Advanced Level - Physics

PRACTICAL VISUAL GUIDE - 01 Amith Pussella

j¾ksh¾ mßudKh iy j¾ksh¾ le,smrh PHT6769 2022Re 2022-02-28

VERNIER SCALE AND VERNIER CALIPER

j¾ksh¾ mßudKh (Vernier Scale)

1 mm la Bg;a jvd l=vd fldgiaj,g fn¥ úg mshú weiska mßudKh foi n,d mdGdxl .ekSu jvd;a wiSre
ksid ta i|yd fjk;a l%uhla fidhd.ekSug m%xY cd;sl mshf¾ j¾ksh¾ iu;a úh' Tyq bÈßm;a l, woyi
ir,j wjfndaO lr.ksuq'

cm 0 9 mm
1
9 mm la iudk fldgia 10 lg fnÿfjd;a
tla fldgil È. 9/10 mm la fyj;a 0.9 mm 1 mm
ls'

cm 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.9 mm

9 mm

cm 0 1
m%Odk mßudKh

fuu mßudKh m%Odk mßudKh f,io" fuu

mßudKh j¾ksh¾ mßudKh f,io y÷kajhs'

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

j¾ksh¾ mßudKh

1 mm
1 mm la yd 0.9 mm la w;r mr;rh 0.1 mm
0.9 mm la nj meyeÈ,shs'
0.1 mm

0 1 2

j¾ksh¾ mßudKfha l=vdu ñkqu (Least count of the Vernier Scale)

m%Odk mßudKfha l=vdu ñkqu fldgil È. iy jZkshr mßudKfha l=vdu fldgil È. w;r fjki
uq¿ mßudKfha l=vdu ñkqu f,i ye¢kafõ'

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Q 01
my; mßÈ ;kd we;s m%Odk mßudK iy jZkshr mßudK § we;súg tu mßudKfha l=vdu ñkqu
fidhkak'

(i) m%Odk mßudKh 1 mm fldgia j,ska fnod we;s w;r thska fldgia 9 la f.k iudk fldgia 10 lg
fn§fuka jZkshr mßudKh ;kd we;súg"

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

jZkshr mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

l=vdu ñkqu = -----------------------------------------

(ii) m%Odk mßudKh 1 mm fldgia j,ska fnod we;s w;r thska fldgia 19 la f.k iudk fldgia 20 lg
fn§fuka jZkshr mßudKh ;kd we;súg"

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

jZkshr mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

l=vdu ñkqu = -----------------------------------------

(iii) m%Odk mßudKh 1 mm fldgia j,ska fod we;s w;r thska fldgia 49 la f.k iudk fldgia 50 lg
fn§fuka jZkshr mßudKh ;kd we;súg"

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

jZkshr mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

l=vdu ñkqu = -----------------------------------------

(iv) m%Odk mßudKh 1 mm fldgia j,ska fnod we;s w;r thska fldgia 99 la f.k iudk fldgia 100 lg
fn§fuka jZkshr mßudKh ;kd we;súg"

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

jZkshr mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

l=vdu ñkqu = -----------------------------------------

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(v) m%Odk mßudKh w¾O ñ,sógr j,ska (0.5 mm) ;kd we;s w;r thska fldgia 9 la f.k 10 lg fn§fuka
jZkshr mßudKh ;kd we;súg"

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

jZkshr mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

l=vdu ñkqu = -----------------------------------------

(vi) m%Odk mßudKh 0.5 mm fldgia j,ska ;kd we;s p, wkaùlaIhl" thska fldgia 49 la f.k 50 l
fn§fuka jZkshr mßudKh ;kd we;' l=vdu ñkqu fidhkak'

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

jZkshr mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

l=vdu ñkqu = -----------------------------------------

(vii) m%Odk mßudKfha a mm fldgia (n - 1) la th iudk fldgia n .Kklg fn§fuka jZkshr mßudKh
;kd we;súg l=vdu ñkqu fidhkak'

m%Odk mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

jZkshr mßudKfha fldgil È. = -----------------------------------------

l=vdu ñkqu = -----------------------------------------

jeo.;a

l=vdu ñkqu ,nd.kakd flá l%uh"

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 j¾ksh¾ le,smrh (VERNIER CALIPER)

we;= , ;
ykq
uq r s É Ñ
weKh

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 m%Odk mrsudKh
l+r
j¾ksh¾ mrsudKh

uqodyerSfï
msg; hdka;%Kh
ykq

wp, ykqj i¾mK ykqj

VERNIER CALIPER

wp, ykqj yd m%Odk mßudKh tla fldgila f,io " i¾mK ykqj j¾ksh¾ mßudKh yd l+r wfkla
fldgi f,io fjka l< yelshs'

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

j¾kshrh iys; fuu fldgi"

m%Odk mßudKh Èf.a tyd fuyd p,kh l< yelshs'

l+ro
ykq iu. p,kh fõ'

fodaIhla fkdue;s j¾ksh¾ le,smrhl ykq tlsfkl iam¾Y jQ

0 1 j¾ksh¾ yd m%Odk mßudKj, Y=kHhka ^0 tlsfkl iumd;
úg
úh hq;=hs'

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Q 02
jZkshr le,smrfha my; i|yka fldgiaj, jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrkak'

(i) ndysr ykq fyj;a msg; ykq

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) wNHka;r ykq fyj;a we;=,; ykq

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

(iii) .eUqr uksk l+r

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

(iv) uqodyeÍfï hdka;%Kh fyj;a frdaoh

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

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(v) uqᐥ weKh

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

j¾ksh¾ le,smrh wdOdrfhka mdGdxl ,nd.kakd whqre

jZkshr le,smrh weiqßka mdGdxlhla ,nd.ekSfï § wkq.uk l<hq;= mshjr

1' m<uqj le,smrfha msg; ykq tlsfklg iam¾Y ùug i,iajd jZkshr mßudKfha Y=kH f¾Ldj" m%Odk
mßudKfha Y=kHh f¾Ldj iu. tl fl,ska msysgkafka ±hs tkï" uQ,dxl fodaIhla mj;S ±hs mßlaId
l< hq;=h' uQ,dxl fodaIhla we;akï th fidhd.; hq;=fõ'

2' bkamiq le,smrfha ykq wE;alr" mdGdxl .; hq;= jia;=j ykq w;r ;nd ykq jia;=fõ hï;ñka iam¾Y
ùug i,iajd uqßÉÑ weKh ;o lrkak'

3' bkamiq m%Odk mßudKfhka lshjd .; yels wdikak;u lshùu ,nd.kak'

4' bkamiq m%Odk mßudKfha f¾Ldjla iu. tl fl,ska msysák jZkshr fldgia .Kk lshjdf.k th
l=vdu ñkqfuka .=Klr ,efnk" m%Odk mßudKfha wdikak;u lshùug tl;= lsÍfuka wod< mdGdxlh
,efí'

5' uQ,dxl foaIhla mj;S kï" th iqÿiq mßÈ oDIH mdGdxlhg tl;= lsÍfuka fyda wvqlsÍfuka ksjerÈ
mdGdxlh ,efí'

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 fujeks mÍlaIK k,hl
msg; úIalïNh
we;=,; úIalïNh
yd .eUqr
j¾ksh¾ le,smrh wdOdrfhka
uek.kakd whqre i,ld n,uq'

ndysr úIalïNh ,nd.ekSu i|yd msg; ykq wE;alr mÍlaIK k,fha ykq w;r hka;ñka iam¾Y jk mßÈ
isrlr.;a miq wod, mdGdxlh lshjd .; hq;=hs'

cm 12 23

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

fuys ±lafjk mdGdxlh ksjerÈj igyka lrkak'

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ykq iSreudre lr wjika jQ miq uqßÉÑ weKh ;o lsÍu u.ska mdGdxlh
igyka lr.kakd ;=re ykq w;r mr;rh fjkia fkdù ;nd.; yel'

^kej; mdGdxlhla .ekSug ykq p,kh lsÍug fmr uqßÉÑ weKh

,sys,a l< hq;=hs&

wNHka;r úIalïNh uek.ekSug we;=,; ykq w;r mr;rh wvqlr

mÍlaIK k,fha újrh ;=,§ ykq wE;alr hka;ñka iam¾Y jk mßÈ
isrlr .kak' ±ka wod, mdGdxlh lshjd.; yelshs'

cm 12 23

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

mdGdxlh '''''''''''''''''''''''

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 ykq p,kh lsÍfï§ l+r o ta iu. p,kh fõ' m%Odk mßudKh igyka lr we;s n| fldgfiys w. odrh
mÍlaIK k,fha újr odrh u; ;nd l+r m;=f,ys hka;ñka iam¾Y jk f;la iSreudre lr mdGdxlh
lshjd .kak'

cm 14
13 15
14

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

mdGdxlh '''''''''''''''''''''''
Q 03
(i) ol=Kqmi § we;s jZkshr le,smrhl mßudK msysàï
Wmfhda . S lrf.k mdGdxlfha w.h .Kkh M 3 cm
lrkak'
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10
------------------------------------------------------------ 0 V 5

------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) ol=Kqmi § we;s jZkshr le,smrhl mßudK msysàï

Wmfhda . S lrf.k mdGdxlfha w.h .Kkh 3 cm M 4 cm
lrkak'

------------------------------------------------------------
V 0 10

------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) ol=Kqmi § we;s jZkshr le,smrhl mßudK msysàï
Wmfhda . S lrf.k mdGdxlfha w.h .Kkh 2 cm M 3 cm
lrkak'

------------------------------------------------------------ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
V
------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30 mm
(iv) p, wkaùlaIhl m%Odk mßudkfha 1/2 mm fldgia
we;s w;r tjeks fldgia 49 la jZkshr fldgia 50 0

la iu. iumd; fõ' tu p, wkaùlaIfhka ,nd.;a

ñKqula ol=Kq miska olajd we;' tu mdGdxlfha
w.h .Kkh lrkak' 35 mm

------------------------------------------------------------ 10 mm

------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------
40 mm

------------------------------------------------------------ 20 mm

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(v) fuys mdGdxlh fldmuKo@

inside jaws

outside jaws sliding jaw

teaspoon

main scale numbered in cm

with mm divisions

vernier scale numbers

m%Odk mßudKfha lshùu = ---------------------- give the readings to
tenths of a mm
jZkshr mßudKfha lshùu = --------------------

yekafoa m<, = --------------------

j¾ksh¾ le,smrhl uQ,dxl fodaIh ^uQ,dxl jro&

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 jZkshr le,smrhl uQ,dxl fodaIh ^uQ,dxl jro&
jZkshr le,smrhl ndysr yKq tlg iam¾Yj we;súg m%Odk mßudK Y+kHh yd jZkshr mßudk Y+kHh
tal f¾Çhj fkdue;s úg ^w;r wiïmd;hla we;súg& tys uQ,dxl fodaIhla fyj;a uQ,dxl jrola we;ehs
lshkq ,efí' tfia uQ,dxl jrola ;sfí kï" tu jrfoa ^fodaIfha& úYd,;ajh .Kkh lr.; hq;=h' bkamiq
tu fodaIfha iajNdjh y÷kdf.k lshfjk mdGdxlhg wkqj ksjerÈ mdGdxlh .Kkh lr.; hq;=h'

uQ,dxl fodaIfha úYd,;ajh .Kkh lsÍu'

m<uq wjia:dj
ykqj, iam¾Y mDIaGj, Tlaihsv ne§ we;súg
jZkshr Y+kHh m%Odk mßudk Y+kHhg ol=Kq miska msysghs kï" 0
idudkH mdGdxlhla .Kkh lrk wkaoug uQ,dxl fodaIfha
úYd,;a j h fidhd.; yel' WodyrK f,i l= v du ñKq u
1 2 3 4 6
0.1 mm jk jZkshr le,smrhl fodaIh ol=Kqmi olajd we;s 0 5
wdldrfha kï"

uQ,dxl fodaIfha úYd,;ajh = 0.1 mm x 3 = 0.3 mm fõ'

fojk wjia:dj

ykq f.ù we;súg

jZkshr Y+kHh m%Odk mßudK Y+kHhg jïmiska msysghs kï" uQ,dxl fodaIfha úYd,;ajh my; l%u
;=fkka ´kEu wdldrhlg ,nd.; yel' Ndú; l< WmlrKfha 1 mm fldgia 9 la jZkshr fldgia 10
la iu. iumd; fõ hehs is;uq'

m<uqjk l%uh fojk l%uh ;=kajk l%uh

0 a 0 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 0 0
b
iumd; jQ bßfolg m%Odk mßudK m%Odk mßudK Y+kHhg fuys§ Y+kH i<l=Kq fol w;r
Y+kHfha isg iy jZkshr Y+kHfha wdikak;u jZkshr fldgi 1 fõ' mr;rh uq ¿ jZks h r fldgia
isg we;s a yd b ÿr fidhd.;a úg th Y+kH hehs is;d.;a úg iumd; .Kkska iudm; jZkshr fldgia
jkafka fojk jZkshr fldgihs' .Kk wvql< úg ,efnk jZkshr
uQ,dxl fodaIh = b - a túg m% O dk mßudK Y+ k H yd fldgiaj, È.g iudk fõ'
fuu le,smrfha a = 2 mm jZkshr ∴ uQ,dxl fodaIh = (10 - 3) x 0.1
b = 0.9 x 3 1 fldgi w;r ÿr = 2 x 0.1 = 0.7 mm
= 2.7 mm = 0.2 mm
±ka Y+kH fldgia jZkshr
∴ uQ,dxl fodaIh = 2.7 - 2.0 2 w;r ÿr
=
}
fldgil
È.
- 0.2 mm
}
= 0.7 mm
= 0.9 mm - 0.2 mm
= 0.7 mm

uQ,dxl fodaIh =

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10
 uQ,dxl fodaIfha iajNdjh y÷kdf.k ksjerÈ mdGdxlh ,nd.kakd wkaou

Y+kHhka wiïmd; msysàu my; fowdldrfhka tla wdldrhlg mej;sh yelsh' mj;sk wdldrh wkqj
lshfjk mdGdxlhg uQ,dxl fodaIh tl;= l<úg ksjerÈ mdGdxlh tla wjia:djl§;a lshfjk mdGdxlfhka
uQ,dxl fodaIh wvq l<úg ksjerÈ mdGdxlh ;j;a wjia:djl§;a ,ndfoa'

O O

uQ,dxl
fodaIh
uQ,dxl
fodaIh
O O
jZkshr
jZkshr mßudKh
mßudKh

ksjerÈ = ksjerÈ =
mdGdxlh mdGdxlh

Q 04
(a) jZkshr le,smrhl wNHka;r $ ndysr yKq fol tlg iam¾Yj mj;sk úg my; rEmj, ±lafjk wdldrhg
uQ,dxl fodaIhla mj;sk nj i,lkak' tu tla tla jZkshr le,smrfha l=vdu ñKqu bÈßmiska i|yka
w.h jkafka kï rEmfhka fokq ,nk uQ,dxl fodaIfha úYd,;ajh fidhkak'

(i) l=vdu ñKqu = 0.1 mm (ii) l=vdu ñKqu = 0.1 mm

0 0

0 0

uQ,dxl fodaIh #- ----------------------------- uQ,dxl fodaIh #- -----------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

(iii) l=vdu ñKqu = 0.05 mm (iv) l=vdu ñKqu = 0.05 mm

0 0

0 0

uQ,dxl fodaIh #- ----------------------------- uQ,dxl fodaIh #- -----------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

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(b) by; tla tla uQ,dxl fodaIh we;súg ñKqfï lshfjk w.h my; fmkajd we;s w.h .kakd úg ksjerÈ
mdGdxlh .Kkh lr ,nd.kak'

(i) (ii)

2 cm 3 cm

3
0 0 3

oDIH mdGdxlh #- ------------------------------ oDIH mdGdxlh #- -----------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

ksjerÈ mdGdxlh #- --------------------------- ksjerÈ mdGdxlh #- --------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

(iii) (iv)

4 cm 3 cm

3 4
0 0

oDIH mdGdxlh #- ------------------------------ oDIH mdGdxlh #- -----------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

ksjerÈ mdGdxlh #- ---------------------------- ksjerÈ mdGdxlh #- --------------------------

----------------------------- -----------------------------

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§¾> l< jZkshr mßudKh

rEmfha ±lafjk j¾ksh¾

le,s m rfha §¾> l,
j¾ksh¾ mßudKh
fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh
lrkak'

39 mm la fldgia 10 lg
fnod we;s wdldrhla
fmfka'

tfia jQ úg tla j¾ksh¾

fldgil È."
39/10 = 3.9 mm la úh
hq;=hs'

0 yd 0 iumd; ù we;s w;r j¾kshrfha 1 f¾Ldjg by<ska b;d wdikakj we;af;a m%Odk mßudKfha
4 mm f¾Ldjhs'

ta wkqj j¾kshrfha tla fldgil È.;a (3.9 mm) " m%Odk mßudKfha fldgia 4 l È.;a (4 mm) w;r
fjki"

4 - 3.9 = 0.1 mm fõ' 1" 2" 3 wd§ jYfhka ,l=Kq lr we;s j¾kshrfha tu fldgia kej; folg fnod we;s
wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

j¾kshrfha 0 f¾Ldj yd 1 f¾Ldj ueo ,l=Kq lr we;s f¾Ldj b;d wdikak jkafka m%Odk mßudKfha
2 mm f¾Ldj iu.hs' j¾kshrfha 1 f¾Ldj (3.9 mm) yd m%Odk mßudKfha 4 mm f¾Ldj w;r mr;rh
0.1 mm kï"

j¾ksh¾ fldgilska yß wvla jk f¾Ldj (3.9/2 = 1.95 mm) yd m%Odkfha 2 mm f¾Ldj w;r mr;rh"
2 - 1.95 = 0.05 mm úh hq;=hs'

fï wkqj fuu mßudKh Ndú;d lr ueksh yels l=vdu È. 0.05 mm fõ' tu w.h by< rEmfha j¾kshr
mßudKfha ol=Kq mi fl<jr igyka lr we;s wdldrh Tn olskakg we;s'

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 fndfyduhla mdi,a mÍlaIKd.drj, we;af;a fujeks §¾> l< jZkshr le,smrh
by; wdldrhg l%udxlkh lr we;s jZkshr mßudKfha ienE f,i fldgia 20 la ;snqK o" ,l=Kq
lr we;af;a fldgia folla f.k tu fldgi tlla f,ig h' fuh meyeÈ,s lr .kafka flfia±hs
n,uq'

ta i|yd by; WmlrKfhka ,ndf.k we;s ñkqï y;rla my; mßÈ msysáfha hehs is;uq'
Q 05

(a) -----------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

(b) -----------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

(c) -----------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

(d) -----------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------

by; ñkqu bÈßfha iqÿiq .Kkhka isÿlr by; uQ,O¾uh Ndú;d lr tu mdGdxl y;r ,nd.kak'

.Kkh u.ska mdGdxlh ,nd.ekSu i|yd by; uQ<O¾uh ms<sn|j wjfndaOh wjYH fõ' kuq;a fuu
WmlrKh mdGdxlh .Kkh lsÍfï wjfndaOh fkdue;s wh mjd Ndú;d lrkq ,n ksid hdka;%slj tu
w.h lshjd .; yels jk mßÈ 1 , 2 , 3 f,i l%udxlkh flf¾'

18.0 mm w.hg jvd iq¿ ÿrla wE;aù (b) ys mßÈ jZkshr tlla m%Odk mßudK f¾Ldjla yd tl fl<ska
we;súg ta wh úiska th 18.1 mm f,i lshjd .efka' ta wkqj (a) ys mßÈ we;súg tu w.h 18.05 mm
f,i;a" (c) ys we;súg 18.15 mm f,i;a" (d) ys we;súg 18.20 mm f,i;a" Tjqka úiska myiqfjka lshjd
.efka' ta ksid ;uhs mßudKh tfia l%udxlkh lr we;af;a'

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 jD;a;dldr j¾ksh¾ mrsudK yd wxYl mßudK

wxYlhlg;a jvd l=vd fldaK jvd;a

ks j eros j uek .ekS u i|yd
jD;a ; dldr wxYl mßudK iu.
jD;a;dldr j¾ksh¾ mßudK ksmojd
;sfí'
Spectrometer
Angle Meter ^j¾Kdj,Sudkh&
ie<iqï yd cHdñ;sl ks¾udK lsÍfï§ fldaKsl w.hhka b;d
ishqï yd ksjerÈ f,i igyka lsÍug jD;a;dldr j¾ksh¾$m%Odk Theodolite
mßudK iys; fldaKudk Ndú;d lrhs'

j¾Kdj,Sudkh jeks úoHd.dr WmlrKj, o ñkqïfodrejka

Ndú;d lrkq ,nk ;sfhdv,hsÜgq WmlrKfhao jD;a;dldr
mßudK Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'
m%Odk mßudKh wp,j we;akï th jgd j¾ksh¾ mßudKh
p,kh l< yels f,i fyda j¾ks h rh wp,j ;nd m% O dk
mßudKh N%uKh l< yels mßÈ jD;a;dldr mßudK Ndú;d
jk WmlrK ksmojd ;sfí'
f¾Çh j¾ksh¾ mßudKfha fuka fuys§ ^jD;a;dldr j¾ksh¾
mßudKfha& o Ndú;d jkafka f¾Ld iumd; ùfï uQ,O¾uhhs'
f¾Çh mßudKfha§ 9 mm la f.k iudk fldgia Main Scale
10 lg fn§fuka ñ,sógrhlska 10 ka mx.=jla 50 100
olajd ksjerÈj uekSug yels nj Tng u;l
0
9 0
we;s ' ta wdldrhgu jD;a ; dldr wxYl
mßudKfhka wxYl 9 la f.k iudk fldgia
10 lg fnod.ekSfuka wxYlhlska 10 ka mx.=jla
olajd ksjerÈj uek.; yel'
Vernier Scale
fuh rEm igykla wdOdrfhka jgyd .ksuq'
0 10

wxYl 9 la fldgia 10 lg fn¥ úg" tla jZkshr

M
Vernier Scale a
in fldgila (9/10) = 0.90 ls'
S tkï wxYl 1 la yd j¾ksh¾ fldgia 1 la w;r
c
fjki (1/10) = 0.10 ls'
a
l e

by; rEmfha j¾ks h rfha 0 m% O dk wxYl

mßudKfha 0 yd iumd; ù we;' j¾kshrfha 1
f¾Ldj m%Odk mßudKfha 1 f¾Ldj yd iumd;
jk mßÈ b;d iq¿ m%udKhla lerljQ úg j¾kshrh
lerlejqKq l=vd fldaKh wxYlhlska 1$10 la nj
meyeÈ,shs'
tkï fuu.ska ueksh yels l=vdu fldaKh 0'1 0
fõ'
0 Main Scale
20 300

ol= K q m i rEmfha ±la f jk wxYl yd j¾ks h ¾

mßudKj, msysàu fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lr wod,
mdGdxlh ksjerÈj igyka lrkak'
Vernier Scale
0 10
------------------------------------------------------- 15 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA
PHT6769 15
 00 29 0 l
fndfyduhla jD;a ; dldr wxYl a iud
k fl
mrs u dKj, 29 0 la f.k iudk dg ia 30
lg f
fldgia 30 lg fnoSfuka jD;a;dldr jD;a; nod w
dldr e;
j¾ksh¾ mßudK ksmojd we;' j¾k
1 sh¾ m 29 0
ßud Kh

m%Odk mrsudKfha fldgil os. = 10 30

00
jD;; 100
m%Odk mrsudKfha fldgil os. = 290 a dld
r wxY 20 0
30 l mß
udKh 29 0
m%Odk mrsudKfha jzksh¾ mrsudKfha
tuksid l=vdu ñkqu = -
fldgil os. fldgil os. 30 0
= 10 - (290/30)
l=vdu ñkqu = (1/30)0

wxYl 29 la fjkqjg 59 la j¾ksh¾ fldgia

60 lg fnÿfõ hehs is;uq' l=vdu ñKqu l=ula o@ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

;sria iy isria fldaKsl w.hka ,nd.ekSu i|yd ;sfhdv,hsÜgqfjys jD;a;dldr mßudK 2 la Ndú;d fõ'

j¾Kdj,Sudkfhys jD;a;dldr wxYl mßudKh i|yd jD;a;dldr j¾ksh¾ mßudK 2 la we;'

jD;a;dldr j¾ksh¾ mßudKh

jD;a;dldr
wxYl mßudKh

PHT6769 16 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

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Q 06
j¾Kdj,S u dkhla " jD;a ; dldr wxYl mrs u dKfha iEu
wxYlhlau fldgia follg fnfok mrsos ms<sfh, lr ;sfí'
j¾kshr mrsudKh ;kd we;af;a m%Odk mrsudKfha fldgia
29 la f;dardf.k iudk fldgia 30 lg fnoSfuks'
(i) WmlrKfha l=vdu ñkqu l=ula o @
-----------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) fuys oelafjkqfha tu WmlrKfha tla wjia:djls' oeka lshùu l=ula o @
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q - 07

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PHT6769 18 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA
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 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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jZkshr le,smrhl uQ,dxl fodaIhla ;sìh § lsih

s ï jia;j
= l .eUqr uekSfï § le,smrfhka
lshfjk mdGdxlh jia;=fõ ienE .eUqr nj fmkajd §u'

Q 08
Ndú;d lrkq ,nk le,smrfha m%Odk mßudKfha 1 mm fldgia we;s w;r" tjeks fldgia 9 la jZkshr
fldgia 10 la iu. iumd; jkafka hehs is;uq' tu WmlrKfha uQ,dxl fodaIh mj;sk wjia:dfõ §
mßudK Y=kHhka iy tys wksla miska neÆúg .eUqr uKsk l+r mj;sk wdldrh my; rEmj, olajd
we;s mßÈ"

jZkshr le,smrfha msgqmi

.eUqr uKsk l+r

fuu le,smrh Ndú;d lr ol=Kqmi § we;s wdldrfha wNHka;r

l=yrhla iys; iDcq jia;=fõ .eUqr uekSu i|yd jZkshr le,smrfha
AB odrh is,skavrfha by< mDIaGh iam¾Y jk fia ;nd .eUqr
uKsk l+r is,skavrfha m;=f,a iam¾Y jk f,i yKq wE;a lsÍu
isÿlrk ,È' tys§ uq,a iy wjidk wjia:d my; rEm u.ska
ksrEmKh lr we;ehs i,lkak'

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(01) (02)

PHT6769 20 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

20
(03) (04)

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(a)(i) fuu le,smrfha l=vdu ñkqu fldmuKo@

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(ii) by; mßudK j,g wkqj tys uQ,dxl fodaIfha úYd,;ajh fldmuKo@

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(iii) (3) rEmfha § mßudK msysàï ol=Kqmi

rEmfha mßÈ fõ' ta wkqj lshfjk mdGdxlh
fldmuKo@

-------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(iv) ta wkqj is,skavrdldr n÷fka ienE .eUqr fldmuKo hkak i|yka lrkak'

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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(b)(i) 1 mm fldgia 9 la jZkshr fldgia 10 la iu.

iumd; jk fjk;a jZkshr le,smrhl uQ,dxl
fodaIh we;súg mßudK msysàï ol=Kqmi mßÈ
úh' tu le,s m rh u.s k a by; is , s k a v rfha
wNHka;r .eUqr uekSu isÿl< úg le,smrfha
lshfjk mdGdxlh fldmuKo@

---------------------------------------------------------

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(ii) by; lshfjk mdGdxlh yd is,skavrfha ienE .eUqr w;r fjki fldmuKo@

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PHT6769 22 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

22
Q 09 2002 A/L jHqy.; rpkd 01 (a) .eg¿j

PHT6769 23 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

23
Q 10 2014 A/L jHqy.; rpkd 01 (a) .eg¿j

PHT6769 24 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

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 jHqy.; rpkd .eg¿ i|yd ms<s;=re
Q-9. 2002 A/L
d)(i) 1.665 cm fyda 16.65 mm tall ksjerÈ kï" --------- 01
a)(i) 0.95 (mm) fyda 19/20 (mm). --------------------------- 01
(ii) 0.005/1.665 fyda 0.05/16.65 fyda 5/1665 fyda 1/333 fyda
(ii) 0.55 mm fyda 0.005 cm
0.003 -------------------------------------------------------- 01
tall ksjerÈ kï" ------------------------------------- 01

(iii) 0.05 (mm) fyda (a) (ii) ys w.hsu fõ' ------------------ 01 ♦ (d) (i) ys d2 w.h jerÈ jQj;a l=vdu ñkqu jerÈ
jQj;a by; ,l=Kq m%odkh l< yel'
b)(i) msg; ykq --------------------------------------------------- 01
fyda
(ii) msg; ykq --------------------------------------------------- 01
♦ m%;sY; fodaIh i|yd jQj o
(iii) we;=<; ykq ---------------------------------------------- 01

(iv) .eUqr uekSfï l+r ----------------------------------------- 01 ♦ l=vdu ñkqfuka Nd.hla f,i fodaIh i<ld
;snqK o ,l=Kq m%odkh l< yel'

TOTAL 10
c) V = (πd12 h1 - π d22 h2)/ fyda π (d12 h1 - d22 h2)/4 fyda
[π (d1/2)2 - φh1] - [π (d2/2)2 h2 ] ------------ 01
PHT6769 25 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA
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Q-10. 2014 A/L

a) jZksh¾ le,smrfha uQ,dxl fodaIhla ;sfí±hs mßlaId

lsÍu fyda jZkshr le,smrfha ndysr ykq iam¾Y l<úg 2 2
mßudK foflys u Y= k H i<l= K tlu f¾Ldfõ
msyg
s kafka ±hs ne,Su fyda l=vdu fyda l=vdu ñkqu ks¾Kh
e)i)V = π [ ( 2x ) 1 x4 - ( x2)
2
]
x3 fyda

lsÍu' -------------------------------------------------- (01) 2 2 2

[( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ] x + π ( 2 )
x x x
V = π 1 2
3
1 (x4 - x3) fyda
M ialkaOh
b) d = fyda >k;ajh = -------- (01)
V mßudj 2 2 2

[( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ] x ( 2)
x1 x2 x2
V = π 4
+π (x4 - x3)
c) 1. uQ,dxl fodaIh
2. n÷fka .eUqr fyda wNHka;r .eUqr fyda Wi
3. n÷fka Wi ^ndysr $ msg; È.& ;=ku ksjerÈ ii)V = π/4 [(2.0)2 x 3.52 - (1.6)2 x 3.0] fyda
kï ------------------------------------------------------- (01)

[( ) - (1.602 ) ]3.00 + π (2.00

2 )
2 2 2
d) uQ,dxl fodaIh fuys§ i|yka fkdlr YsIHhd (d) V = π 2.00 (3.52 - 3.00) fyda
fldgfia j.=fõ 4 jeks ;Srefõ ñkqu f,i uQ,dxl 2
fodaIh y÷kdf.k we;akï fuu ,l=K fokak'

rEmh jZkshr le,smrfha ksjerÈ lrk ñkqfï

(i)
lshùu
0.02
,o mdGdxl ku
uQ,dxl fodaIh
V = π 2.00
2 [( ) -(1.60
2

2
) ] 3.52 + π (1.602 )
2 2
(3.52 - 3.00)
(ii) 2.02 2.00 (x1 lshuq) ndysr úIalïNh
(iii) 1.62 1.60 (x2 lshuq) wNHka;r úIalïNh
(iv) 3.02 (3.02 fyda 3.00) .eUqr V = 4.8 cm3 (4.76 - 4.80) cm3 {V , mm3 fyda m3 j,ska o osh
(v) 3.54 3.52 (x4 lshuq) Wi yel'} --------------------------------------------------- (01)

9.6
f) d = g cm-3
j.=j iïmQ¾Kfhkau ksjerÈ kï ------------------ (04) 4.8
02 ;Srefõ ñkqï 03 j;a ksjerÈ kï ------------------ (01)
03 ;Sefõ ñkqu 03 l j;a uQ,dxl fodaIh ksjerÈj wvqlr d = 2000 kg m-3 ------------------------------------ (01)
we;akï -------------------------------------------------- (01) (2010 - 2020) kgm-3
04 ;Srefõ ñkqï 03 l j;a ñkqï y÷kdf.k tajd ksjerÈj TOTAL 10
mdGdxl iu. .,md we;akï --------------------------- (01)
^uq¿ mdGdxl ixLHdju mm j,ska we;akï ksjerÈ f,i
i<lkak'&

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PHT6769 27 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA
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PHT6769 28 2022 Re A/L PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA
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