92 0.343 13.1 4.35 0.687 0.488 0.512
o C 5×9 2.64 5.0 0.325 1.89 0.320 8.89 3.56 0.624 0.444 0.478
p C 5×6.7 1.97 5.0 0.190 1.75 0.320 7.48 2.99 0.470 0.372 0.484
q C 4×7.25 2.13 4.0 0.321 1.72 0.296 4.58 2.29 0.425 0.337 0.459
r C 4×5.4 1.59 4.0 0.184 1.58 0.296 3.85 1.92 0.312 0.277 0.457
s C 3×6 1.76 3.0 0.356 1.60 0.273 2.07 1.38 0.300 0.263 0.455
t C 3×4.1 1.21 3.0 0.170 1.41 0.273 1.65 1.10 0.191 0.196 0.437
763

(Continued)
A–6 Properties of channels (C-shapes).
764

t1

X t X
A Centroid
R

x
B
Y
(b) Aluminum Association Standard: U.S. units
Section properties

Flange Web Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

Shape Depth, A Width, B Area thickness, t thickness, t Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry x
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.) (in.) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.)
a C 2×0.577 2.00 1.00 0.491 0.13 0.13 0.288 0.288 0.766 0.045 0.064 0.303 0.298
b C 2×1.071 2.00 1.25 0.911 0.26 0.17 0.546 0.546 0.774 0.139 0.178 0.391 0.471
c C 3×1.135 3.00 1.50 0.965 0.20 0.13 1.41 0.94 1.21 0.22 0.22 0.47 0.49
d C 3×1.597 3.00 1.75 1.358 0.26 0.17 1.97 1.31 1.20 0.42 0.37 0.55 0.62
e C 4×1.738 4.00 2.00 1.478 0.23 0.15 3.91 1.95 1.63 0.60 0.45 0.64 0.65
f C 4×2.331 4.00 2.25 1.982 0.29 0.19 5.21 2.60 1.62 1.02 0.69 0.72 0.78
g C 5×2.212 5.00 2.25 1.881 0.26 0.15 7.88 3.15 2.05 0.98 0.64 0.72 0.73
h C 5×3.089 5.00 2.75 2.627 0.32 0.19 11.14 4.45 2.06 2.05 1.14 0.88 0.95
i C 6×2.834 6.00 2.50 2.410 0.29 0.17 14.35 4.78 2.44 1.53 0.90 0.80 0.79
j C 6×4.030 6.00 3.25 3.427 0.35 0.21 21.04 7.01 2.48 3.76 1.76 1.05 1.12
k C 7×3.205 7.00 2.75 2.725 0.29 0.17 22.09 6.31 2.85 2.10 1.10 0.88 0.84
1 C 7×4.715 7.00 3.50 4.009 0.38 0.21 33.79 9.65 2.90 5.13 2.23 1.13 1.20
m C 8×4.147 8.00 3.00 3.526 0.35 0.19 37.40 9.35 3.26 3.25 1.57 0.96 0.93
n C 8×5.789 8.00 3.75 4.923 0.41 0.25 52.69 13.17 3.27 7.13 2.82 1.20 1.22
o C 9×4.983 9.00 3.25 4.237 0.35 0.23 54.41 12.09 3.58 4.40 1.89 1.02 0.93
p C 9×6.970 9.00 4.00 5.927 0.44 0.29 78.31 17.40 3.63 9.61 3.49 1.27 1.25
q C10×6.136 10.00 3.50 5.218 0.41 0.25 83.22 16.64 3.99 6.33 2.56 1.10 1.02
r C 10×8.360 10.00 4.25 7.109 0.50 0.31 116.15 23.23 4.04 13.02 4.47 1.35 1.34
s C 12×8.274 12.00 4.00 7.036 0.47 0.29 159.76 26.63 4.77 11.03 3.86 1.25 1.14
t C 12×11.822 12.00 5.00 10.053 0.62 0.35 239.69 39.95 4.88 25.74 7.60 1.60 1.61
(Continued)
Appendix
A–6 Properties of channels (C-shapes).
Y
Appendix

X X
d Centroid

x
B
Y
(c) U.S. Units: Aluminum, smaller sizes: 0.5–2.0 in. depth
Section propertiesa
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Depth, d Flange width, B Thickness, t Weight/ft Area, A IX SX IY SY x
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (lb/ft)b (in.2) (in.4) (in.3) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a 0.500 0.375 0.125 0.150 0.1250 0.003 58 0.0143 0.001 506 0.006 88 0.156
b 0.500 0.500 0.094 0.148 0.123 0.004 18 0.0167 0.002 90 0.009 70 0.202
c 0.500 0.750 0.125 0.263 0.219 0.0070 0.0280 0.011 45 0.0273 0.330
d 0.625 0.625 0.125 0.244 0.203 0.0105 0.0337 0.007 40 0.019 99 0.255
e 0.750 0.375 0.125 0.188 0.156 0.0106 0.0282 0.001 766 0.0074 0.138
f 0.750 0.750 0.125 0.300 0.250 0.0199 0.0530 0.013 45 0.029 68 0.297
g 1.000 0.500 0.125 0.263 0.219 0.0285 0.057 0.004 61 0.0140 0.170
h 1.000 1.000 0.125 0.413 0.344 0.0526 0.105 0.034 01 0.0549 0.381
i 1.250 0.500 0.125 0.300 0.250 0.0501 0.080 0.004 96 0.0144 0.156
j 1.250 1.250 0.125 0.525 0.438 0.1097 0.176 0.069 10 0.0879 0.464
k 1.500 0.500 0.125 0.338 0.281 0.080 0.106 0.005 25 0.0148 0.146
l 1.750 0.500 0.125 0.375 0.313 0.118 0.135 0.005 49 0.0151 0.138
m 1.750 0.750 0.125 0.450 0.375 0.159 0.182 0.018 19 0.0342 0.219
n 1.750 1.000 0.125 0.525 0.438 0.201 0.229 0.041 59 0.0605 0.313
o 2.000 0.500 0.125 0.413 0.344 0.166 0.166 0.005 69 0.015 39 0.131
Notes: Sample data of numerous other sizes available. For problems in this book, the sizes shown may be used for steel channels as well. The weight/ft
will be much larger.
a I, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and the location x for the axis Y–Y. Section properties computed assuming

square corners and constant thickness of web and flanges.

b Using density for aluminum of 0.100 lb /in.3 (may range from 0.095 to 0.102 lb /in.3 for different alloys).
m m
765

(Continued)
A–6 Properties of channels (C-shapes).
766

X X
d Centroid

x
B
Y
(d) SI units: European Standard aluminum shapes, 10–160 mm depth
Section propertiesa
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Depth, d Flange width, B Thickness, t Weight/m Area, A IX SX IY SY x
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (N/m)b (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 10 10 2 1.10 40.5 590.4 118.1 392 64.32 3.90
b 12 12 2 1.74 64.0 1301 216.9 881 121.6 4.75
c 15 15 2 2.23 82.0 2777 370.2 1812 196.1 5.76
d 20 20 3 4.40 162 9446 944.6 6279 514.5 7.80
e 25 20 2 3.31 122 1.215 × 104 972.0 4911 375.0 6.90
f 25 25 3 5.62 207 1.998 × 104 1598 1.285 × 104 827.7 9.47
g 35 35 3 8.06 297 6.001 × 104 3429 3.725 × 104 1679 12.81
h 40 30 4 9.99 368 8.900 × 104 4450 3.228 × 104 1653 10.48
i 50 30 4 11.08 408 1.520 × 105 6079 3.493 × 104 1716 9.65
j 50 40 4 13.25 488 1.944 × 105 7776 7.858 × 104 3000 13.80
k 60 40 4 14.34 528 2.982 × 105 9939 8.379 × 104 3093 12.91
l 80 40 4 16.51 608 5.869 × 105 1.467 × 104 9.216 × 104 3231 11.47
m 100 50 5 25.79 950 1.433 × 106 2.866 × 104 2.250 × 104 6310 14.34
n 125 80 8 58.43 2152 5.251 × 106 8.401 × 104 1.360 × 106 24 905 25.41
o 160 80 10 81.46 3000 1.130 × 107 1.413 × 105 1.780 × 106 31 592 23.67
Notes: Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes available. For problems in this book, these sizes can be used for steel channels as well. The weight/m will be much larger.
a I, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes and the location x for the axis Y–Y. Section properties computed assuming square corners and
constant thickness of web and flanges. Some producers use filleted corners and tapered flanges. Adjustments to computed values may be needed for precision.
b Using density of aluminum = 2768 kg/m3 (may range from 2635 to 2829 kg/m3).
Appendix
A–7 Properties of I-shapes.
Y Flange
Appendix

Depth Web
X X

Y
(a) Steel wide-flange beams (W-shapes): U.S. units, larger sizes
Section properties

Web Flange Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

Shape Area, A Depth, d thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.4) (in.3)
a W 30×173 51.0 30.4 0.655 15.0 1.070 8230 541 598 79.8
b W 30×108 31.7 29.8 0.545 10.5 0.760 4470 299 146 27.9
c W 27×146 43.1 27.4 0.605 14.0 0.975 5660 414 443 63.5
d W 27×102 30.0 27.1 0.515 10.0 0.830 3620 267 139 27.8
e W 24×76 22.4 23.9 0.440 8.99 0.680 2100 176 82.5 18.4
f W 24×68 20.1 23.7 0.415 8.97 0.585 1830 154 70.4 15.7
g W 21×73 21.5 21.2 0.455 8.30 0.740 1600 151 70.6 17.0
h W 21×57 16.7 21.1 0.405 6.56 0.650 1170 111 30.6 9.35
i W 18×55 16.2 18.1 0.390 7.53 0.630 890 98.3 44.9 11.9
j W 18×40 11.8 17.9 0.315 6.02 0.525 612 68.4 19.1 6.35
k W 14×43 12.6 13.7 0.305 8.00 0.530 428 62.7 45.2 11.3
1 W 14×26 7.69 13.9 0.255 5.03 0.420 245 35.3 8.91 3.54
m W 12×65 19.1 12.1 0.390 12.0 0.605 533 87.9 174 29.1
n W 12×30 8.79 12.3 0.260 6.52 0.440 238 38.6 20.3 6.24
o W 12×16 4.71 12.0 0.220 3.99 0.265 103 17.1 2.82 1.41
p W 10×60 17.60 10.2 0.420 10.1 0.680 341 66.7 116 23.0
q W 10×30 8.84 10.5 0.300 5.81 0.510 170 32.4 16.7 5.75
r W 10×12 3.54 9.87 0.190 3.96 0.210 53.8 10.9 2.18 1.10
s W 8×40 11.70 8.25 0.360 8.07 0.560 146 35.5 49.1 12.2
t W 8×21 6.16 8.28 0.250 5.27 0.400 75.3 18.2 9.77 3.71
u W 8×10 2.96 7.89 0.170 3.94 0.205 30.8 7.81 2.09 1.06
v W 6×15 4.43 5.99 0.230 5.99 0.260 29.1 9.72 9.32 3.11
w W 6×12 3.55 6.03 0.230 4.00 0.280 22.1 7.31 2.99 1.50
x W 5×19 5.54 5.15 0.270 5.03 0.430 26.2 10.2 9.13 3.63
y W 5×16 4.68 5.01 0.240 5.00 0.360 21.3 8.51 7.51 3.00
z W 4×13 3.83 4.16 0.280 4.06 0.345 11.3 5.46 3.86 1.90
767

(Continued)
A–7 Properties of I-shapes.
768

Y Flange

Depth Web
X X

Y
(b) American Standard steel beams (S-shapes): U.S. units
Section properties

Web Flange Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

Shape Area, A Depth, d thickness, tw Width, bf Thickness, tf Ix Sx Iy Sy
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.2) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.4) (in.3)
a S 24×121 35.5 24.5 0.800 8.05 1.090 3160 258 83.0 20.6
b S 24×90 26.5 24.0 0.625 7.13 0.870 2250 187 44.7 12.5
c S 20×96 28.2 20.3 0.800 7.20 0.920 1670 165 49.9 13.9
d S 20×75 22.0 20.0 0.635 6.39 0.795 1280 128 29.5 9.25
e S 20×66 19.4 20.0 0.505 6.26 0.795 1190 119 27.5 8.78
f S 18×70 20.5 18.0 0.711 6.25 0.691 923 103 24.0 7.69
g S 18×54.7 16.0 18.0 0.461 6.00 0.691 801 89.0 20.7 6.91
h S 15×50 14.7 15.0 0.550 5.64 0.622 485 64.7 15.6 5.53
i S 15×42.9 12.6 15.0 0.411 5.50 0.622 446 59.4 14.3 5.19
j S 12×50 14.6 12.0 0.687 5.48 0.659 303 50.6 15.6 5.69
k S 12×35 10.2 12.0 0.426 5.08 0.544 228 38.1 9.84 3.88
1 S 10×35 10.3 10.0 0.594 4.94 0.491 147 29.4 8.30 3.36
m S 10×25.4 7.45 10.0 0.311 4.66 0.491 123 24.6 6.73 2.89
n S 8×23 6.76 8.00 0.441 4.17 0.425 64.7 16.2 4.27 2.05
o S 8×18.4 5.40 8.00 0.271 4.00 0.425 57.5 14.4 3.69 1.84
p S 6×17.25 5.06 6.00 0.465 3.57 0.359 26.2 8.74 2.29 1.28
q S 6×12.5 3.66 6.00 0.232 3.33 0.359 22.0 7.34 1.80 1.08
r S 5×10 2.93 5.00 0.214 3.00 0.326 12.3 4.90 1.19 0.795
s S 4×9.5 2.79 4.00 0.326 2.80 0.293 6.8 3.38 0.887 0.635
t S 4×7.7 2.26 4.00 0.193 2.66 0.293 6.05 3.03 0.748 0.562
u S 3×7.5 2.20 3.00 0.349 2.51 0.260 2.91 1.94 0.578 0.461
v S 3×5.7 1.66 3.00 0.170 2.33 0.260 2.50 1.67 0.447 0.383
(Continued)
Appendix
 Appendix

A–7 Properties of I-shapes.

Y t1
B

R
t
X X A

Y
(c) Aluminum Association Standard (I-shapes): U.S. units
Section properties
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Shape Depth, A Width, B Area Flange thickness, Web thickness, Ix Sx rx Iy Sy ry
Ref. (in.) (lb/ft) (in.) (in.) (in.2) t1 (in.) t (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a I 3×1.637 3.00 2.50 1.392 0.20 0.13 2.24 1.49 1.27 0.52 0.42 0.61
b I 3×2.030 3.00 2.50 1.726 0.26 0.15 2.71 1.81 1.25 0.68 0.54 0.63
c I 4×2.311 4.00 3.00 1.965 0.23 0.15 5.62 2.81 1.69 1.04 0.69 0.73
d I 4×2.793 4.00 3.00 2.375 0.29 0.17 6.71 3.36 1.68 1.31 0.87 0.74
e I 5×3.700 5.00 3.50 3.146 0.32 0.19 13.94 5.58 2.11 2.29 1.31 0.85
f I 6×4.030 6.00 4.00 3.427 0.29 0.19 21.99 7.33 2.53 3.10 1.55 0.95
g I 6×4.692 6.00 4.00 3.990 0.35 0.21 25.5 8.50 2.53 3.74 1.87 0.97
h I 7×5.800 7.00 4.50 4.932 0.38 0.23 42.89 12.25 2.95 5.78 2.57 1.08
i I 8×6.181 8.00 5.00 5.256 0.35 0.23 59.69 14.92 3.37 730 2.92 1.18
j I 8×7.023 8.00 5.00 5.972 0.41 0.25 67.78 16.94 3.37 8.55 3.42 1.20
k I 9×8.361 9.00 5.50 7.110 0.44 0.27 102.02 22.67 3.79 12.22 4.44 1.31
1 I 10×8.646 10.00 6.00 7.352 0.41 0.25 132.09 26.42 4.24 14.78 4.93 1.42
m I 10×10.286 10.00 6.00 8.747 0.50 0.29 155.79 31.16 4.22 18.03 6.01 1.44
n I 12×11.672 12.00 7.00 9.925 0.47 0.29 255.57 42.60 5.07 26.90 7.69 1.65
o I 12×14.292 12.00 7.00 12.153 0.62 0.31 317.33 52.89 5.11 35.48 10.14 1.71
(Continued )
769
 770

A–7 Properties of I-shapes.

Y t
bf

t
X X d

Y
(d) I-shapes: U.S. units, aluminum, small extruded shapes, 0.70–2.11 in. depth
Section propertiesa
Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Depth, d Flange width, bf Thickness, t Weight/ft b Area, A IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (lb) (in.2) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a 0.700 1.060 0.050 0.160 0.136 0.0121 0.0346 0.299 0.009 93 0.0187 0.270
b 1.040 1.074 0.050 0.185 0.154 0.0298 0.0573 0.439 0.0103 0.0192 0.259
c 1.950 1.000 0.050 0.230 0.193 0.117 0.120 0.778 0.008 35 0.0167 0.208
d 1.120 1.724 0.050 0.268 0.223 0.0538 0.0961 0.491 0.0427 0.0495 0.437
e 1.034 1.500 0.062 0.290 0.242 0.0479 0.0926 0.444 0.0349 0.0465 0.379
f 2.110 1.500 0.055 0.329 0.275 0.211 0.200 0.876 0.0310 0.0413 0.336
g 0.876 1.500 0.188 0.790 0.658 0.0704 0.161 0.327 0.106 0.141 0.401
h 1.000 2.375 0.250 1.575 1.313 0.176 0.352 0.366 0.559 0.471 0.653
Notes: These shapes are designed for special applications and not made to common dimensions. Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes available. For prob-
lems in this book, these sizes can be used for steel I-shapes as well. The weight/ft will be much higher.
a I, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration; used for column analysis; See sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.

Calculations assume square corners.

b Using density of aluminum = 0.100 lb /in.3 (may range from 0.095 to 0.102 lb /in.3).
m m

(Continued )
Appendix
A–7 Properties of I-shapes.
bf
Appendix

Y Flange

Depth, d Web
X tw X
tf

Y
(e) I-shapes: SI units, steel, European Standard (IPE-shapesa), 80–600 mm depth
Section propertiesb

Flange Thickness Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

Depth, d width, bf Flange, tf Web, tw Weight/m c Area, A IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (N/m) (mm2) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 80 46 5.2 3.8 57.6 764 8.014 × 105 2.003 × 104 32.4 8.487 × 104 3.690 × 103 10.54
b 100 55 5.7 4.1 77.8 1032 1.710 × 106 3.420 × 104 40.7 1.591 × 105 5.786 × 103 12.4
c 120 64 6.3 4.4 99.5 1321 3.177 × 106 5.296 × 104 49.0 2.766 × 105 8.644 × 103 14.5
d 140 73 6.9 4.7 123.8 1643 5.412 × 106 7.732 × 104 57.4 4.491 × 105 1.230 × 104 16.5
e 160 82 7.4 5.0 151.4 2009 8.693 × 106 1.087 × 105 65.8 6.829 × 105 1.666 × 104 18.4
f 180 91 8.0 5.3 180.4 2395 1.317 × 107 1.463 × 105 74.2 1.008 × 106 2.216 × 104 20.5
g 200 100 8.5 5.6 214.6 2848 1.943 × 107 1.943 × 105 82.6 1.423 × 106 2.846 × 104 22.4
h 220 110 9.2 5.9 251.4 3337 2.772 × 107 2.520 × 105 91.1 2.048 × 106 3.724 × 104 24.8
i 240 120 9.8 6.2 294.7 3912 3.891 × 107 3.243 × 105 99.7 2.835 × 106 4.725 × 104 26.9
j 270 135 10.2 6.6 346.2 4595 5.790 × 107 4.289 × 105 112.3 4.197 × 106 6.218 × 104 30.2
k 300 150 10.7 7.1 405.4 5381 8.356 × 107 5.571 × 105 124.6 6.036 × 106 8.048 × 104 33.5
l 330 160 11.5 7.5 471.7 6261 1.177 × 108 7.131 × 105 137.1 7.878 × 106 9.848 × 104 35.5
m 360 170 12.7 8.0 547.9 7273 1.627 × 108 9.036 × 105 149.5 1.043 × 107 1.227 × 105 37.9
n 400 180 13.5 8.8 642.0 8521 2.321 × 108 1.161 × 106 165.1 1.317 × 107 1.464 × 105 39.3
o 450 190 14.6 9.4 744.5 9882 3.374 × 108 1.500 × 106 184.8 1.675 × 107 1.763 × 105 41.2
p 500 200 16.0 10.2 870.4 11 552 4.820 × 108 1.928 × 106 204.3 2.141 × 107 2.141 × 105 43.1
q 550 210 17.2 11.1 1013 13 442 6.712 × 108 2.441 × 106 223.5 2.667 × 107 2.540 × 105 44.5
r 600 220 19.0 12.0 1175 15 598 9.208 × 108 3.069 × 106 243.0 3.386 × 107 3.078 × 105 46.6
Note: Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes available.
a IPE sections have medium width flanges. Narrow and wide-flange sections are also available.

b I, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used for column analysis; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.

c Using density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.

(Continued )
771
 772

A–7 Properties of I-shapes.

bf

tf

tw Depth, d

(f) I-Shapes: U.S. units, wood fabricated, 9.5–16.0 in. depth

Section propertiesa
Space between Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
Depth, d Flange width, bf Flange thickness, tf Web thickness, tw flanges, hw Area, A
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.2) IX (in.4) SX (in.3) IY (in.4) SY (in.3)
a 9.500 1.750 1.250 0.375 7.00 7.000 85.7 18.05 1.147 1.311
b 11.750 1.750 1.250 0.375 9.25 7.844 145.9 24.83 1.157 1.322
c 14.000 1.750 1.250 0.375 11.50 8.688 225.9 32.27 1.167 1.334
d 9.500 2.000 1.250 0.375 7.00 7.625 96.4 20.30 1.697 1.697
e 11.750 2.000 1.250 0.375 9.25 8.469 163.2 27.78 1.707 1.707
f 16.000 2.000 1.250 0.375 13.50 10.063 349.5 43.69 1.726 1.726
g 11.750 2.500 1.375 0.375 9.00 10.250 208.9 35.55 3.620 2.896
h 14.000 2.500 1.375 0.375 11.25 11.094 319.5 45.65 3.630 2.904
i 16.000 2.500 1.375 0.375 13.25 11.844 441.4 55.18 3.639 2.911
j 11.750 3.500 1.375 0.500 9.00 14.125 290.9 49.52 9.919 5.668
k 14.000 3.500 1.375 0.500 11.25 15.250 444.4 63.48 9.943 5.682
l 16.000 3.500 1.375 0.500 13.25 16.250 613.1 76.64 9.964 5.693
Notes: These dimensions are not from any particular manufacturer. Consult catalogs for actual design data. Numerous sizes available are available from several manufacturers.
a
I, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.
Appendix
A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.
Appendix

Y
X X

X X

Y Y
(a) Steel structural tubing: U.S. units (HSS), 2.0–8.0 in.
Section properties
Design Torsional
wall Weight Axis X–X Axis Y–Y constants
Shape thickness, per foot Area, A
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) tw (in.) (lb/ft) (in.2) Ix (in.4) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) Iy (in.4) Sy (in.3) ry (in.) J (in.4) C (in.3)
a HSS 8×8×1/2 0.465 48.7 13.5 125 31.2 3.04 125 31.2 3.04 204 52.4
b HSS 8×8×1/4 0.233 25.8 7.10 70.7 17.7 3.15 70.7 17.7 3.15 111 28.1
c HSS 8×4×1/2 0.465 35.1 9.74 71.8 17.9 2.71 23.6 11.8 1.56 61.1 24.4
d HSS 8×4×1/4 0.233 19.0 5.24 42.5 10.6 2.85 14.4 7.21 1.66 35.3 13.6
e HSS 8×2×1/4 0.233 15.6 4.30 28.5 7.12 2.57 2.94 2.94 0.827 9.36 6.35
f HSS 6×6×1/2 0.465 35.1 9.74 48.3 16.1 2.23 48.3 16.1 2.23 81.1 28.1
g HSS 6×6×1/4 0.233 19.0 5.24 28.6 9.54 2.34 28.6 9.54 2.34 45.6 15.4
h HSS 6×4×1/4 0.233 15.6 4.30 20.9 6.96 2.20 11.1 5.56 1.61 23.6 10.1
i HSS 6×2×1/4 0.233 12.2 3.37 13.1 4.37 1.97 2.21 2.21 0.810 6.55 4.70
j HSS 4×4×1/2 0.465 21.5 6.02 11.9 5.97 1.41 11.9 5.97 1.41 21.0 11.2
k HSS 4×4×1/4 0.233 12.2 3.37 7.80 3.90 1.52 7.80 3.90 1.52 12.8 6.56
1 HSS 4×2×1/4 0.233 8.78 2.44 4.49 2.25 1.36 1.48 1.48 0.779 3.82 3.05
m HSS 3×3×1/4 0.233 8.78 2.44 3.02 2.01 1.11 3.02 2.01 1.11 5.08 3.52
n HSS 3×2×1/4 0.233 7.08 1.97 2.13 1.42 1.04 1.11 1.11 0.751 2.52 2.23
o HSS 2×2×1/4 0.233 5.38 1.51 0.747 0.747 0.704 0.747 0.747 0.704 1.31 1.41
(Continued)
773
 774

A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.

Y

tw
Y
X X
tw
X X

Y Y
(b) Hollow tubing: U.S. units, steel, square and rectangular, smaller sizes, 0.375–3.00 in. depth
Outside
dimensions Inside dimensions Section propertiesa

Short Long Wall Weight/ftb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

side, a side, b thickness, tw Short side, c Long side, d Area, Steel IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) A (in.2) (lb/ft) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
a 0.375 0.375 0.049 0.277 0.277 0.064 0.217 0.001 16 0.006 17 0.134 58 0.001 16 0.006 17 0.135
b 0.500 0.500 0.065 0.370 0.370 0.113 0.384 0.003 65 0.0146 0.180 0.00365 0.0146 0.180
c 0.500 1.000 0.065 0.370 0.870 0.178 0.605 0.0214 0.0427 0.346 0.006 74 0.0270 0.195
d 0.500 1.500 0.065 0.370 1.370 0.243 0.826 0.0613 0.0818 0.502 0.0098 0.0394 0.201
e 0.500 1.500 0.120 0.260 1.260 0.422 1.434 0.0973 0.130 0.480 0.0138 0.0551 0.181
f 0.625 0.625 0.065 0.495 0.495 0.146 0.494 0.007 71 0.0247 0.230 0.007 71 0.0247 0.230
g 0.750 0.750 0.065 0.620 0.620 0.178 0.605 0.0141 0.0375 0.281 0.0141 0.0375 0.281
h 0.750 1.500 0.065 0.620 1.370 0.276 0.936 0.0781 0.104 0.532 0.0255 0.0681 0.304
i 0.875 0.875 0.049 0.777 0.777 0.162 0.550 0.0185 0.042 0.338 0.0185 0.0422 0.338
j 1.000 1.000 0.065 0.870 0.870 0.243 0.826 0.0356 0.071 0.383 0.0356 0.0712 0.383
k 1.000 1.000 0.120 0.760 0.760 0.422 1.434 0.0555 0.111 0.363 0.0555 0.111 0.363
l 1.000 1.500 0.065 0.870 1.370 0.308 1.046 0.0948 0.126 0.555 0.0498 0.100 0.402
m 1.000 1.500 0.120 0.760 1.260 0.542 1.842 0.155 0.206 0.534 0.0789 0.158 0.381
n 1.000 2.000 0.065 0.870 1.870 0.373 1.267 0.193 0.193 0.718 0.0640 0.128 0.414
o 1.000 3.000 0.065 0.870 2.870 0.503 1.709 0.536 0.357 1.032 0.0925 0.185 0.429
(Continued)
Appendix
 Appendix

A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.

Y

tw
Y
X X
tw
X X

Y Y
(b) Hollow tubing: U.S. units, steel, square and rectangular, smaller sizes, 0.375–3.00 in. depth
Outside
dimensions Inside dimensions Section propertiesa

Short Long Wall Weight/ftb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y

side, a side, b thickness, tw Short side, c Long side, d Area, Steel IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) (in.) A (in.2) (lb/ft) (in.4) (in.3) (in.) (in.4) (in.3) (in.)
p 1.250 1.250 0.065 1.120 1.120 0.308 1.046 0.0723 0.116 0.485 0.0723 0.116 0.485
q 1.375 1.375 0.058 1.259 1.259 0.306 1.038 0.0885 0.129 0.538 0.0885 0.129 0.538
r 1.500 1.500 0.065 1.370 1.370 0.373 1.267 0.128 0.171 0.586 0.128 0.171 0.586
s 1.500 1.500 0.120 1.260 1.260 0.662 2.250 0.212 0.282 0.566 0.212 0.282 0.566
t 1.500 2.000 0.065 1.370 1.870 0.438 1.488 0.253 0.253 0.761 0.162 0.216 0.608
u 1.500 2.000 0.120 1.260 1.760 0.782 2.657 0.428 0.428 0.739 0.269 0.359 0.586
v 1.500 3.000 0.120 1.260 2.760 1.022 3.472 1.167 0.778 1.069 0.384 0.512 0.613
Notes: Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to inside and/or outside corners. Wall thickness gages are 0.049 in. = 18 gage, 0.058 in. = 17 gage, 0.065 in. = 16 gage,
and 0.120 in. = 11 gage. Sample sizes of many other wall thickness gages and sizes are available.
a I, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used in column analysis; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.

b Using density of steel = 0.283 lb /in.3

m
(Continued)
775
 776

A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.

Y

tw
Y
X X
tw
X X

Y Y
(c) Hollow tubing: SI units, steel, square and rectangular, 20–300 mm depth
Outside Inside
dimensions dimensions Section propertiesa

Short Long Wall Short Long Area, Weight/mb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
side, a side, b thickness, tw side, c side, d A Steel IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/m) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
a 10 20 2 6 16 104 7.84 4.619 × 103 462 6.66 1.379 × 103 276 3.64
b 20 20 2 16 16 144 10.8 7.872 × 103 787 7.39 7.872 × 103 787 7.39
c 20 30 3 14 24 264 19.9 2.887 × 104 1925 10.5 1.451 × 104 1451 7.41
d 30 30 3 24 24 324 24.4 3.985 × 104 2657 11.1 3.985 × 104 2657 11.1
e 20 40 3 14 34 324 24.4 6.081 × 104 3041 13.7 1.889 × 104 1889 7.64
f 40 40 3 34 34 444 33.5 1.020 × 105 5099 15.2 1.020 × 105 5099 15.2
g 30 50 3 24 44 444 33.5 1.421 × 105 5685 17.9 6.181 × 104 4121 11.8
h 50 50 3 44 44 564 42.5 2.085 × 105 8340 19.2 2.085 × 105 8340 19.2
i 40 80 4 32 72 896 67.5 7.113 × 105 1.778 × 104 28.2 2.301 × 105 1.150 × 104 16.0
j 80 80 3 74 74 924 69.6 9.145 × 105 2.286 × 104 31.5 9.145 × 105 2.286 × 104 31.5
k 50 100 4 42 92 1 136 85.6 1.441 × 105 2.883 × 104 35.6 4.737 × 105 1.895 × 104 20.4
l 100 100 4 92 92 1 536 116 2.363 × 106 4.727 × 104 39.2 2.363 × 106 4.727 × 104 39.2
m 50 150 4 42 142 1 536 116 4.041 × 106 5.388 × 104 51.3 6.858 × 105 2.743 × 104 21.1
n 150 150 5 140 140 2 900 218 1.017 × 107 1.357 × 105 59.2 1.017 × 107 1.357 × 105 59.2
o 200 200 4 192 192 3 136 236 2.009 × 107 2.009 × 105 80.0 2.009 × 107 2.009 × 105 80.0
(Continued)
Appendix
 Appendix

A–8 Properties of hollow tubing, square and rectangular.

Y

tw
Y
X X
tw
X X

Y Y
(c) Hollow tubing: SI units, steel, square and rectangular, 20–300 mm depth
Outside Inside
dimensions dimensions Section propertiesa

Short Long Wall Short Long Area, Weight/mb Axis X–X Axis Y–Y
side, a side, b thickness, tw side, c side, d A Steel IX SX rX IY SY rY
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (N/m) (mm4) (mm3) (mm) (mm4) (mm3) (mm)
p 100 200 4 92 192 2 336 176 1.240 × 107 1.240 × 105 72.9 4.208 × 106 8.415 × 104 42.4
q 50 200 4 42 192 1 936 146 8.561 × 106 8.561 × 104 66.5 8.979 × 105 3.592 × 104 21.5
r 250 250 8 234 234 7 744 583 7.567 × 107 6.054 × 105 98.9 7.567 × 107 6.054 × 105 98.9
s 300 300 8 284 284 9 344 704 1.329 × 108 8.859 × 105 119.3 1.329 × 108 8.859 × 105 119.3
t 300 300 12.5 275 275 14 375 1083 1.984 × 108 1.323 × 106 117.5 1.984 × 108 1.323 × 106 117.5
Notes: Values are for perfectly square corners. Some vendors apply radii to inside and/or outside corners. Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes and wall thicknesses available. For prob-
lem solving in this book, use the sizes in these tables for aluminum tubing as well as steel. The weight/m values will be much lower.
a I, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used in column analysis; see sketch for X–X and Y–Y axes.

b Using density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.

777
A–9 Properties of steel pipe and mechanical tubing.
778

Do Di

(a) Pipe: U.S. units, standard sizes, 1/8–18 in.

Nominal size (in.) Section properties

Nominal Outside Inside Wall Torsional constants

schedule 40 AISC diameter, diameter, thickness, tw Area, A
pipe size designation Do (in.) Di (in.) (in.) (in.2) I (in.4) S (in.3) r (in.) J (in.4) Zp (in.3)
1/8 0.405 0.269 0.068 0.072 1.06 × 10−3 5.25 × 10−3 0.122 2.13 × 10−3 1.05 × 10−2
1/4 0.540 0.364 0.088 0.125 3.31 × 10−3 1.23 × 10−2 0.163 6.62 × 10−3 2.45 × 10−2
3/8 0.675 0.493 0.091 0.167 7.29 × 10−3 2.16 × 10−2 0.209 1.46 × 10−2 4.32 × 10−2
1/2 PIPE 1/2 STD 0.840 0.622 0.109 0.250 1.71 × 10−2 4.07 × 10−2 0.261 3.42 × 10−2 8.14 × 10−2
3/4 PIPE 3/4 STD 1.050 0.824 0.113 0.333 3.70 × 10−2 7.05 × 10−2 0.334 7.41 × 10−2 0.1411
1 PIPE 1 STD 1.315 1.049 0.133 0.494 8.73 × 10−2 0.1328 0.421 0.1747 0.2657
1–1/4 PIPE 1–1/4 STD 1.660 1.380 0.140 0.669 0.1947 0.2346 0.540 0.3894 0.4692
1–1/2 PIPE 1–1/2 STD 1.900 1.610 0.145 0.799 0.3099 0.3262 0.623 0.6198 0.6524
2 PIPE 2 STD 2.375 2.067 0.154 1.075 0.6657 0.5606 0.787 1.331 1.121
2–1/2 PIPE 2–1/2 STD 2.875 2.469 0.203 1.704 1.530 1.064 0.947 3.059 2.128
3 PIPE 3 STD 3.500 3.068 0.216 2.228 3.017 1.724 1.164 6.034 3.448
2–1/2 PIPE 3–1/2 STD 4.000 3.548 0.226 2.680 4.788 2.394 1.337 9.575 4.788
4 PIPE 4 STD 4.500 4.026 0.237 3.174 7.233 3.214 1.510 14.47 6.429
5 PIPE 5 STD 5.563 5.047 0.258 4.300 15.16 5.451 1.878 30.32 10.90
6 PIPE 6 STD 6.625 6.065 0.280 5.581 28.14 8.496 2.245 56.28 16.99
8 PIPE 8 STD 8.625 7.981 0.322 8.399 72.49 16.81 2.938 145.0 33.62
10 PIPE 10 STD 10.750 10.020 0.365 11.908 160.7 29.90 3.674 321.5 59.81
12 12.750 11.938 0.406 15.745 300.2 47.09 4.367 600.4 94.18
16 16.000 15.000 0.500 24.347 731.9 91.49 5.483 1464 183.0
18 18.000 16.876 0.562 30.788 1171 130.2 6.168 2343 260.3
Note: Listed data for OD, ID, and tw are for standard Schedule 40 steel pipe sizes.
AISC also specifies design values for tdes that are smaller than tw.
The section properties for A, I, S, r, J, and Zp are correspondingly smaller for AISC standards.
Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections are available. See Reference 2 in Chapter 1.
(Continued)
Appendix
A–9 Properties of steel pipe and mechanical tubing.
Appendix

Do Di

(b) Pipe: SI units, DN sizes, data converted from U.S. standard sizes in A–9(a)
Section properties
Nominal Torsional constants
schedule AISC Nominal Outside Inside Wall
40 pipe designation for diameter, diameter, diameter, thickness, Area, A r
Ref. size (in.) SI DN (mm) Do (mm) Di (mm) tw (mm) (mm2) I (mm4) S (mm3) (mm) J (mm4) Zp (mm3)
a 1/8 6 10.29 6.83 1.73 46.45 442.7 86.07 3.087 885.4 172.1
b 1/4 8 13.72 9.25 2.24 80.62 1379 201.0 4.135 2757 402.1
c 3/8 10 17.15 12.52 2.31 107.7 3035 354.0 5.308 6069 708.0
d 1/2 PIPE 13 STD 15 21.34 15.80 2.77 161.5 7114 666.9 6.637 14 228 1334
e 3/4 PIPE 19 STD 20 26.67 20.93 2.87 214.6 15 416 1156 8.475 30 831 2312
f 1 PIPE 25 STD 25 33.40 26.64 3.38 318.6 36 355 2177 10.68 72 710 4354
g 1–1/4 PIPE 32 STD 32 42.16 35.05 3.56 431.3 81 044 3844 13.71 1.62 × 105 7688
h 1–1/2 PIPE 38 STD 40 48.26 40.89 3.68 515.8 1.29 × 105 5346 15.81 2.58 × 105 10 691
i 2 PIPE 51 STD 50 60.33 52.50 3.91 693.2 2.77 × 105 9187 19.99 5.54 × 105 18 374
j 2–1/2 PIPE 64 STD 65 73.03 62.71 5.16 1099 6.37 × 105 17 436 24.06 1.27 × 106 34 873
k 3 PIPE 75 STD 80 88.90 77.93 5.49 1438 1.26 × 106 28 253 29.55 2.51 × 106 56 506
1 3–1/2 PIPE 89 STD 90 101.6 90.12 5.74 1729 1.99 × 106 39 228 33.95 3.99 × 106 78 457
m 4 PIPE 102 STD 100 114.3 102.3 6.02 2048 3.01 × 106 52 676 38.34 6.02 × 106 1.05 × 105
n 5 PIPE 127 STD 125 141.3 128.2 6.55 2774 6.31 × 106 89 327 47.70 1.26 × 107 1.79 × 105
o 6 PIPE 152 STD 150 168.3 154.1 7.11 3601 1.17 × 107 1.39 × 105 57.04 2.34 × 107 2.78 × 105
p 8 PIPE 203 STD 200 219.1 202.7 8.18 5419 3.02 × 107 2.75 × 105 74.62 6.03 × 107 5.51 × 105
q 10 PIPE 254 STD 250 273.1 254.5 9.27 7683 6.69 × 107 4.90 × 105 93.32 1.34 × 108 9.80 × 105
r 12 300 323.9 303.2 10.31 10 158 1.25 × 108 7.72 × 105 110.9 2.50 × 108 1.54 × 106
s 16 400 406.4 381.0 12.70 15 708 3.05 × 108 1.50 × 106 139.3 6.09 × 108 3.00 × 106
t 18 450 457.2 428.7 14.27 19 863 4.88 × 108 2.13 × 106 156.7 9.75 × 108 4.27 × 106
Note: Listed data for OD, ID, and tw are for standard Schedule 40 steel pipe sizes.
AISC also specifies design values for tdes that are smaller than tw.
The section properties for A, I, S, r, J, and Zp are correspondingly smaller for AISC standards.
Many other sizes of round hollow structural sections are available. See Reference 2 in Chapter 1.
(Continued)
779
A–9 Properties of steel pipe and mechanical tubing.
780

Do Di

(c) Steel mechanical tubing: U.S. units, 0.5–5 in. outside diameters
Diameters Section propertiesa
Nominal size Wall Weight/ftb Bending properties Torsion properties
Outside, Do Inside, Di thickness, Area, A
Ref. OD (in.) Wall gage (in.) (in.) tw (in.) (in.2) Steel (lb/ft) I (in.4) S (in.3) r (in.) J (in.4) Zp (in.3)
a 1/2 17 0.500 0.384 0.058 0.081 0.274 0.002 00 0.008 00 0.158 0.004 00 0.0160
b 1/2 14 0.500 0.334 0.083 0.109 0.370 0.002 46 0.009 83 0.150 0.004 91 0.0197
c 1 16 1.000 0.870 0.065 0.191 0.649 0.0210 0.0419 0.331 0.0419 0.0839
d 1 10 1.000 0.732 0.134 0.365 1.239 0.0350 0.0700 0.310 0.0700 0.140
e 1 1/2 16 1.500 1.370 0.065 0.293 0.996 0.0756 0.101 0.508 0.151 0.202
f 1 1/2 10 1.500 1.232 0.134 0.575 1.955 0.135 0.181 0.485 0.271 0.361
g 2 16 2.000 1.870 0.065 0.395 1.343 0.185 0.185 0.685 0.370 0.370
h 2 10 2.000 1.732 0.134 0.786 2.671 0.344 0.344 0.661 0.687 0.687
i 2 1/2 10 2.500 2.232 0.134 0.996 3.386 0.699 0.559 0.838 1.398 1.119
j 2 1/2 5 2.500 2.060 0.220 1.576 5.357 1.034 0.827 0.810 2.067 1.654
k 3 10 3.000 2.732 0.134 1.207 4.102 1.241 0.828 1.014 2.483 1.655
l 3 5 3.000 2.560 0.220 1.921 6.532 1.868 1.245 0.986 3.736 2.490
m 3 1/2 10 3.500 3.232 0.134 1.417 4.817 2.010 1.149 1.191 4.020 2.297
n 3 1/2 5 3.500 3.060 0.220 2.267 7.707 3.062 1.750 1.162 6.125 3.500
o 4 5 4.000 3.560 0.220 2.613 8.882 4.682 2.341 1.339 9.364 4.682
p 4 3/8 in. 4.000 3.250 0.375 4.271 14.518 7.090 3.545 1.288 14.180 7.090
q 4 1/2 5 4.500 4.060 0.220 2.958 10.056 6.791 3.018 1.515 13.583 6.037
r 4 1/2 3/8 in. 4.500 3.750 0.375 4.860 16.521 10.422 4.632 1.464 20.843 9.264
s 5 5 5.000 4.560 0.220 3.304 11.231 9.456 3.782 1.692 18.911 7.564
t 5 3/8 in. 5.000 4.250 0.375 5.449 18.523 14.665 5.866 1.641 29.329 11.732
Note: Sample sizes of numerous additional sizes available.
For problems in this book, the given sizes can be used for aluminum tubing as well.
The weight/ft values will be much lower.
aI, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used in column analysis; J, polar moment of inertia; Z , polar section modulus.
p
bUsing density of steel = 0.283 lb /in.3
m
(Continued)
Appendix
A–9 Properties of steel pipe and mechanical tubing.
Appendix

Do Di

(d) Steel mechanical tubing: SI units, 10–150 mm outside diameters

Section propertiesa
Outside Inside Wall Bending properties Torsion properties
diameter, Do diameter, Di thickness, t Area, A Weight/m
Ref. (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm2) Steel (N/m)b I (mm4) S (mm3) r (mm) J (mm4) Zp (mm3)
a 10 8 1.0 28.27 2.130 289.8 57.96 3.20 579.6 115.9
b 10 6 2.0 50.27 3.787 427.3 85.45 2.92 854.5 170.9
c 20 17 1.5 87.18 6.568 3754 375.4 6.56 7508.3 750.8
d 20 15 2.5 137.4 10.36 5369 536.9 6.25 1.074 × 104 1074
e 30 26 2.0 175.9 13.25 1.733 × 104 1155 9.92 3.466 × 104 2311
f 30 22 4.0 326.7 24.62 2.826 × 104 1884 9.30 5.652 × 104 3768
g 45 40 2.5 333.8 25.15 7.563 × 104 3361 15.05 1.513 × 105 6722
h 45 37 4.0 515.2 38.82 1.093 × 105 4857 14.56 2.186 × 105 9715
i 60 52 4.0 703.7 53.02 2.773 × 105 9242 19.85 5.545 × 105 1.848 × 104
j 60 48 6.0 1017.9 76.69 3.756 × 105 1.252 × 104 19.21 7.512 × 105 2.504 × 104
k 75 70 2.5 569.4 42.90 3.746 × 105 9.988 × 103 25.65 7.491 × 106 1.998 × 104
l 75 65 5.0 1100 82.84 6.769 × 105 1.805 × 104 24.81 1.354 × 106 3.610 × 104
m 90 84 3.0 820 61.78 7.767 × 105 1.726 × 104 30.78 1.553 × 106 3.452 × 104
n 90 80 5.0 1335 100.6 1.210 × 106 2.689 × 104 30.10 2.420 × 106 5.378 × 104
o 110 104 3.0 1008 76.0 1.444 × 106 2.626 × 104 37.85 2.889 × 106 5.252 × 104
p 110 100 5.0 1649 124.3 2.278 × 106 4.142 × 104 37.17 4.556 × 106 8.284 × 104
q 130 124 3.0 1197 90.2 2.415 × 106 3.715 × 104 44.91 4.829 × 106 7.429 × 104
r 130 120 5.0 1963 147.9 3.841 × 106 5.909 × 104 44.23 7.682 × 106 1.182 × 105
s 150 144 3.0 1385 104.4 3.744 × 106 4.992 × 104 51.98 7.488 × 106 9.983 × 104
t 150 140 5.0 2278 171.6 5.993 × 106 7.991 × 104 51.30 1.199 × 107 1.598 × 105
Note: For uses in this book, the given sizes can be used for aluminum tubing as well. The weight/ft values will be much lower.
a I, moment of inertia; S, section modulus; r, radius of gyration, used in column analysis; J, polar moment of inertia; Zp, polar section modulus.
Section properties computed assuming exact wall thickness given. Some tolerance (±) should be expected. Sample sizes of numerous other sizes and wall thicknesses are
available.
b Using density of steel = 7680 kg/m3.
781
782 Appendix

A–10 Typical properties of carbon and alloy steels.a

Ultimate strength, su Yield strength, sy Percent
Material SAE no. Condition b ksi MPa ksi MPa elongation
1020 Annealed 57 393 43 296 36
1020 Hot rolled 65 448 48 331 36
1020 Cold drawn 75 517 64 441 20
1040 Annealed 75 517 51 352 30
1040 Hot rolled 90 621 60 414 25
1040 Cold drawn 97 669 82 565 16
1040 WQT 700 127 876 93 641 19
1040 WQT 900 118 814 90 621 22
1040 WQT 1100 107 738 80 552 24
1040 WQT 1300 87 600 63 434 32
1080 Annealed 89 614 54 372 25
1080 OQT 700 189 1303 141 972 12
1080 OQT 900 179 1234 129 889 13
1080 OQT 1100 145 1000 103 710 17
1080 OQT 1300 117 807 70 483 23
1141 Annealed 87 600 51 352 26
1141 Cold drawn 112 772 95 655 14
1141 OQT 700 193 1331 172 1186 9
1141 OQT 900 146 1007 129 889 15
1141 OQT 1100 116 800 97 669 20
1141 OQT 1300 94 648 68 469 28
4140 Annealed 95 655 60 414 26
4140 OQT 700 231 1593 212 1462 12
4140 OQT 900 187 1289 173 1193 15
4140 OQT 1100 147 1014 131 903 18
4140 OQT 1300 118 814 101 696 23
5160 Annealed 105 724 40 276 17
5160 OQT 700 263 1813 238 1641 9
5160 OQT 900 196 1351 179 1234 12
5160 OQT 1100 149 1027 132 910 17
5160 OQT 1300 115 793 103 710 23
a Other properties are approximately the same for all carbon and alloy steels:
Modulus of elasticity in tension = 30 000 000 psi (207 GPa).
Modulus of elasticity in shear = 11 500 000 psi (80 GPa).
Density = 0.283 lbm/in.3 (7680 kg/m3).
b OQT means oil quenched and tempered. WQT means water quenched and tempered.
 Appendix

A–11 Typical properties of stainless steels and nonferrous metals.

Ultimate strength, Modulus of elasticity,
su Yield strength, sy Percent Density E
Material and condition ksi MPa ksi MPa elongation lb/in.3a kg/m3 psi GPa
Stainless steels
SAE 301 annealed 110 758 40 276 60 0.290 8030 28 × 106 193
SAE 301 full hard 185 1280 140 965 8 0.290 8030 28 × 106 193
SAE 430 annealed 75 517 40 276 30 0.280 7750 29 × 106 200
SAE 430 full hard 90 621 80 552 15 0.280 7750 29 × 106 200
SAE 501 annealed 70 483 30 207 28 0.280 7750 29 × 106 200
SAE 501 OQT 1000 175 1210 135 931 15 0.280 7750 29 × 106 200
17-4PH H900 210 1450 185 1280 14 0.281 7780 28.5 × 106 197
PH 13-8 Mo H1000 215 1480 205 1410 13 0.279 7720 29.4 × 106 203
Copper and its alloys
C14500 copper Soft 32 221 10 69 50 0.323 8940 17 × 106 117
Hard 48 331 44 303 20
CI7200 beryllium copper Soft 72 496 20 138 20 0.298 8250 19 × 106 131
Hard 195 1344 145 1000 4
C36000 brass Soft 44 305 18 124 20 0.308 8530 16 × 106 110
Hard 70 480 35 240 4
C54400 bronze Hard 68 469 57 393 20 0.318 8800 17 × 106 117
Magnesium—cast
ASTM AZ 63A–T6 40 276 19 131 5 0.066 1830 6.5 × 106 45
Zinc—cast-ZA 12 58 400 47 324 5 0.218 6030 12 × 106 83
Titanium and its alloys
Pure alpha Ti–65A
Wrought 65 448 55 379 18 0.163 4515 15 × 106 103
Alpha alloy Ti–0.2Pd
Wrought 50 345 40 276 20 0.163 4515 14.9 × 106 103
Beta alloy Ti–3Al–13V–11Cr
Aged 185 1280 175 1210 6 0.176 4875 16.0 × 106 110
Alpha-beta alloy Ti–6Al–4V
Aged 170 1170 155 1070 8 0.160 4432 16.5 × 106 114
(Continued )
783
 784

A–11 Typical properties of stainless steels and nonferrous metals.

Ultimate strength, Modulus of elasticity,
su Yield strength, sy Percent Density E
Material and condition ksi MPa ksi MPa elongation lb/in.3a kg/m3 psi GPa
Nickel-based alloys
N06600—annealed
70°F (21°C) room temp. 93 640 37 255 45 0.304 8420 30 × 106 207
800°F (427°C) 89 614 30 207 49
1200°F (649°C) 65 448 27 186 39
N06110—40% cold worked
70°F (21°C) room temp. 175 1205 150 1034 18 0.302 8330 30 × 106 207
500°F (260°C) — — 130 896 18
800°F (427°C) — — 120 827 18
N04400—annealed (at 70°F [21°C])
Annealed 80 550 30 207 50 0.318 8800 26 × 106 181
Cold drawn 100 690 75 517 30
a This can be used as specific weight or mass density in lbm/in.3
Appendix
Appendix 785

A–12 Properties of structural steels.a

Ultimate strength, sua Yield strength, sya Percent elongation
Material ASTM No. and products ksi MPa ksi MPa in 2 in.
A36—carbon steel; available in shapes, 58 400 36 248 21
plates, and bars
A 53—Grade B pipe 60 414 35 240 23
A242—HSLA, corrosion resistant;
available in shapes, plates, and bars
3 70 483 50 345 21
£ in. thick
4
3 1 67 462 46 317 21
to 1 in. thick
4 2
1 63 434 42 290 21
1 to 4 in. thick
2
A500—Cold-formed structural tubing
Round, Grade B 58 400 42 290 23
Round, Grade C 62 427 46 317 21
Shaped, Grade B 58 400 46 317 23
Shaped, Grade C 62 427 50 345 21
A501—Hot-formed structural tubing, 58 400 36 248 23
round or shaped
A514—Quenched and tempered alloy steel;
available in plate only
1 110 758 100 690 18
£ 2 in. thick
2
1 100 690 90 620 16
2 to 6 in. thick
2
A572—HSLA columbium–vanadium steel;
available in shapes, plates, and bars
Grade 42 60 414 42 290 24
Grade 50 65 448 50 345 21
Grade 60 75 517 60 414 18
Grade 65 80 552 65 448 17
A913—HSLA, grade 65; available in 80 552 65 448 17
shapes only
A992—HSLA; available in W-shapes only 65 448 50 345 21
aMinimum values; may range higher.
HSLA, an abbreviation for high-strength, low-alloy steel.
The American Institute of Steel Construction specifies E = 29 × 106 psi (200 GPa) for structural steel.
786 Appendix

A–13 Typical properties of cast iron.a

Yield
Ultimate strength strength
Modulus of
sub succ susc sutc elasticity, Ec
Percent
Material type and grade ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa psi GPa elongation
Gray iron ASTM A48
Grade 20 20 138 80 552 32 221 — — 12.2 × 106 84 <1
Grade 40 40 276 140 965 57 393 — — 19.4 × 106 134 <0.8
Grade 60 55 379 170 1170 72 496 — — 21.5 × 106 148 <0.5
Ductile iron ASTM A536
60-40-18 60 414 — — 57 393 40 276 24 × 106 165 18
80-55-6 80 552 — — 73 503 55 379 24 × 106 165 6
100-70-3 100 690 — — — — 70 483 24 × 106 165 3
120-90-2 120 827 180 1240 — — 90 621 23 × 106 159 2
Austempered ductile iron
(ADI)
Grade 1 125 862 — — — — 80 552 24 × 106 165 10
Grade 2 150 1034 — — — — 100 690 24 × 106 165 7
Grade 3 175 1207 — — — — 125 862 24 × 106 165 4
Grade 4 200 1379 — — — — 155 1069 24 × 106 165 1
Malleable iron ASTM A220
45008 65 448 240 1650 49 338 45 310 26 × 106 170 8
60004 80 552 240 1650 65 448 60 414 27 × 106 186 4
80002 95 655 240 1650 75 517 80 552 27 × 106 186 2
a The density of cast iron ranges from 0.25 to 0.27 lbm/in.3 (6920 to 7480 kg/m3).
b Minimum values; may range higher.
c Approximate values; may range higher or lower by about 15%.
Appendix 787

A–14 Typical properties of aluminum alloys.a

Ultimate strength, su Yield strength, sy Shear strength, sus
Alloy and Percent
temper ksi MPa ksi MPa elongation ksi MPa
Alloys in wrought form
1100-H12 16 110 15 103 25 10 69
1100-H18 24 165 22 152 15 13 90
2014–0 27 186 14 97 18 18 124
2014-T4 62 427 42 290 20 38 262
2014-T6 70 483 60 414 13 42 290
3003-0 16 110 6 41 40 11 76
3003-H12 19 131 18 124 20 12 83
3003-H18 29 200 27 186 10 16 110
5154-0 35 241 17 117 27 22 152
5154-H32 39 269 30 207 15 22 152
5154-H38 48 331 39 269 10 28 193
6061-0 18 124 8 55 30 12 83
6061-T4 35 241 21 145 25 24 165
6061-T6 45 310 40 276 17 30 207
7075-0 33 228 15 103 16 22 152
7075-T6 83 572 73 503 11 48 331
Casting alloys—permanent mold castings
204.0-T4 48 331 29 200 8 — —
206.0-T6 65 445 59 405 6 — —
356.0-T6 41 283 30 207 10 — —
a Modulus of elasticity E varies for different aluminum alloys:

For most alloys, including 1100, 3003, 6061, 6063, E = 10 × 106 psi (69.0 GPa).
For alloy 2014, E = 10.6 × 106 psi (73.1 GPa).
For alloy 5154, E = 10.2 × 106 psi (70.3 GPa).
For alloy 7075, E =10.4 × 106 psi (71.7 GPa).
Density of most aluminum alloys is approximately 0.10 lbm/in.3 (2770 kg/m3).
788 Appendix

A–15 Typical properties of wood.

Allowable stress
Compression
Tension parallel Horizontal Perpendicular Parallel to Modulus of
Bending to grain shear to grain grain elasticity
Type and grade psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa psi MPa ksi GPa
Douglas fir—2–4 in.
thick, 6 in. and
wider
No. 1 1750 12.1 1050 7.2 95 0.66 385 2.65 1250 8.62 1800 12.4
No. 2 1450 10.0 850 5.9 95 0.66 385 2.65 1000 6.90 1700 11.7
No. 3 800 5.5 475 3.3 95 0.66 385 2.65 600 4.14 1500 10.3
Hemlock—2–4 in.
thick, 6 in. and
wider
No. 1 1400 9.6 825 5.7 75 0.52 245 1.69 1000 6.90 1500 10.3
No. 2 1150 7.9 675 4.7 75 0.52 245 1.69 800 5.52 1400 9.7
No. 3 625 4.3 375 2.6 75 0.52 245 1.69 500 3.45 1200 8.3
Southern pine—
2½–4 in. thick,
6 in. and wider
No. 1 1400 9.6 825 5.7 80 0.55 270 1.86 850 5.86 1600 11.0
No. 2 1000 6.9 575 4.0 70 0.48 230 1.59 550 3.79 1300 9.0
No. 3 650 4.5 375 2.6 70 0.48 230 1.59 400 2.76 1300 9.0
Appendix 789

A–16 Typical properties of selected plastics.

Tensile Tensile Flexural Flexural
strength modulus strength modulus
Impact strength IZOD
Material Type ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa ksi MPa (ft. lb/in. of Notch)
Nylon 66 Dry 21.0 146 1200 8700 32.0 221 1100 7900
30% glass 50% R.H. 15.0 102 800 5500
ABS Medium impact 6.0 41 360 2480 11.5 79 310 2140 4.0
High impact 5.0 34 250 1720 8.0 55 260 1790 7.0
Polycarbonate General purpose 9.0 62 340 2340 11.0 76 300 2070 12.0
Acrylic Standard 10.5 72 430 2960 16.0 110 460 3170 0.4
High impact 5.4 37 220 1520 7.0 48 230 1590 1.2
PVC Rigid 6.0 41 350 2410 300 2070 0.4–20.0 (varies widely)
Polyimidea 25% graphite 5.7 39 12.8 88 900 6210 0.25
powder filler
Glass-fiber 27.0 186 50.0 345 3250 22 400 17.0
reinforcement
Laminate 50.0 345 70.0 483 4000 27 580 13.0
Acetal Copolymer 8.0 55 410 2830 13.0 90 375 2590 1.3
Polyurethane Elastomer 5.0 34 100 690 0.6 4 No break
Phenolic General 6.5 45 1100 7580 9.0 62 1100 7580 0.3
Polyesterb with glass-fiber mat reinforcement (approx. 30% glass by weight)
Lay-up, contact 9.0 62 16.0 110 800 5520
mold
Cold-press 12.0 83 22.0 152 1300 8960
molded
Compression 25.0 172 10.0 69 1300 8960
molded
The polyimide polymer in the laminate form and with glass-fiber reinforcement would also be called “composites.”
a

These forms of polyester with glass-fiber mat reinforcement (often called “fiberglass”) would also be called “composites.”
b