Found Terms and Descriptions Sample From Python Data Mining From Wikipedia

technological infrastructure The Israel Ministry of Defense - Directorate
of Defense Research & Development (IMOD

DDR&D) (Hebrew: ‫פיתוח אמצעי‬, ‫מינהל למחקר‬
‫)לחימה ותשתית טכנולוגית‬, abbreviated Maf'at (
‫)מפא"ת‬, is a joint administrative body of the
Israeli Ministry of Defense and Israel
Defense Forces that coordinates between
the Ministry of Defense, the IDF, the
military industries, Israel Military
Industries, Israel Aerospace Industries,
Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, the
Institute for Biological Research and the
Space Agency.
technological Technology is the application of knowledge

for achieving practical goals in a
reproducible way. The word technology
can also mean the products resulting from
such efforts,: 117 including both tangible
tools such as utensils or machines, and
intangible ones such as software.
Technology plays a critical role in science,
engineering, and everyday life.
Technological advancements have led to
significant changes in society. The earliest
known technology is the stone tool, used
during prehistoric times, followed by the
control of fire, which contributed to the
growth of the human brain and the
development of language during the Ice
Age. The invention of the wheel in the
Bronze Age allowed greater travel and the
creation of more complex machines. More
recent technological inventions, including
the printing press, telephone, and the
Internet, have lowered barriers to
communication and ushered in the
knowledge economy.
While technology contributes to economic
development and improves human
prosperity, it can also have negative
impacts like pollution and resource
depletion, and can cause social harms like
technological unemployment resulting
from automation. As a result, there are
ongoing philosophical and political debates
about the role and use of technology, the
ethics of technology, and ways to mitigate
its downsides.
technology Technology is the application of knowledge

knowledge economy.
its downsides.
infrastructure Infrastructure is the set of facilities and

systems that serve a country, city, or other
area, and encompasses the services and
facilities necessary for its economy,
households and firms to function.
Infrastructure is composed of public and
private physical structures such as roads,
railways, bridges, tunnels, water supply,
sewers, electrical grids, and
telecommunications (including Internet
connectivity and broadband access). In
general, infrastructure has been defined as
"the physical components of interrelated
systems providing commodities and
services essential to enable, sustain, or
enhance societal living conditions" and
maintain the surrounding
environment.Especially in light of the
massive societal transformations needed to
mitigate and adapt to climate change,
contemporary infrastructure conversations
frequently focus on sustainable
development and green infrastructure.
Acknowledging this importance, the
international community has created policy
focused on sustainable infrastructure
through the Sustainable Development
Goals, especially Sustainable Development
Goal 9 "Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure".
One way to describe different types of
infrastructure is to classify them as two
distinct kinds: hard infrastructure and soft
infrastructure. Hard infrastructure is the
physical networks necessary for the
functioning of a modern industry. This
includes roads, bridges, and railways. Soft
infrastructure is all the institutions that
maintain the economic, health, social,
environmental, and cultural standards of a
country. This includes educational
programs, official statistics, parks and
recreational facilities, law enforcement
agencies, and emergency services.
availability In reliability engineering, the term

availability has the following meanings:
The degree to which a system, subsystem

or equipment is in a specified operable and
committable state at the start of a mission,
when the mission is called for at an
unknown, i.e. a random, time.
The probability that an item will operate
satisfactorily at a given point in time when
used under stated conditions in an ideal
support environment.Normally high
availability systems might be specified as
99.98%, 99.999% or 99.9996%.
cities A city is a human settlement of notable size.

It can be defined as a permanent and
densely settled place with administratively
defined boundaries whose members work
primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Cities
generally have extensive systems for
housing, transportation, sanitation,
utilities, land use, production of goods, and
communication. Their density facilitates
interaction between people, government
organisations and businesses, sometimes
benefiting different parties in the process,
such as improving efficiency of goods and
service distribution.
Historically, city-dwellers have been a
small proportion of humanity overall, but
following two centuries of unprecedented
and rapid urbanization, more than half of
the world population now lives in cities,
which has had profound consequences for
global sustainability. Present-day cities
usually form the core of larger
metropolitan areas and urban areas—
creating numerous commuters traveling
towards city centres for employment,
entertainment, and education. However, in
a world of intensifying globalization, all
cities are to varying degrees also connected
globally beyond these regions. This
increased influence means that cities also
have significant influences on global issues,
such as sustainable development, global
warming, and global health. Because of
these major influences on global issues, the
international community has prioritized
investment in sustainable cities through
Sustainable Development Goal 11. Due to
the efficiency of transportation and the
smaller land consumption, dense cities
hold the potential to have a smaller
ecological footprint per inhabitant than
more sparsely populated areas. Therefore,
compact cities are often referred to as a
crucial element of fighting climate change.
However, this concentration can also have
significant negative consequences, such as
forming urban heat islands, concentrating
pollution, and stressing water supplies and
other resources.
Other important traits of cities besides
population include the capital status and
relative continued occupation of the city.
For example, country capitals such as
Beijing, Kuala lumpur, London, Manila,
Mexico City, Moscow, Nairobi, New Delhi,
Paris, Rome, Athens, Seoul, Singapore,
Tokyo, and Washington, D.C. reflect the
identity and apex of their respective
nations. Some historic capitals, such as
Kyoto, Yogyakarta, and Xi'an, maintain
their reflection of cultural identity even
without modern capital status. Religious
holy sites offer another example of capital
status within a religion, Jerusalem, Mecca,
Varanasi, Ayodhya, Haridwar and Prayagraj
each hold significance.
countries A country is a distinct part of the world,

such as a state, nation, or other political
entity. It may be a sovereign state or make
up one part of a larger state. For example,
the country of Japan is an independent,
sovereign state, while the country of Wales
is a component of a multi-part sovereign
state, the United Kingdom. A country may
be a historically sovereign area (such as
Korea), a currently sovereign territory with
a unified government (such as Senegal), or
a non-sovereign geographic region
associated with certain distinct political,
ethnic, or cultural characteristics (such as
the Basque Country).
The definition and usage of the word
"country" is flexible and has changed over
time. The Economist wrote in 2010 that
"any attempt to find a clear definition of a
country soon runs into a thicket of
exceptions and anomalies." Most sovereign
states, but not all countries, are members of
the United Nations.
The largest country by area is Russia, while
the smallest is the microstate Vatican City.
The most populous is China, while the
Pitcairn Islands are the least populous.
data transmission Data communication or digital

communications, including data
transmission and data reception, is the
transfer and reception of data in the form
of a digital bitstream or a digitized analog
signal transmitted over a point-to-point or
point-to-multipoint communication
channel. Examples of such channels are
copper wires, optical fibers, wireless
communication using radio spectrum,
storage media and computer buses. The
data are represented as an electromagnetic
signal, such as an electrical voltage,
radiowave, microwave, or infrared signal.
Analog transmission is a method of
conveying voice, data, image, signal or
video information using a continuous
signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or
some other property in proportion to that
of a variable. The messages are either
represented by a sequence of pulses by
means of a line code (baseband
transmission), or by a limited set of
continuously varying waveforms (passband
transmission), using a digital modulation
method. The passband modulation and
corresponding demodulation is carried out
by modem equipment. According to the
most common definition of digital signal,
both baseband and passband signals
representing bit-streams are considered as
digital transmission, while an alternative
definition only considers the baseband
signal as digital, and passband
transmission of digital data as a form of
digital-to-analog conversion.
Data transmitted may be digital messages
originating from a data source, for example,
a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an
analog signal such as a phone call or a
video signal, digitized into a bit-stream, for
example, using pulse-code modulation or
more advanced source coding schemes.
This source coding and decoding is carried
out by codec equipment.
bts transmission A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

of equipment that facilitates wireless
communication between user equipment
(UE) and a network. UEs are devices like
mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones,
computers with wireless Internet
connectivity, or antennas mounted on
buildings or telecommunication towers.
The network can be that of any of the
wireless communication technologies like
GSM, CDMA, wireless local loop, Wi-Fi,
WiMAX or other wide area network (WAN)
technology.
BTS is also referred to as the node B (in 3G
networks) or, simply, the base station (BS).
For discussion of the LTE standard the
abbreviation eNB for evolved node B is
widely used, and GNodeB for 5G.
Though the term BTS can be applicable to
any of the wireless communication
standards, it is generally associated with
mobile communication technologies like
GSM and CDMA. In this regard, a BTS forms
part of the base station subsystem (BSS)
developments for system management. It
may also have equipment for encrypting
and decrypting communications, spectrum
filtering tools (band pass filters) and so on.
Antennas may also be considered as
components of BTS in general sense as they
facilitate the functioning of BTS. Typically a
BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs)
which allow it to serve several different
frequencies and different sectors of the cell
(in the case of sectorised base stations). A
BTS is controlled by a parent base station
controller via the base station control
function (BCF). The BCF is implemented as
a discrete unit or even incorporated in a
TRX in compact base stations. The BCF
provides an operations and maintenance
(O&M) connection to the network
management system (NMS), and manages
operational states of each TRX, as well as
software handling and alarm collection.
The basic structure and functions of the
BTS remains the same regardless of the
wireless technologies.
communication bts A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

technology.
data transfer Data communication or digital

station transmission A numbers station is a shortwave radio

station characterized by broadcasts of
formatted numbers, which are believed to
be addressed to intelligence officers
operating in foreign countries. Most
identified stations use speech synthesis to
vocalize numbers, although digital modes
such as phase-shift keying and frequency-
shift keying, as well as Morse code
transmissions, are not uncommon. Most
stations have set time schedules, or
schedule patterns; however, some have no
discernible pattern and broadcast at
unpredictable times. Stations may have set
frequencies in the high frequency
band.Numbers stations have been reported
since at least the start of the first world war
and continue to be in-use today. Amongst
amateur radio enthusiasts there is an
interest in monitoring and classifying
numbers stations with many being given
nicknames to represent their quirks or
origins.
transmission case Toyota Motor Corporation's A family is a

family of automatic FWD/RWD/4WD/AWD
transmissions built by Aisin-Warner. They
share much in common with Volvo's AW7*
and Aisin-Warner's 03-71* transmissions,
which are found in Suzukis, Mitsubishis,
and other Asian vehicles.
The codes are divided into three sections:
The letter A = Aisin-Warner Automatic.

Two or three digits.
Older transmissions have two digits.
The first digit represents the generation
(not the number of gears, see A10 vs A20
and A30 vs A40 vs A40D).
The last digit represents the particular
application.
Newer transmission have three digits.
The first digit represents the generation.
Note: the sequence is 1,2,...,9,A,B with A and
B being treated as digits.
The second digit represents the number of
gears.
The last digit represents the particular
application.
Letters representing particular features:
D = Separates 3-speed A4x series from 4-
speed A4xD series
E = Electronic control
F = Four wheel drive
H = AWD Transverse mount engine
L = Lock-up torque converter
case transceiver An avalanche transceiver or avalanche

beacon is a type of emergency locator
beacon, a radio transceiver (a transmitter
and receiver in one unit) operating at 457
kHz for the purpose of finding people
buried under snow. They are widely
carried by skiers, particularly back country
skiers for use in case a skier is buried by an
avalanche. Before setting out on an
expedition, all the members of a group
activate their transceivers in the transmit
mode, causing the device to emit low-
power pulsed radio signals during the trip.
Following an avalanche, if some members
of the ski party are buried, the others may
switch their transceivers from transmit
into receive mode, allowing use as a radio
direction finding device to search for
signals coming from the lost skiers. The
avalanche beacon is an active device
powered by batteries; a ski suit may also
contain a passive RECCO transponder sewn
into the clothing.
Early avalanche transceivers transmitted at
2.275 kHz. In 1986, the international
frequency standard of 457 kHz was
adopted, and this remains the standard
today. Many companies manufacture
transceivers that comply with this
standard.
An avalanche transceiver is not considered
a preventive measure against possible
avalanche burial, but rather it is a way to
reduce the amount of time victims remain
buried under the snow, which makes it
more likely to save their lives.
transceiver station A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

technology.
transceiver In radio communication, a transceiver is an

electronic device which is a combination of
a radio transmitter and a receiver, hence
the name. It can both transmit and receive
radio waves using an antenna, for
communication purposes. These two
related functions are often combined in a
single device to reduce manufacturing
costs. The term is also used for other
devices which can both transmit and
receive through a communications channel,
such as optical transceivers which transmit
and receive light in optical fiber systems,
and bus transceivers which transmit and
receive digital data in computer data buses.
Radio transceivers are widely used in
wireless devices. One large use is in two-
way radios, which are audio transceivers
used for bidirectional person-to-person
voice communication. Examples are cell
phones, which transmit and receive the two
sides of a phone conversation using radio
waves to a cell tower, cordless phones in
which both the phone handset and the base
station have transceivers to communicate
both sides of the conversation, and land
mobile radio systems like walkie-talkies
and CB radios. Another large use is in
wireless modems in mobile networked
computer devices such laptops, pads, and
cellphones, which both transmit digital
data to and receive data from a wireless
router. Aircraft carry automated
microwave transceivers called
transponders which, when they are
triggered by microwaves from an air traffic
control radar, transmit a coded signal back
to the radar to identify the aircraft.
Satellite transponders in communication
satellites receive digital telecommunication
data from a satellite ground station, and
retransmit it to another ground station.
modes A model is an informative representation of
an object, person or system. The term
originally denoted the plans of a building in
late 16th-century English, and derived via
French and Italian ultimately from Latin
modulus, a measure.
Models can be divided into physical models
(e.g. a model plane) and abstract models
(e.g. mathematical expressions describing
behavioural patterns). Abstract or
conceptual models are central to
philosophy of science, as almost every
scientific theory effectively embeds some
kind of model of the physical or human
sphere.
In commerce, "model" can refer to a
specific design of a product as displayed in
a catalogue or show room (e.g. Ford Model
T), and by extension to the sold product
itself.
Types of models include:
telephone A telephone is a telecommunications device

that permits two or more users to conduct
a conversation when they are too far apart
to be easily heard directly. A telephone
converts sound, typically and most
efficiently the human voice, into electronic
signals that are transmitted via cables and
other communication channels to another
telephone which reproduces the sound to
the receiving user. The term is derived
from Greek: τῆ λε (tēle, far) and φωνή
(phō nē, voice), together meaning distant
voice. A common short form of the term is
phone, which came into use early in the
telephone's history.In 1876, Alexander
Graham Bell was the first to be granted a
United States patent for a device that
produced clearly intelligible replication of
the human voice at a second device. This
instrument was further developed by many
others, and became rapidly indispensable
in business, government, and in
households.
The essential elements of a telephone are a
microphone (transmitter) to speak into and
an earphone (receiver) which reproduces
the voice at a distant location. The receiver
and transmitter are usually built into a
handset which is held up to the ear and
mouth during conversation. The
transmitter converts the sound waves to
electrical signals which are sent through
the telecommunication system to the
receiving telephone, which converts the
signals into audible sound in the receiver
or sometimes a loudspeaker. Telephones
permit transmission in both directions
simultaneously.
Most telephones also contain an alerting
feature, such as a ringer or a visual
indicator, to announce an incoming
telephone call. Telephone calls are initiated
most commonly with a keypad or dial,
affixed to the telephone, to enter a
telephone number, which is the address of
the call recipient's telephone in the
telecommunication system, but other
methods existed in the early history of the
telephone.
The first telephones were directly
connected to each other from one
customer's office or residence to another
customer's location. Being impractical
beyond just a few customers, these systems
were quickly replaced by manually
operated centrally located switchboards.
These exchanges were soon connected
together, eventually forming an automated,
worldwide public switched telephone
network. For greater mobility, various
radio systems were developed for
transmission between mobile stations on
ships and automobiles in the mid-20th
century. Hand-held mobile phones were
introduced for personal service starting in
1973. In later decades, their analog cellular
system evolved into digital networks with
greater capability and lower cost.
Convergence in communication services
has provided a broad spectrum of
capabilities in cell phones, including mobile
computing, giving rise to the smartphone,
the dominant type of telephone in the
world today.
communication Communication is usually defined as the

transmission of information. The term can
also refer to the message itself, or the field
of inquiry studying these transmissions,
also known as communication studies.
There are some disagreements about the
precise definition of communication - for
example, whether unintentional or failed
transmissions are also included and
whether communication does not just
transmit meaning but also create it. Models
of communication aim to provide a
simplified overview of its main components
and their interaction. Many models include
the idea that a source uses a coding system
to express information in the form of a
message. The source uses a channel to send
the message to a receiver who has to
decode it in order to understand its
meaning. Channels are usually discussed in
terms of the senses used to perceive the
message, like hearing, sight, smell, touch,
and taste.
Communication can be classified based on
whether information is exchanged between
humans, members of other species, or non-
living entities such as computers. For
human communication, a central
distinction is between verbal and non-
verbal communication. Verbal
communication involves the exchange of
messages in linguistic form. This can
happen through natural languages, like
English or Japanese, or through artificial
languages, like Esperanto. Verbal
communication includes spoken and
written messages as well as the use of sign
language. Non-verbal communication
happens without the use of a linguistic
system. There are many forms of non-
verbal communication, for example, using
body language, body position, touch, and
intonation. Another distinction is between
interpersonal and intrapersonal
communication. Interpersonal
communication happens between distinct
individuals, such as greeting someone on
the street or making a phone call.
Intrapersonal communication, on the other
hand, is communication with oneself. This
can happen internally, as a form of inner
dialog or daydreaming, or externally, for
example, when writing down a shopping
list or engaging in a monologue.
Non-human forms of communication
include animal and plant communication.
Researchers in this field often formulate
additional criteria for their definition of
communicative behavior, like the
requirement that the behavior serves a
beneficial function for natural selection or
that a response to the message is observed.
Animal communication plays important
roles for various species in the areas of
courtship and mating, parent-offspring
relations, social relations, navigation, self-
defense, and territoriality. In the area of
courtship and mating, for example,
communication is used to identify and
attract potential mates. An often-discussed
example concerning navigational
communication is the waggle dance used
by bees to indicate to other bees where
flowers are located. Due to the rigid cell
walls of plants, their communication often
happens through chemical means rather
than movement. For example, various
plants, like maple trees, release so-called
volatile organic compounds into the air to
warn other plants of a herbivore attack.
Most communication takes place between
members of the same species since its
purpose is usually some form of
cooperation, which is not as common
between species. However, there are also
forms of interspecies communication,
mainly in cases of symbiotic relationships.
For example, many flowers use
symmetrical shapes and colors that stand
out from their surroundings in order to
communicate to insects where nectar is
located to attract them. Humans also
practice interspecies communication, for
example, when interacting with pets.
The field of communication includes
various other issues, like communicative
competence and the history of
communication. Communicative
competence is the ability to communicate
well and applies both to the capability to
formulate messages and to understand
them. Two central aspects are that the
communicative behavior is effective, i.e.
that it achieves the individual's goal, and
that it is appropriate, i.e. that it follows
social standards and expectations. Human
communication has a long history and how
people exchange information has changed
over time. These changes were usually
triggered by the development of new
communication technologies, such as the
invention of writing systems (first
pictographic and later alphabetic), the
development of mass printing, the use of
radio and television, and the invention of
the internet.
computers A computer is a machine that can be

programmed to carry out sequences of
arithmetic or logical operations
(computation) automatically. Modern
digital electronic computers can perform
generic sets of operations known as
programs. These programs enable
computers to perform a wide range of
tasks. A computer system is a nominally
complete computer that includes the
hardware, operating system (main
software), and peripheral equipment
needed and used for full operation. This
term may also refer to a group of
computers that are linked and function
together, such as a computer network or
computer cluster.
A broad range of industrial and consumer
products use computers as control systems.
Simple special-purpose devices like
microwave ovens and remote controls are
included, as are factory devices like
industrial robots and computer-aided
design, as well as general-purpose devices
like personal computers and mobile
devices like smartphones. Computers
power the Internet, which links billions of
other computers and users.
Early computers were meant to be used
only for calculations. Simple manual
instruments like the abacus have aided
people in doing calculations since ancient
times. Early in the Industrial Revolution,
some mechanical devices were built to
automate long, tedious tasks, such as
guiding patterns for looms. More
sophisticated electrical machines did
specialized analog calculations in the early
20th century. The first digital electronic
calculating machines were developed
during World War II. The first
semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s
were followed by the silicon-based
MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic
integrated circuit chip technologies in the
late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor
and the microcomputer revolution in the
1970s. The speed, power and versatility of
computers have been increasing
dramatically ever since then, with
transistor counts increasing at a rapid pace
(as predicted by Moore's law), leading to
the Digital Revolution during the late 20th
to early 21st centuries.
Conventionally, a modern computer
consists of at least one processing element,
typically a central processing unit (CPU) in
the form of a microprocessor, along with
some type of computer memory, typically
semiconductor memory chips. The
processing element carries out arithmetic
and logical operations, and a sequencing
and control unit can change the order of
operations in response to stored
information. Peripheral devices include
input devices (keyboards, mice, joystick,
etc.), output devices (monitor screens,
printers, etc.), and input/output devices
that perform both functions (e.g., the
2000s-era touchscreen). Peripheral devices
allow information to be retrieved from an
external source and they enable the result
of operations to be saved and retrieved.
bts base A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

technology.
station technology DeskStation Technology was a

manufacturer of RISC-based computer
workstations intended to run Windows NT.
DeskStation was based in Lenexa, Kansas.

online web Online shopping is a form of electronic

commerce which allows consumers to
directly buy goods or services from a seller
over the Internet using a web browser or a
mobile app. Consumers find a product of
interest by visiting the website of the
retailer directly or by searching among
alternative vendors using a shopping
search engine, which displays the same
product's availability and pricing at
different e-retailers. As of 2020, customers
can shop online using a range of different
computers and devices, including desktop
computers, laptops, tablet computers and
smartphones.
An online shop evokes the physical analogy
of buying products or services at a regular
"bricks-and-mortar" retailer or shopping
center; the process is called business-to-
consumer (B2C) online shopping. When an
online store is set up to enable businesses
to buy from another businesses, the
process is called business-to-business
(B2B) online shopping. A typical online
store enables the customer to browse the
firm's range of products and services, view
photos or images of the products, along
with information about the product
specifications, features and prices.
Online stores usually enable shoppers to
use "search" features to find specific
models, brands or items. Online customers
must have access to the Internet and a valid
method of payment in order to complete a
transaction, such as a credit card, an
Interac-enabled debit card, or a service
such as PayPal. For physical products (e.g.,
paperback books or clothes), the e-tailer
ships the products to the customer; for
digital products, such as digital audio files
of songs or software, the e-tailer usually
sends the file to the customer over the
Internet. The largest of these online
retailing corporations are Alibaba,
Amazon.com, and eBay.
web programming Web development is the work involved in
developing a website for the Internet
(World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private
network). Web development can range
from developing a simple single static page
of plain text to complex web applications,
electronic businesses, and social network
services. A more comprehensive list of
tasks to which Web development
commonly refers, may include Web
engineering, Web design, Web content
development, client liaison,
client-side/server-side scripting, Web
server and network security configuration,
and e-commerce development.
Among Web professionals, "Web
development" usually refers to the main
non-design aspects of building Web sites:
writing markup and coding. Web
development may use content management
systems (CMS) to make content changes
easier and available with basic technical
skills.
For larger organizations and businesses,
Web development teams can consist of
hundreds of people (Web developers) and
follow standard methods like Agile
methodologies while developing Web sites.
Smaller organizations may only require a
single permanent or contracting developer,
or secondary assignment to related job
positions such as a graphic designer or
information systems technician. Web
development may be a collaborative effort
between departments rather than the
domain of a designated department. There
are three kinds of Web developer
specialization: front-end developer, back-
end developer, and full-stack developer.
Front-end developers are responsible for
behavior and visuals that run in the user
browser, while back-end developers deal
with the servers. Since the
commercialization of the Web with Tim
Berners-Lee developing the World Wide
Web at CERN, the industry has boomed and
has become one of the most used
technologies ever.

knowledge economy.
its downsides.
transcriber Transcriber is an open-source software

tool for the transcription and annotation of
speech signals for linguistic research. It
supports multiple hierarchical layers of
segmentation, named entity annotation,
speaker lists, topic lists, and overlapping
speakers. Two views of the sound pressure
waveform at different resolutions may be
viewed simultaneously. Various character
encodings, including Unicode, are
supported.
Annotations from Transcriber may be
exported in XML. OASIS' Cover Pages
publishes the open DTD used by
Transcriber.Transcriber is written in
Tcl/Tk with the Snack audio library and is
therefore available on most major
platforms. It is distributed under the GNU
General Public License. Transcriber has
been superseded by TranscriberAG.

and taste.
Communication can be classified based on
whether information is exchanged between
humans, members of other species, or non-
living entities such as computers. For
human communication, a central
distinction is between verbal and non-
verbal communication. Verbal
list or engaging in a monologue.
Non-human forms of communication
include animal and plant communication.
example, when interacting with pets.
The field of communication includes
various other issues, like communicative
the internet.
programming Computer programming is the process of

performing particular computations (or
more generally, accomplishing specific
computing results), usually by designing
and building executable computer
programs. Programming involves tasks
such as analysis, generating algorithms,
profiling algorithms' accuracy and resource
consumption, and the implementation of
algorithms (usually in a particular
programming language, commonly referred
to as coding). The source code of a program
is written in one or more languages that
are intelligible to programmers, rather than
machine code, which is directly executed
by the central processing unit. The purpose
of programming is to find a sequence of
instructions that will automate the
performance of a task (which can be as
complex as an operating system) on a
computer, often for solving a given
problem. Proficient programming thus
usually requires expertise in several
different subjects, including knowledge of
the application domain, specialized
algorithms, and formal logic.
Tasks accompanying and related to
programming include testing, debugging,
source code maintenance, implementation
of build systems, and management of
derived artifacts, such as the machine code
of computer programs. These might be
considered part of the programming
process, but often the term "software
development" is more often used for this
larger overall process - while the terms
programming, implementation, and coding
tend to be focused on the actual writing of
code. Software engineering combines
engineering techniques and principles with
software development. Anyone involved
with software development may at times
engage in reverse engineering, which is the
practice of seeking to understand an
existing program so as to re-implement its
function in some way.
developed A developed country (or industrialized

country, high-income country, more
economically developed country (MEDC),
advanced country) is a sovereign state that
has a high quality of life, developed
economy, and advanced technological
infrastructure relative to other less
industrialized nations. Most commonly, the
criteria for evaluating the degree of
economic development are the gross
domestic product (GDP), gross national
product (GNP), the per capita income, level
of industrialization, amount of widespread
infrastructure and general standard of
living. Which criteria are to be used and
which countries can be classified as being
developed are subjects of debate. Different
definitions of developed countries are
provided by the International Monetary
Fund and the World Bank; moreover, HDI
ranking is used to reflect the composite
index of life expectancy, education, and
income per capita. Another commonly used
measure of a developed country is the
threshold of GDP (PPP) per capita of at
least USD$22,000. In 2022, 36 countries fit
all four criteria, while an additional 17
countries fit three out of four.
Developed countries have generally more
advanced post-industrial economies,
meaning the service sector provides more
wealth than the industrial sector. They are
contrasted with developing countries,
which are in the process of
industrialisation or are pre-industrial and
almost entirely agrarian, some of which
might fall into the category of Least
Developed Countries. As of 2015, advanced
economies comprise 60.8% of global GDP
based on nominal values and 42.9% of
global GDP based on purchasing-power
parity (PPP) according to the IMF.
online networking A social networking service or SNS

(sometimes called a social networking site)
is an online platform which people use to
build social networks or social
relationships with other people who share
similar personal or career content,
interests, activities, backgrounds or real-
life connections.Social networking services
vary in format and the number of features.
They can incorporate a range of new
information and communication tools,
operating on desktops and on laptops, on
mobile devices such as tablet computers
and smartphones. This may feature digital
photo/video/sharing and diary entries
online (blogging). Online community
services are sometimes considered social-
network services by developers and users,
though in a broader sense, a social-network
service usually provides an individual-
centered service whereas online
community services are groups centered.
Generally defined as "websites that
facilitate the building of a network of
contacts in order to exchange various types
of content online," social networking sites
provide a space for interaction to continue
beyond in-person interactions. These
computer mediated interactions link
members of various networks and may
help to create, sustain and develop new
social and professional relationships.Social
networking sites allow users to share ideas,
digital photos and videos, posts, and to
inform others about online or real-world
activities and events with people within
their social network. While in-person social
networking – such as gathering in a village
market to talk about events – has existed
since the earliest development of towns,
the web enables people to connect with
others who live in different locations across
the globe (dependent on access to an
Internet connection to do so). Depending
on the social media platform, members
may be able to contact any other member.
In other cases, members can contact
anyone they have a connection to, and
subsequently anyone that contact has a
connection to, and so on. The success of
social networking services can be seen in
their dominance in society today, with
Twitter, social-networking platform which
being refer to as 'world town square' that
offers its member a real-time activity like
contacting anyone including friends,
sharing their photos, videos and texts in
form of 'tweets'. Facebook having a
massive 2.13 billion active monthly users
and an average of 1.4 billion daily active
users in 2017. LinkedIn, a career-oriented
social-networking service, generally
requires that a member personally know
another member in real life before they
contact them online. Some services require
members to have a preexisting connection
to contact other members. With COVID-19,
Zoom, a videoconferencing platform, has
taken an integral place to connect people
located around the world and facilitate
many online environments such as school,
university, work and government meetings.
The main types of social networking
services contain category places (such as
age or occupation or religion), means to
connect with friends (usually with self-
description pages), and a recommendation
system linked to trust. One can categorize
social-network services into four types:
socialization social network services used
primarily for socializing with existing
friends or users (e.g., Facebook, Instagram,
Twitter)
online social networks are decentralized
and distributed computer networks where
users communicate with each other
through Internet services.
networking social network services used
primarily for non-social interpersonal
communication (e.g., LinkedIn, a career-
and employment-oriented site)
social navigation social network services
used primarily for helping users to find
specific information or resources (e.g.,
Goodreads for books, Reddit)There have
been attempts to standardize these
services to avoid the need to duplicate
entries of friends and interests (see the
FOAF standard). A study reveals that India
recorded world's largest growth in terms of
social media users in 2013. A 2013 survey
found that 73% of U.S. adults use social-
networking sites.
networking technologies A computer network is a set of computers

sharing resources located on or provided
by network nodes. Computers use common
communication protocols over digital
interconnections to communicate with
each other. These interconnections are
made up of telecommunication network
technologies based on physically wired,
optical, and wireless radio-frequency
methods that may be arranged in a variety
of network topologies.
The nodes of a computer network can
include personal computers, servers,
networking hardware, or other specialized
or general-purpose hosts. They are
identified by network addresses and may
have hostnames. Hostnames serve as
memorable labels for the nodes and are
rarely changed after initial assignment.
Network addresses serve for locating and
identifying the nodes by communication
protocols such as the Internet Protocol.
Computer networks may be classified by
many criteria, including the transmission
medium used to carry signals, bandwidth,
communications protocols to organize
network traffic, the network size, the
topology, traffic control mechanisms, and
organizational intent.
Computer networks support many
applications and services, such as access to
the World Wide Web, digital video and
audio, shared use of application and
storage servers, printers and fax machines,
and use of email and instant messaging
applications.
online programming Competitive programming (also known as

sports programming) is a mind sport
usually held over the Internet or a local
network, involving participants trying to
program according to provided
specifications. Contestants are referred to
as sport programmers. Competitive
programming is recognized and supported
by several multinational software and
Internet companies, such as Google and
Facebook.A programming competition
generally involves the host presenting a set
of logical or mathematical problems, also
known as puzzles or challenges, to the
contestants (who can vary in number from
tens or even hundreds to several
thousands). Contestants are required to
write computer programs capable of
solving these problems. Judging is based
mostly upon number of problems solved
and time spent for writing successful
solutions, but may also include other
factors (quality of output produced,
execution time, memory usage, program
size, etc.).
computer networks A computer network is a set of computers
of network topologies.
The nodes of a computer network can
include personal computers, servers,
networking hardware, or other specialized
or general-purpose hosts. They are
identified by network addresses and may
have hostnames. Hostnames serve as
memorable labels for the nodes and are
rarely changed after initial assignment.
Network addresses serve for locating and
identifying the nodes by communication
protocols such as the Internet Protocol.
Computer networks may be classified by
many criteria, including the transmission
medium used to carry signals, bandwidth,
communications protocols to organize
network traffic, the network size, the
topology, traffic control mechanisms, and
organizational intent.
Computer networks support many
applications and services, such as access to
the World Wide Web, digital video and
audio, shared use of application and
storage servers, printers and fax machines,
and use of email and instant messaging
applications.
server bands In computing, a server is a piece of
computer hardware or software (computer
program) that provides functionality for
other programs or devices, called "clients."
This architecture is called the client–server
model. Servers can provide various
functionalities, often called "services," such
as sharing data or resources among
multiple clients or performing
computations for a client. A single server
can serve multiple clients, and a single
client can use multiple servers. A client
process may run on the same device or may
connect over a network to a server on a
different device. Typical servers are
database servers, file servers, mail servers,
print servers, web servers, game servers,
and application servers.Client–server
systems are usually most frequently
implemented by (and often identified with)
the request–response model: a client sends
a request to the server, which performs
some action and sends a response back to
the client, typically with a result or
acknowledgment. Designating a computer
as "server-class hardware" implies that it is
specialized for running servers on it. This
often implies that it is more powerful and
reliable than standard personal computers,
but alternatively, large computing clusters
may be composed of many relatively
simple, replaceable server components.
internet In finance and economics, interest is

payment from a borrower or deposit-
taking financial institution to a lender or
depositor of an amount above repayment
of the principal sum (that is, the amount
borrowed), at a particular rate. It is distinct
from a fee which the borrower may pay the
lender or some third party. It is also
distinct from dividend which is paid by a
company to its shareholders (owners) from
its profit or reserve, but not at a particular
rate decided beforehand, rather on a pro
rata basis as a share in the reward gained
by risk taking entrepreneurs when the
revenue earned exceeds the total costs.For
example, a customer would usually pay
interest to borrow from a bank, so they pay
the bank an amount which is more than the
amount they borrowed; or a customer may
earn interest on their savings, and so they
may withdraw more than they originally
deposited. In the case of savings, the
customer is the lender, and the bank plays
the role of the borrower.
Interest differs from profit, in that interest
is received by a lender, whereas profit is
received by the owner of an asset,
investment or enterprise. (Interest may be
part or the whole of the profit on an
investment, but the two concepts are
distinct from each other from an
accounting perspective.)
The rate of interest is equal to the interest
amount paid or received over a particular
period divided by the principal sum
borrowed or lent (usually expressed as a
percentage).
Compound interest means that interest is
earned on prior interest in addition to the
principal. Due to compounding, the total
amount of debt grows exponentially, and
its mathematical study led to the discovery
of the number e. In practice, interest is
most often calculated on a daily, monthly,
or yearly basis, and its impact is influenced
greatly by its compounding rate.
technologies Technology is the application of knowledge

knowledge economy.
its downsides.

devices rs In telecommunications, RS-232 or

Recommended Standard 232 is a standard
originally introduced in 1960 for serial
communication transmission of data. It
formally defines signals connecting
between a DTE (data terminal equipment)
such as a computer terminal, and a DCE
(data circuit-terminating equipment or
data communication equipment), such as a
modem. The standard defines the electrical
characteristics and timing of signals, the
meaning of signals, and the physical size
and pinout of connectors. The current
version of the standard is TIA-232-F
Interface Between Data Terminal
Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating
Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data
Interchange, issued in 1997. The RS-232
standard had been commonly used in
computer serial ports and is still widely
used in industrial communication devices.
A serial port complying with the RS-232
standard was once a standard feature of
many types of computers. Personal
computers used them for connections not
only to modems, but also to printers,
computer mice, data storage,
uninterruptible power supplies, and other
peripheral devices.
Compared with later interfaces such as RS-
422, RS-485 and Ethernet, RS-232 has
lower transmission speed, shorter
maximum cable length, larger voltage
swing, larger standard connectors, no
multipoint capability and limited multidrop
capability. In modern personal computers,
USB has displaced RS-232 from most of its
peripheral interface roles. Thanks to their
simplicity and past ubiquity, however, RS-
232 interfaces are still used—particularly
in industrial machines, networking
equipment, and scientific instruments
where a short-range, point-to-point, low-
speed wired data connection is fully
adequate.
serial communication In telecommunication and data
transmission, serial communication is the
process of sending data one bit at a time,
sequentially, over a communication
channel or computer bus. This is in
contrast to parallel communication, where
several bits are sent as a whole, on a link
with several parallel channels.
Serial communication is used for all long-

haul communication and most computer
networks, where the cost of cable and
synchronization difficulties make parallel
communication impractical. Serial
computer buses are becoming more
common even at shorter distances, as
improved signal integrity and transmission
speeds in newer serial technologies have
begun to outweigh the parallel bus's
advantage of simplicity (no need for
serializer and deserializer, or SerDes) and
to outstrip its disadvantages (clock skew,
interconnect density). The migration from
PCI to PCI Express is an example.
232 rs In telecommunications, RS-232 or

peripheral devices.
adequate.
specification A specification often refers to a set of
documented requirements to be satisfied
by a material, design, product, or service. A
specification is often a type of technical
standard.
There are different types of technical or
engineering specifications (specs), and the
term is used differently in different
technical contexts. They often refer to
particular documents, and/or particular
information within them. The word
specification is broadly defined as "to state
explicitly or in detail" or "to be specific".
A requirement specification is a
documented requirement, or set of
documented requirements, to be satisfied
by a given material, design, product,
service, etc. It is a common early part of
engineering design and product
development processes in many fields.
A functional specification is a kind of
requirement specification, and may show
functional block diagrams.A design or
product specification describes the features
of the solutions for the Requirement
Specification, referring to either a designed
solution or final produced solution. It is
often used to guide fabrication/production.
Sometimes the term specification is here
used in connection with a data sheet (or
spec sheet), which may be confusing. A data
sheet describes the technical
characteristics of an item or product, often
published by a manufacturer to help people
choose or use the products. A data sheet is
not a technical specification in the sense of
informing how to produce.
An "in-service" or "maintained as"
specification, specifies the conditions of a
system or object after years of operation,
including the effects of wear and
maintenance (configuration changes).
Specifications are a type of technical
standard that may be developed by any of
various kinds of organizations, in both the
public and private sectors. Example
organization types include a corporation, a
consortium (a small group of corporations),
a trade association (an industry-wide
group of corporations), a national
government (including its different public
entities, regulatory agencies, and national
laboratories and institutes), a professional
association (society), a purpose-made
standards organization such as ISO, or
vendor-neutral developed generic
requirements. It is common for one
organization to refer to (reference, call out,
cite) the standards of another. Voluntary
standards may become mandatory if
adopted by a government or business
contract.
systems A system is a group of interacting or
interrelated elements that act according to
a set of rules to form a unified whole. A
system, surrounded and influenced by its
environment, is described by its
boundaries, structure and purpose and is
expressed in its functioning. Systems are
the subjects of study of systems theory and
other systems sciences.
Systems have several common properties
and characteristics, including structure,
function(s), behavior and interconnectivity.

knowledge economy.
its downsides.
network cables Networking cables are networking

hardware used to connect one network
device to other network devices or to
connect two or more computers to share
devices such as printers or scanners.
Different types of network cables, such as
coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, and
twisted pair cables, are used depending on
the network's topology, protocol, and size.
The devices can be separated by a few
meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly
unlimited distances (e.g. via the
interconnections of the Internet).
While wireless networks are more easily
deployed when total throughput is not an
issue, most permanent larger computer
networks utilize cables to transfer signals
from one point to another.There are
several technologies used for network
connections. Patch cables are used for
short distances in offices and wiring
closets. Electrical connections using
twisted pair or coaxial cable are used
within a building. Optical fiber cable is used
for long distances or for applications
requiring high bandwidth or electrical
isolation. Many installations use structured
cabling practices to improve reliability and
maintainability. In some home and
industrial applications power lines are
used as network cabling.
rates rj A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized

telecommunication network interface for
connecting voice and data equipment to a
service provided by a local exchange
carrier or long distance carrier.
Registration interfaces were first defined in
the Universal Service Ordering Code
(USOC) system of the Bell System in the
United States for complying with the
registration program for customer-
supplied telephone equipment mandated
by the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) in the 1970s. They were
subsequently codified in title 47 of the
Code of Federal Regulations Part 68.
Registered jack connections began to see
use after their invention in 1973 by Bell
Labs.
The specification includes physical
construction, wiring, and signal semantics.
Accordingly, registered jacks are primarily
named by the letters RJ, followed by two
digits that express the type. Additional
letter suffixes indicate minor variations.
For example, RJ11, RJ14, and RJ25 are the
most commonly used interfaces for
telephone connections for one-, two-, and
three-line service, respectively. Although
these standards are legal definitions in the
United States, some interfaces are used
worldwide.
The connectors used for registered jack
installations are primarily the modular
connector and the 50-pin miniature ribbon
connector. For example, RJ11 uses a six-
position two-conductor connector (6P2C),
RJ14 uses a six-position four-conductor
(6P4C) modular jack, while RJ21 uses a 25-
pair (50-pin) miniature ribbon connector.
connecting various A connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is

the part of a piston engine which connects
the piston to the crankshaft. Together with
the crank, the connecting rod converts the
reciprocating motion of the piston into the
rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting
rod is required to transmit the compressive
and tensile forces from the piston. In its
most common form, in an internal
combustion engine, it allows pivoting on
the piston end and rotation on the shaft
end.
The predecessor to the connecting rod is a
mechanic linkage used by water mills to
convert rotating motion of the water wheel
into reciprocating motion.The most
common usage of connecting rods is in
internal combustion engines or on steam
engines.
example rs In telecommunications, RS-232 or

peripheral devices.
adequate.
longer cable Networking cables are networking
interconnections of the Internet).
While wireless networks are more easily
ethernet Ethernet () is a family of wired computer

networking technologies commonly used in
local area networks (LAN), metropolitan
area networks (MAN) and wide area
networks (WAN). It was commercially
introduced in 1980 and first standardized
in 1983 as IEEE 802.3. Ethernet has since
been refined to support higher bit rates, a
greater number of nodes, and longer link
distances, but retains much backward
compatibility. Over time, Ethernet has
largely replaced competing wired LAN
technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and
ARCNET.
The original 10BASE5 Ethernet uses a thick
coaxial cable as a shared medium. This was
largely superseded by 10BASE2, which
used a thinner and more flexible cable that
was both cheaper and easier to use. More
modern Ethernet variants use twisted pair
and fiber optic links in conjunction with
switches. Over the course of its history,
Ethernet data transfer rates have been
increased from the original 2.94 Mbit/s to
the latest 400 Gbit/s, with rates up to 1.6
Tbit/s under development. The Ethernet
standards include several wiring and
signaling variants of the OSI physical layer.
Systems communicating over Ethernet
divide a stream of data into shorter pieces
called frames. Each frame contains source
and destination addresses, and error-
checking data so that damaged frames can
be detected and discarded; most often,
higher-layer protocols trigger
retransmission of lost frames. Per the OSI
model, Ethernet provides services up to
and including the data link layer. The 48-bit
MAC address was adopted by other IEEE
802 networking standards, including IEEE
802.11 (Wi-Fi), as well as by FDDI.
EtherType values are also used in
Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP)
headers.
Ethernet is widely used in homes and
industry, and interworks well with wireless
Wi-Fi technologies. The Internet Protocol is
commonly carried over Ethernet and so it
is considered one of the key technologies
that make up the Internet.
modems A modulator-demodulator or modem is a

computer hardware device that converts
data from a digital format into a format
suitable for an analog transmission
medium such as telephone or radio. A
modem transmits data by modulating one
or more carrier wave signals to encode
digital information, while the receiver
demodulates the signal to recreate the
original digital information. The goal is to
produce a signal that can be transmitted
easily and decoded reliably. Modems can be
used with almost any means of
transmitting analog signals, from light-
emitting diodes to radio.
Early modems were devices that used
audible sounds suitable for transmission
over traditional telephone systems and
leased lines. These generally operated at
110 or 300 bits per second (bit/s), and the
connection between devices was normally
manual, using an attached telephone
handset. By the 1970s, higher speeds of
1,200 and 2,400 bit/s for asynchronous
dial connections, 4,800 bit/s for
synchronous leased line connections and
35 kbit/s for synchronous conditioned
leased lines were available. By the 1980s,
less expensive 1,200 and 2,400 bit/s dialup
modems were being released, and modems
working on radio and other systems were
available. As device sophistication grew
rapidly in the late 1990s, telephone-based
modems quickly exhausted the available
bandwidth, reaching 56 kbit/s.
The rise of public use of the internet during
the late 1990s led to demands for much
higher performance, leading to the move
away from audio-based systems to entirely
new encodings on cable television lines and
short-range signals in subcarriers on
telephone lines. The move to cellular
telephones, especially in the late 1990s and
the emergence of smartphones in the
2000s led to the development of ever-
faster radio-based systems. Today, modems
are ubiquitous and largely invisible,
included in almost every mobile computing
device in one form or another, and
generally capable of speeds on the order of
tens or hundreds of megabytes per second.
rj R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin

alphabet, used in the modern English
alphabet, the alphabets of other western
European languages and others worldwide.
Its name in English is ar (pronounced ),
plural ars, or in Ireland or .The letter ⟨r⟩ is
the eighth most common letter in English
and the fourth-most common consonant
(after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩).The letter ⟨r⟩ is used
to form the ending "-re", which is used in
certain words such as centre in some
varieties of English spelling, such as British
English. Canadian English also uses the "-
re" ending, unlike American English, where
the ending is usually replaced by "-er"
(center). This does not affect
pronunciation.
45 connections A missed connection is a type of personal
advertisement which arises after two
people meet but are too shy or otherwise
unable to exchange contact details. The
"Missed Connections" section of Craigslist
gets thousands of ads of this type every
month in New York City, San Francisco, and
Seattle.The feature was started by Jim
Buckmaster, Craigslist's CEO, after he
noticed a common type of posting in their
personal ads, which he characterized as
"you-smiled-at-me-on-the-subway-
platform". He sees the format as addressing
a common human need and being ideal for
romantic comedy, "Missed Connections
give people that second chance...They
represent persistence in the face of long
odds, which definitely adds to their artistic
appeal." A variety of such artistic works
have been developed including
illustrations, movies, plays, poetry and
songs.Other major cities have similar
columns in Craigslist and their own local
media. London's Metro newspaper has a
"Rush-hour Crush" column for commuters
who exchange glances but nothing more.
Many connections are re-established and
couples have become married in this way,
such as "tall rugby player" and "beautiful
lady in the red dress with long brown curly
hair". Various websites like Gumtree also
offer the possibility of reconnecting with
missed connections.
11 connections Connections Academy, a for-profit

corporate provider of online school
products and services to virtual schools for
grades K-12, including full-time online
schools with the name Connections
Academy, in the United States and
International Connections Academy for
students residing abroad. Based in
Columbia, Maryland, Connections Academy
is part of Pearson's Online and Blended
Learning K-12 group. Online schools are an
alternative to traditional public schools.
Similar to charter schools, they are
subsidized by the State. Although they
contract with many non-profit schools, they
are a for-profit corporation.
ethernet tables Ethernet () is a family of wired computer

ARCNET.
headers.
telephone tables In the United Kingdom, telephone numbers

are administered by the Office of
Communications (Ofcom). For this purpose,
Ofcom established a telephone numbering
plan, known as the National Telephone
Numbering Plan, which is the system for
assigning telephone numbers to subscriber
stations.
The numbers are of variable length. Local
numbers are supported from land-lines or
numbers can be dialled with a '0'-lead
prefix that denotes either a geographical
region or another service. Mobile phone
numbers have their own prefixes which are
not geographical and are completely
portable between providers.

ARCNET.
headers.

households.
simultaneously.
telephone.
world today.
of The Fahrenheit scale () is a temperature

scale based on one proposed in 1724 by the
physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–
1736). It uses the degree Fahrenheit
(symbol: °F) as the unit. Several accounts of
how he originally defined his scale exist,
but the original paper suggests the lower
defining point, 0 °F, was established as the
freezing temperature of a solution of brine
made from a mixture of water, ice, and
ammonium chloride (a salt). The other
limit established was his best estimate of
the average human body temperature,
originally set at 90 °F, then 96 °F (about 2.6
°F less than the modern value due to a later
redefinition of the scale).For much of the
20th century, the Fahrenheit scale was
defined by two fixed points with a 180 °F
separation: the temperature at which pure
water freezes was defined as 32 °F and the
boiling point of water was defined to be
212 °F, both at sea level and under
standard atmospheric pressure. It is now
formally defined using the Kelvin scale and
hence ultimately by the Boltzmann
constant, the Planck constant, and the
second (defined as a specific number of
cycles of the unperturbed ground-state
hyperfine transition frequency of the
caesium-133 atom.)It continues to be
officially used in the United States
(including its unincorporated territories),
its freely associated states in the Western
Pacific (Palau, the Federated States of
Micronesia and the Marshall Islands), the
Cayman Islands, and the former American
colony of Liberia. Fahrenheit is used
alongside the Celsius scale in Antigua and
Barbuda and other countries which use the
same meteorological service, such as Saint
Kitts and Nevis, the Bahamas, and Belize. A
handful of British Overseas Territories,
including the Virgin Islands, Montserrat,
Anguilla, and Bermuda, still use both scales.
All other countries now use Celsius
("centigrade" until 1948), a scale
formalized about 20 years after the
Fahrenheit scale. The United Kingdom
started to change from Fahrenheit to
Celsius in 1962, and many people remain
aware of Fahrenheit temperatures; degrees
Fahrenheit are sometimes used in
newspaper headlines to sensationalize
heatwaves.
often categories In ontology, the theory of categories

concerns itself with the categories of being:
the highest genera or kinds of entities
according to Amie Thomasson. To
investigate the categories of being, or
simply categories, is to determine the most
fundamental and the broadest classes of
entities. A distinction between such
categories, in making the categories or
applying them, is called an ontological
distinction. Various systems of categories
have been proposed, they often include
categories for substances, properties,
relations, states of affairs or events. A
representative question within the theory
of categories might articulate itself, for
example, in a query like, "Are universals
prior to particulars?"
connection including The Ö resund or Øresund Bridge (Danish:

Øresundsbroen [ˈøːɐsɔnsˌpʁoˀn̩ ]; Swedish:
Ö resundsbron [œrɛˈsɵ̂ nːdsˌbruːn]; hybrid
name: Øresundsbron) is a combined
railway and motorway bridge across the
Øresund strait between Denmark and
Sweden. It is the longest in Europe with
both roadway and railway combined in a
single structure, running nearly 8
kilometres (5 miles) from the Swedish
coast to the artificial island Peberholm in
the middle of the strait. The crossing is
completed by the 4-kilometre (2.5 mi)
Drogden Tunnel from Peberholm to the
Danish island of Amager.
The bridge connects the road and rail
networks of the Scandinavian Peninsula
with those of Central and Western Europe.
A data cable also makes the bridge the
backbone of Internet data transmission
between central Europe and Sweden. The
international European route E20 crosses
via road, the Øresund Line via railway. The
construction of the Great Belt Fixed Link
(1988–1998), connecting Zealand to Funen
and thence to the Jutland Peninsula, and
the Øresund Bridge have connected Central
and Western Europe to Sweden by road
and rail.
The bridge was designed by Jørgen Nissen
and Klaus Falbe Hansen from Ove Arup and
Partners, and Niels Gimsing and Georg
Rotne.The justification for the additional
expenditure and complexity related to
digging a tunnel for part of the way, rather
than raising that section of the bridge, was
to avoid interfering with air traffic from the
nearby Copenhagen Airport, to provide a
clear channel for ships in good weather or
bad, and to prevent ice floes from blocking
the strait. Construction began in 1995, with
the bridge opening to traffic on 1 July 2000.
The bridge received the 2002 IABSE
Outstanding Structure Award.
pins A pen is a common writing instrument that

applies ink to a surface, usually paper, for
writing or drawing. Early pens such as reed
pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens
held a small amount of ink on a nib or in a
small void or cavity which had to be
periodically recharged by dipping the tip of
the pen into an inkwell. Today, such pens
find only a small number of specialized
uses, such as in illustration and calligraphy.
Reed pens, quill pens and dip pens, which
were used for writing, have been replaced
by ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, fountain
pens and felt or ceramic tip pens. Ruling
pens, which were used for technical
drawing and cartography, have been
replaced by technical pens such as the
Rapidograph. All of these modern pens
contain internal ink reservoirs, such that
they do not need to be dipped in ink while
writing.
number A number is a mathematical object used to

count, measure, and label. The original
examples are the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4,
and so forth. Numbers can be represented
in language with number words. More
universally, individual numbers can be
represented by symbols, called numerals;
for example, "5" is a numeral that
represents the number five. As only a
relatively small number of symbols can be
memorized, basic numerals are commonly
organized in a numeral system, which is an
organized way to represent any number.
The most common numeral system is the
Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which
allows for the representation of any
number using a combination of ten
fundamental numeric symbols, called
digits. In addition to their use in counting
and measuring, numerals are often used for
labels (as with telephone numbers), for
ordering (as with serial numbers), and for
codes (as with ISBNs). In common usage, a
numeral is not clearly distinguished from
the number that it represents.
In mathematics, the notion of a number has
been extended over the centuries to
include zero (0), negative numbers,
rational numbers such as one half
1
2
{\displaystyle \left({\tfrac {1}{2}}\

right)}
, real numbers such as the square root of 2
(
2
{\displaystyle \left({\sqrt {2}}\right)}

and π, and complex numbers which
extend the real numbers with a square root
of −1 (and its combinations with real
numbers by adding or subtracting its
multiples). Calculations with numbers are
done with arithmetical operations, the
most familiar being addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and
exponentiation. Their study or usage is
called arithmetic, a term which may also
refer to number theory, the study of the
properties of numbers.
Besides their practical uses, numbers have
cultural significance throughout the world.
For example, in Western society, the
number 13 is often regarded as unlucky,
and "a million" may signify "a lot" rather
than an exact quantity. Though it is now
regarded as pseudoscience, belief in a
mystical significance of numbers, known as
numerology, permeated ancient and
medieval thought. Numerology heavily
influenced the development of Greek
mathematics, stimulating the investigation
of many problems in number theory which
are still of interest today.During the 19th
century, mathematicians began to develop
many different abstractions which share
certain properties of numbers, and may be
seen as extending the concept. Among the
first were the hypercomplex numbers,
which consist of various extensions or
modifications of the complex number
system. In modern mathematics, number
systems are considered important special
examples of more general algebraic
structures such as rings and fields, and the
application of the term "number" is a
matter of convention, without fundamental
significance.
type Time is the continued sequence of

existence and events that occurs in an
apparently irreversible succession from the
past, through the present, into the future. It
is a component quantity of various
measurements used to sequence events, to
compare the duration of events or the
intervals between them, and to quantify
rates of change of quantities in material
reality or in the conscious experience. Time
is often referred to as a fourth dimension,
along with three spatial dimensions.Time
has long been an important subject of study
in religion, philosophy, and science, but
defining it in a manner applicable to all
fields without circularity has consistently
eluded scholars.
Nevertheless, diverse fields such as
business, industry, sports, the sciences, and
the performing arts all incorporate some
notion of time into their respective
measuring systems.Time in physics is
operationally defined as "what a clock
reads".The physical nature of time is
addressed by general relativity with
respect to events in spacetime. Examples of
events are the collision of two particles, the
explosion of a supernova, or the arrival of a
rocket ship. Every event can be assigned
four numbers representing its time and
position (the event's coordinates).
However, the numerical values are
different for different observers. In general
relativity, the question of what time it is
now only has meaning relative to a
particular observer. Distance and time are
intimately related, and the time required
for light to travel a specific distance is the
same for all observers, as first publicly
demonstrated by Michelson and Morley.
General relativity does not address the
nature of time for extremely small intervals
where quantum mechanics holds. As of
2023, there is no generally accepted theory
of quantum general relativity.Time is one of
the seven fundamental physical quantities
in both the International System of Units
(SI) and International System of Quantities.
The SI base unit of time is the second,
which is defined by measuring the
electronic transition frequency of caesium
atoms. Time is used to define other
quantities, such as velocity, so defining
time in terms of such quantities would
result in circularity of definition. An
operational definition of time, wherein one
says that observing a certain number of
repetitions of one or another standard
cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-
swinging pendulum) constitutes one
standard unit such as the second, is highly
useful in the conduct of both advanced
experiments and everyday affairs of life. To
describe observations of an event, a
location (position in space) and time are
typically noted.
The operational definition of time does not
address what the fundamental nature of
time is. It does not address why events can
happen forward and backward in space,
whereas events only happen in the forward
progress of time. Investigations into the
relationship between space and time led
physicists to define the spacetime
continuum. General relativity is the
primary framework for understanding how
spacetime works. Through advances in
both theoretical and experimental
investigations of spacetime, it has been
shown that time can be distorted and
dilated, particularly at the edges of black
holes.
Temporal measurement has occupied
scientists and technologists and was a
prime motivation in navigation and
astronomy. Periodic events and periodic
motion have long served as standards for
units of time. Examples include the
apparent motion of the sun across the sky,
the phases of the moon, and the swing of a
pendulum. Time is also of significant social
importance, having economic value ("time
is money") as well as personal value, due to
an awareness of the limited time in each
day and in human life spans.
There are many systems for determining
what time it is, including the Global
Positioning System, other satellite systems,
Coordinated Universal Time and mean
solar time. In general, the numbers
obtained from different time systems differ
from one another.

heatwaves.
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connections used In software engineering, a connection pool

is a cache of database connections
maintained so that the connections can be
reused when future requests to the
database are required.
Connection pools are used to enhance the
performance of executing commands on a
database. Opening and maintaining a
database connection for each user,
especially requests made to a dynamic
database-driven website application, is
costly and wastes resources. In connection
pooling, after a connection is created, it is
placed in the pool and it is used again so
that a new connection does not have to be
established. If all the connections are being
used, a new connection is made and is
added to the pool. Connection pooling also
cuts down on the amount of time a user
must wait to establish a connection to the
database.

stations.
support speed Need for Speed (NFS) is a racing game

franchise published by Electronic Arts and
currently developed by Criterion Games,
the developers of Burnout. The series
generally centers around illegal street
racing and tasks players to complete
various types of races while evading the
local law enforcement in police pursuits.
The series is one of EA's oldest franchises
not published under their EA Sports brand.
The series released its first title, The Need
for Speed, in 1994. The most recent game,
Need for Speed Unbound, was released on
December 2, 2022. Additionally, a free-to-
play mobile installment released in 2015,
Need for Speed: No Limits, was actively
developed by Firemonkeys Studios, the
developers of Real Racing 3.
The series has been overseen and had
games developed by multiple notable
teams over the years including EA Canada,
EA Black Box, Slightly Mad Studios, and
Ghost Games. The franchise has been
critically well-received and is one of the
most successful video game franchises of
all time, selling over 150 million copies of
games. Due to its strong sales, the franchise
has expanded into other forms of media
including a film adaptation and licensed
Hot Wheels toys.


ARCNET.
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households.
simultaneously.
telephone.
world today.
missed connections.
ethernet connections An Ethernet virtual connection or Ethernet

virtual circuit (EVC) defines a data link
layer bridging architecture that supports
Ethernet services. An EVC is defined by the
Metro-Ethernet Forum (MEF) as an
association between two or more user
network interfaces that identifies a point-
to-point or multipoint-to-multipoint path
within the service provider network. An
EVC is a conceptual service pipe within the
service provider network. A bridge domain
is a local broadcast domain that exists
separately from VLANs.
data rates In telecommunications, data-transfer rate

is the average number of bits (bitrate),
characters or symbols (baudrate), or data
blocks per unit time passing through a
communication link in a data-transmission
system. Common data rate units are
multiples of bits per second (bit/s) and
bytes per second (B/s). For example, the
data rates of modern residential high-speed
Internet connections are commonly
expressed in megabits per second (Mbit/s).

transfer rate In telecommunications and computing, bit

rate (bitrate or as a variable R) is the
number of bits that are conveyed or
processed per unit of time.The bit rate is
expressed in the unit bit per second
(symbol: bit/s), often in conjunction with
an SI prefix such as kilo (1 kbit/s = 1,000
bit/s), mega (1 Mbit/s = 1,000 kbit/s), giga
(1 Gbit/s = 1,000 Mbit/s) or tera (1 Tbit/s
= 1,000 Gbit/s). The non-standard
abbreviation bps is often used to replace
the standard symbol bit/s, so that, for
example, 1 Mbps is used to mean one
million bits per second.
In most computing and digital
communication environments, one byte per
second (symbol: B/s) corresponds to 8
bit/s.
maximum data In statistics, maximum likelihood

estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating
the parameters of an assumed probability
distribution, given some observed data.
This is achieved by maximizing a likelihood
function so that, under the assumed
statistical model, the observed data is most
probable. The point in the parameter space
that maximizes the likelihood function is
called the maximum likelihood estimate.
The logic of maximum likelihood is both
intuitive and flexible, and as such the
method has become a dominant means of
statistical inference.If the likelihood
function is differentiable, the derivative
test for finding maxima can be applied. In
some cases, the first-order conditions of
the likelihood function can be solved
analytically; for instance, the ordinary least
squares estimator for a linear regression
model maximizes the likelihood when all
observed outcomes are assumed to have
normal distributions with the same
variance.From the perspective of Bayesian
inference, MLE is generally equivalent to
maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation
with uniform prior distributions (or a
normal prior distribution with a standard
deviation of infinity). In frequentist
inference, MLE is a special case of an
extremum estimator, with the objective
function being the likelihood.
specific classification A library classification is a system of

organization of knowledge by which library
resources are arranged and ordered
systematically. Library classifications are a
notational system that represents the order
of topics in the classification and allows
items to be stored in that order. Library
classification systems group related
materials together, typically arranged as a
hierarchical tree structure. A different kind
of classification system, called a faceted
classification system, is also widely used,
which allows the assignment of multiple
classifications to an object, enabling the
classifications to be ordered in many ways.

ARCNET.
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classification Classification is a process related to
categorization, the process in which ideas
and objects are recognized, differentiated
and understood.
Classification is the grouping of related
facts into classes.
It may also refer to:
maximum In mathematical analysis, the maximum

(PL: maxima or maximums) and minimum
(PL: minima or minimums) of a function,
known generically as extremum (PL:
extrema), are the largest and smallest value
taken by the function, either within a given
range (the local or relative extrema), or on
the entire domain (the global or absolute
extrema). Pierre de Fermat was one of the
first mathematicians to propose a general
technique, adequality, for finding the
maxima and minima of functions.
As defined in set theory, the maximum and
minimum of a set are the greatest and least
elements in the set, respectively.
Unbounded infinite sets, such as the set of
real numbers, have no minimum or
maximum.

missed connections.
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headers.


stations.

database are required.
Connection pools are used to enhance the
performance of executing commands on a
database. Opening and maintaining a
database connection for each user,
especially requests made to a dynamic
database-driven website application, is
costly and wastes resources. In connection
pooling, after a connection is created, it is
placed in the pool and it is used again so
that a new connection does not have to be
established. If all the connections are being
used, a new connection is made and is
added to the pool. Connection pooling also
cuts down on the amount of time a user
must wait to establish a connection to the
database.
maximum speed In aviation, V-speeds are standard terms

used to define airspeeds important or
useful to the operation of all aircraft. These
speeds are derived from data obtained by
aircraft designers and manufacturers
during flight testing for aircraft type-
certification. Using them is considered a
best practice to maximize aviation safety,
aircraft performance, or both.The actual
speeds represented by these designators
are specific to a particular model of aircraft.
They are expressed by the aircraft's
indicated airspeed (and not by, for
example, the ground speed), so that pilots
may use them directly, without having to
apply correction factors, as aircraft
instruments also show indicated airspeed.
In general aviation aircraft, the most
commonly used and most safety-critical
airspeeds are displayed as color-coded arcs
and lines located on the face of an aircraft's
airspeed indicator. The lower ends of the
white arc and the green arc are the stalling
speed with wing flaps in landing
configuration, and stalling speed with wing
flaps retracted, respectively. These are the
stalling speeds for the aircraft at its
maximum weight. The yellow band is the
range in which the aircraft may be
operated in smooth air, and then only with
caution to avoid abrupt control movement.
The red line is the VNE, the never-exceed
speed.
Proper display of V-speeds is an
airworthiness requirement for type-
certificated aircraft in most countries.
tables depends Tables games are a class of board game that

includes backgammon and which are
played on a tables board, typically with two
rows of 12 vertical markings called points.
Players roll dice to determine the
movement of pieces. Tables games are
among the oldest known board games, and
many different varieties are played
throughout the world. They are called
'tables' games because the boards consist
of four quadrants or 'tables'. The vast
majority are race games, the tables board
representing a linear race track with start
and finish points, the aim being to be first
to the finish line, but the characteristic
features that distinguish tables games from
other race games are that they are two-
player games using a large number of
pieces, usually fifteen per player.
Tables games should not be confused with
table games which are casino gambling
games like roulette or blackjack.
tables typically A table is an item of furniture with a raised

flat top and is supported most commonly
by 1 or 4 legs (although some can have
more), used as a surface for working at,
eating from or on which to place things.
Some common types of table are the dining
room table, which is used for seated
persons to eat meals; the coffee table,
which is a low table used in living rooms to
display items or serve refreshments; and
the bedside table, which is commonly used
to place an alarm clock and a lamp. There
are also a range of specialized types of
tables, such as drafting tables, used for
doing architectural drawings, and sewing
tables.
Common design elements include:
Top surfaces of various shapes, including

rectangular, square, rounded, semi-circular
or oval
Legs arranged in two or more similar pairs.
It usually has four legs. However, some
tables have three legs, use a single heavy
pedestal, or are attached to a wall.
Several geometries of folding table that can
be collapsed into a smaller volume (e.g., a
TV tray, which is a portable, folding table
on a stand)
Heights ranging up and down from the
most common 18–30 inches (46–76 cm)
range, often reflecting the height of chairs
or bar stools used as seating for people
making use of a table, as for eating or
performing various manipulations of
objects resting on a table
A huge range of sizes, from small bedside
tables to large dining room tables and huge
conference room tables
Presence or absence of drawers, shelves or
other areas for storing items
Expansion of the table surface by insertion
of leaves or locking hinged drop leaf
sections into a horizontal position (this is
particularly common for dining tables)

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households.
simultaneously.
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world today.

maximum.

speed.
speed also In aviation, V-speeds are standard terms

speed.

varies depending A president is a leader of an organization,

company, community, club, trade union,
university or other group. The relationship
between a president and a chief executive
officer varies, depending on the structure
of the specific organization. In a similar
vein to a chief operating officer, the title of
corporate president as a separate position
(as opposed to being combined with a "C-
suite" designation, such as "president and
chief executive officer" or "president and
chief operating officer") is also loosely
defined; the president is usually the legally
recognized highest rank of corporate
officer, ranking above the various vice
presidents (including senior vice president
and executive vice president), but on its
own generally considered subordinate, in
practice, to the CEO. The powers of a
president vary widely across organizations
and such powers come from specific
authorization in the bylaws like Robert's
Rules of Order (e.g. the president can make
an "executive decision" only if the bylaws
allow for it).
also varies Lord Varys is a fictional character in the A

Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels
by American author George R. R. Martin,
and its television adaptation Game of
Thrones.
Introduced in 1996's A Game of Thrones,
Varys is a former slave eunuch from the
fictional city of Lys and the master of
whisperers in King's Landing. He
subsequently appeared in Martin's books A
Clash of Kings (1998), A Storm of Swords
(2000), and A Dance with Dragons (2011).
He proves to be a key ally to Ned Stark and
Tyrion Lannister at court, but his true
motives remain shrouded in mystery to
those who employ his services.
Varys is portrayed by Conleth Hill in the
HBO television adaptation.

maximum.

and understood.
facts into classes.
varies A party is a gathering of people who have

been invited by a host for the purposes of
socializing, conversation, recreation, or as
part of a festival or other commemoration
or celebration of a special occasion. A party
will often feature food and beverages, and
often conversation, music, dancing, or
other forms of entertainment.
Some parties are held in honor of a specific
person, day, or event, such as a birthday
party, a Super Bowl party, or a St. Patrick's
Day party. Parties of this kind are often
called celebrations. A party is not
necessarily a private occasion. Public
parties are sometimes held in restaurants,
pubs, beer gardens, nightclubs, or bars, and
people attending such parties may be
charged an admission fee by the host. Large
parties in public streets may celebrate
events such as Mardi Gras or the signing of
a peace treaty ending a long war.
depending Depend is a brand of absorbent, disposable

underwear and undergarments for people
with urinary or fecal incontinence. It is a
Kimberly-Clark brand, and positions its
products as an alternative to typical adult
diapers. Depend is the dominant brand of
disposable incontinence garments in the
United States with a 49.4 share of the
market.The aggressive marketing of this
product has been credited in reducing the
serious social stigma of incontinence.
speed varies In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is one

that exceeds five times the speed of sound,
often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5
and above.The precise Mach number at
which a craft can be said to be flying at
hypersonic speed varies, since individual
physical changes in the airflow (like
molecular dissociation and ionization)
occur at different speeds; these effects
collectively become important around
Mach 5-10. The hypersonic regime can also
be alternatively defined as speeds where
specific heat capacity changes with the
temperature of the flow as kinetic energy of
the moving object is converted into heat.

speed.


allow for it).

and understood.
facts into classes.

maximum.


the The ( (listen)) is a grammatical article in

English, denoting persons or things already
mentioned, under discussion, implied or
otherwise presumed familiar to listeners,
readers, or speakers. It is the definite
article in English. The is the most
frequently used word in the English
language; studies and analyses of texts
have found it to account for seven percent
of all printed English-language words. It is
derived from gendered articles in Old
English which combined in Middle English
and now has a single form used with
pronouns of any gender. The word can be
used with both singular and plural nouns,
and with a noun that starts with any letter.
This is different from many other
languages, which have different forms of
the definite article for different genders or
numbers.
speed.

speed.


allow for it).

Thrones.

maximum.
and understood.
facts into classes.



bit/s.
speed.

specific standard An application-specific integrated circuit

(ASIC ) is an integrated circuit (IC) chip
customized for a particular use, rather than
intended for general-purpose use, such as a
chip designed to run in a digital voice
recorder or a high-efficiency video codec.
Application-specific standard product chips
are intermediate between ASICs and
industry standard integrated circuits like
the 7400 series or the 4000 series. ASIC
chips are typically fabricated using metal–
oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology, as
MOS integrated circuit chips.As feature
sizes have shrunk and design tools
improved over the years, the maximum
complexity (and hence functionality)
possible in an ASIC has grown from 5,000
logic gates to over 100 million. Modern
ASICs often include entire microprocessors,
memory blocks including ROM, RAM,
EEPROM, flash memory and other large
building blocks. Such an ASIC is often
termed a SoC (system-on-chip). Designers
of digital ASICs often use a hardware
description language (HDL), such as Verilog
or VHDL, to describe the functionality of
ASICs.Field-programmable gate arrays
(FPGA) are the modern-day technology
improvement on breadboards, meaning
that they are not made to be application-
specific as opposed to ASICs.
Programmable logic blocks and
programmable interconnects allow the
same FPGA to be used in many different
applications. For smaller designs or lower
production volumes, FPGAs may be more
cost-effective than an ASIC design, even in
production. The non-recurring engineering
(NRE) cost of an ASIC can run into the
millions of dollars. Therefore, device
manufacturers typically prefer FPGAs for
prototyping and devices with low
production volume and ASICs for very large
production volumes where NRE costs can
be amortized across many devices.
maximum.

and understood.
facts into classes.
speed.

speed.


allow for it).

Thrones.

maximum.

and understood.
facts into classes.




speed.


allow for it).

and understood.
facts into classes.

maximum.



numbers.

ARCNET.
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missed connections.

speed.


bit/s.

stations.


tables.
Common design elements include:

or oval
Legs arranged in two or more similar pairs.
It usually has four legs. However, some
tables have three legs, use a single heavy
pedestal, or are attached to a wall.
Several geometries of folding table that can
be collapsed into a smaller volume (e.g., a
TV tray, which is a portable, folding table
on a stand)
Heights ranging up and down from the
most common 18–30 inches (46–76 cm)
range, often reflecting the height of chairs
or bar stools used as seating for people
making use of a table, as for eating or
performing various manipulations of
objects resting on a table
conference room tables
Presence or absence of drawers, shelves or
other areas for storing items
Expansion of the table surface by insertion
of leaves or locking hinged drop leaf
sections into a horizontal position (this is
particularly common for dining tables)

ARCNET.
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maximum.

missed connections.


10 lips The lips are the visible body part at the
mouth of many animals, including humans.
Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the
opening for food intake and in the
articulation of sound and speech. Human
lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be
an erogenous zone when used in kissing
and other acts of intimacy.
support data Data publishing (also data publication) is

the act of releasing research data in
published form for use by others. It is a
practice consisting in preparing certain
data or data set(s) for public use thus to
make them available to everyone to use as
they wish.
This practice is an integral part of the open
science movement.
There is a large and multidisciplinary
consensus on the benefits resulting from
this practice.The main goal is to elevate
data to be first class research outputs.
There are a number of initiatives underway
as well as points of consensus and issues
still in contention.There are several distinct
ways to make research data available,
including:
publishing data as supplemental material

associated with a research article, typically
with the data files hosted by the publisher
of the article
hosting data on a publicly available
website, with files available for download
hosting data in a repository that has been
developed to support data publication, e.g.
figshare, Dryad, Dataverse, Zenodo. A large
number of general and specialty (such as
by research topic) data repositories exist.
For example, the UK Data Service enables
users to deposit data collections and re-
share these for research purposes.
publishing a data paper about the dataset,
which may be published as a preprint, in a
regular journal, or in a data journal that is
dedicated to supporting data papers. The
data may be hosted by the journal or
hosted separately in a data
repository.Publishing data allows
researchers to both make their data
available to others to use, and enables
datasets to be cited similarly to other
research publication types (such as articles
or books), thereby enabling producers of
datasets to gain academic credit for their
work.
The motivations for publishing data may
range for a desire to make research more
accessible, to enable citability of datasets,
or research funder or publisher mandates
that require open data publishing. The UK
Data Service is one key organisation
working with others to raise the
importance of citing data correctly and
helping researchers to do so.
Solutions to preserve privacy within data
publishing has been proposed, including
privacy protection algorithms, data
”masking” methods, and regional privacy
level calculation algorithm.

ARCNET.
headers.
lips In vertebrate anatomy, hip (or "coxa" in
medical terminology) refers to either an
anatomical region or a joint.
The hip region is located lateral and
anterior to the gluteal region, inferior to
the iliac crest, and overlying the greater
trochanter of the femur, or "thigh bone". In
adults, three of the bones of the pelvis have
fused into the hip bone or acetabulum
which forms part of the hip region.
The hip joint, scientifically referred to as
the acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is
the joint between the head of the femur
and acetabulum of the pelvis and its
primary function is to support the weight
of the body in both static (e.g., standing)
and dynamic (e.g., walking or running)
postures. The hip joints have very
important roles in retaining balance, and
for maintaining the pelvic inclination angle.
Pain of the hip may be the result of
numerous causes, including nervous,
osteoarthritic, infectious, traumatic, and
genetic.
modern computers A computer is a machine that can be
computer cluster.
computer scientist A computer scientist is a scholar who

specializes in the academic study of
computer science.Computer scientists
typically work on the theoretical side of
computation, as opposed to the hardware
side on which computer engineers mainly
focus (although there is overlap). Although
computer scientists can also focus their
work and research on specific areas (such
as algorithm and data structure
development and design, software
engineering, information theory, database
theory, computational complexity theory,
numerical analysis, programming language
theory, computer graphics, and computer
vision), their foundation is the theoretical
study of computing from which these other
fields derive.A primary goal of computer
scientists is to develop or validate models,
often mathematical, to describe the
properties of computational systems
(processors, programs, computers
interacting with people, computers
interacting with other computers, etc.) with
an overall objective of discovering designs
that yield useful benefits (faster, smaller,
cheaper, more precise, etc.).
modern computer A computer is a machine that can be

computer cluster.
program computers A computer program is a sequence or set of

instructions in a programming language for
a computer to execute. Computer programs
are one component of software, which also
includes documentation and other
intangible components.A computer
program in its human-readable form is
called source code. Source code needs
another computer program to execute
because computers can only execute their
native machine instructions. Therefore,
source code may be translated to machine
instructions using the language's compiler.
(Assembly language programs are
translated using an assembler.) The
resulting file is called an executable.
Alternatively, source code may execute
within the language's interpreter.If the
executable is requested for execution, then
the operating system loads it into memory
and starts a process. The central processing
unit will soon switch to this process so it
can fetch, decode, and then execute each
machine instruction.If the source code is
requested for execution, then the operating
system loads the corresponding interpreter
into memory and starts a process. The
interpreter then loads the source code into
memory to translate and execute each
statement. Running the source code is
slower than running an executable.
Moreover, the interpreter must be installed
on the computer.
electronic computer A computer is a machine that can be

computer cluster.
british computer The British Computer Society (BCS),

branded BCS, The Chartered Institute for
IT, since 2009, is a professional body and a
learned society that represents those
working in information technology (IT) and
computer science, both in the United
Kingdom and internationally. Founded in
1957, BCS has played an important role in
educating and nurturing IT professionals,
computer scientists, computer engineers,
upholding the profession, accrediting
chartered IT professional status, and
creating a global community active in
promoting and furthering the field and
practice of computing.
computer designs A computer is a machine that can be

computer cluster.
computing Competition is a rivalry where two or more

parties strive for a common goal which
cannot be shared: where one's gain is the
other's loss (an example of which is a zero-
sum game). Competition can arise between
entities such as organisms, individuals,
economic and social groups, etc. The rivalry
can be over attainment of any exclusive
goal, including recognition:
Competition occurs in nature, between
living organisms which co-exist in the same
environment. Animals compete over water
supplies, food, mates, and other biological
resources. Humans usually compete for
food and mates, though when these needs
are met deep rivalries often arise over the
pursuit of wealth, power, prestige, and
fame when in a static, repetitive, or
unchanging environment. Competition is a
major tenet of market economies and
business, often associated with business
competition as companies are in
competition with at least one other firm
over the same group of customers.
Competition inside a company is usually
stimulated with the larger purpose of
meeting and reaching higher quality of
services or improved products that the
company may produce or develop.
Competition is often considered to be the
opposite of cooperation, however in the
real world, mixtures of cooperation and
competition are the norm. In economies, as
the philosopher R. G. Collingwood argued
"the presence of these two opposites
together is essential to an economic
system. The parties to an economic action
co-operate in competing, like two chess
players". Optimal strategies to achieve
goals are studied in the branch of
mathematics known as game theory.
Competition has been studied in several
fields, including psychology, sociology and
anthropology. Social psychologists, for
instance, study the nature of competition.
They investigate the natural urge of
competition and its circumstances. They
also study group dynamics, to detect how
competition emerges and what its effects
are. Sociologists, meanwhile, study the
effects of competition on society as a
whole. Additionally, anthropologists study
the history and prehistory of competition
in various cultures. They also investigate
how competition manifested itself in
various cultural settings in the past, and
how competition has developed over time.

computer cluster.
inventor Inventory (American English) or stock

(British English) refers to the goods and
materials that a business holds for the
ultimate goal of resale, production or
utilisation.Inventory management is a
discipline primarily about specifying the
shape and placement of stocked goods. It is
required at different locations within a
facility or within many locations of a supply
network to precede the regular and
planned course of production and stock of
materials.
The concept of inventory, stock or work in
process (or work in progress) has been
extended from manufacturing systems to
service businesses and projects, by
generalizing the definition to be "all work
within the process of production—all work
that is or has occurred prior to the
completion of production". In the context of
a manufacturing production system,
inventory refers to all work that has
occurred—raw materials, partially finished
products, finished products prior to sale
and departure from the manufacturing
system. In the context of services,
inventory refers to all work done prior to
sale, including partially process
information.

ARCNET.
headers.
mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an

extensive knowledge of mathematics in
their work, typically to solve mathematical
problems.
Mathematicians are concerned with
numbers, data, quantity, structure, space,
models, and change.
compiler A computer is a machine that can be

computer cluster.
architecture Architecture is the art and technique of
designing and building, as distinguished
from the skills associated with
construction. It is both the process and the
product of sketching, conceiving, planning,
designing, and constructing buildings or
other structures. The term comes from
Latin architectura; from Ancient Greek
ἀ ρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktō n) 'architect'; from
ἀ ρχι- (arkhi-) 'chief', and τέκτων (téktō n)
'creator'. Architectural works, in the
material form of buildings, are often
perceived as cultural symbols and as works
of art. Historical civilizations are often
identified with their surviving architectural
achievements.The practice, which began in
the prehistoric era, has been used as a way
of expressing culture for civilizations on all
seven continents. For this reason,
architecture is considered to be a form of
art. Texts on architecture have been
written since ancient times. The earliest
surviving text on architectural theories is
the 1st century AD treatise De architectura
by the Roman architect Vitruvius,
according to whom a good building
embodies firmitas, utilitas, and venustas
(durability, utility, and beauty). Centuries
later, Leon Battista Alberti developed his
ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective
quality of buildings to be found in their
proportions. Giorgio Vasari wrote Lives of
the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and
Architects and put forward the idea of style
in the Western arts in the 16th century. In
the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared
that "form follows function". "Function"
began to replace the classical "utility" and
was understood to include not only
practical but also aesthetic, psychological
and cultural dimensions. The idea of
sustainable architecture was introduced in
the late 20th century.
Architecture began as rural, oral vernacular
architecture that developed from trial and
error to successful replication. Ancient
urban architecture was preoccupied with
building religious structures and buildings
symbolizing the political power of rulers
until Greek and Roman architecture shifted
focus to civic virtues. Indian and Chinese
architecture influenced forms all over Asia
and Buddhist architecture in particular
took diverse local flavors. In fact, During
the European Middle Ages, pan-European
styles of Romanesque and Gothic
cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the
Renaissance favored Classical forms
implemented by architects known by name.
Later, the roles of architects and engineers
became separated. Modern architecture
began after World War I as an avant-garde
movement that sought to develop a
completely new style appropriate for a new
post-war social and economic order
focused on meeting the needs of the middle
and working classes. Emphasis was put on
modern techniques, materials, and
simplified geometric forms, paving the way
for high-rise superstructures. Many
architects became disillusioned with
modernism which they perceived as
ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and
postmodern and contemporary
architecture developed.
Over the years, the field of architectural
construction has branched out to include
everything from ship design to interior
decorating.
network protocol A communication protocol is a system of

rules that allows two or more entities of a
communications system to transmit
information via any kind of variation of a
physical quantity. The protocol defines the
rules, syntax, semantics and
synchronization of communication and
possible error recovery methods. Protocols
may be implemented by hardware,
software, or a combination of
both.Communicating systems use well-
defined formats for exchanging various
messages. Each message has an exact
meaning intended to elicit a response from
a range of possible responses pre-
determined for that particular situation.
The specified behavior is typically
independent of how it is to be
implemented. Communication protocols
have to be agreed upon by the parties
involved. To reach an agreement, a
protocol may be developed into a technical
standard. A programming language
describes the same for computations, so
there is a close analogy between protocols
and programming languages: protocols are
to communication what programming
languages are to computations. An
alternate formulation states that protocols
are to communication what algorithms are
to computation.Multiple protocols often
describe different aspects of a single
communication. A group of protocols
designed to work together is known as a
protocol suite; when implemented in
software they are a protocol stack.
Internet communication protocols are
published by the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF). The IEEE (Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
handles wired and wireless networking
and the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) handles other types.
The ITU-T handles telecommunications
protocols and formats for the public
switched telephone network (PSTN). As the
PSTN and Internet converge, the standards
are also being driven towards convergence.
via email Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a

method of transmitting and receiving
messages using electronic devices. It was
conceived in the late–20th century as the
digital version of, or counterpart to, mail
(hence e- + mail). Email is a ubiquitous and
very widely used communication medium;
in current use, an email address is often
treated as a basic and necessary part of
many processes in business, commerce,
government, education, entertainment, and
other spheres of daily life in most
countries.
Email operates across computer networks,
primarily the Internet, and also local area
networks. Today's email systems are based
on a store-and-forward model. Email
servers accept, forward, deliver, and store
messages. Neither the users nor their
computers are required to be online
simultaneously; they need to connect,
typically to a mail server or a webmail
interface to send or receive messages or
download it.
Originally an ASCII text-only
communications medium, Internet email
was extended by Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (MIME) to carry text in
other character sets and multimedia
content attachments. International email,
with internationalized email addresses
using UTF-8, is standardized but not widely
adopted.
mainframe serves A mainframe computer, informally called a

mainframe or big iron, is a computer used
primarily by large organizations for critical
applications like bulk data processing for
tasks such as censuses, industry and
consumer statistics, enterprise resource
planning, and large-scale transaction
processing. A mainframe computer is large
but not as large as a supercomputer and
has more processing power than some
other classes of computers, such as
minicomputers, servers, workstations, and
personal computers. Most large-scale
computer-system architectures were
established in the 1960s, but they continue
to evolve. Mainframe computers are often
used as servers.
The term mainframe was derived from the
large cabinet, called a main frame, that
housed the central processing unit and
main memory of early computers. Later,
the term mainframe was used to
distinguish high-end commercial
computers from less powerful machines.
mainframe A mainframe computer, informally called a

used as servers.
messages A message is a discrete unit of

communication intended by the source for
consumption by some recipient or group of
recipients. A message may be delivered by
various means, including courier,
telegraphy, carrier pigeon and electronic
bus.
A message can be the content of a
broadcast. An interactive
exchange of messages forms a
conversation.One example of a message is a
press release, which may vary from a brief
report or statement released by a public
agency to commercial publicity material.
email The mail or post is a system for physically
transporting postcards, letters, and parcels.
A postal service can be private or public,
though many governments place
restrictions on private systems. Since the
mid-19th century, national postal systems
have generally been established as a
government monopoly, with a fee on the
article prepaid. Proof of payment is usually
in the form of an adhesive postage stamp,
but a postage meter is also used for bulk
mailing.
Postal authorities often have functions
aside from transporting letters. In some
countries, a postal, telegraph and telephone
(PTT) service oversees the postal system,
in addition to telephone and telegraph
systems. Some countries' postal systems
allow for savings accounts and handle
applications for passports.
The Universal Postal Union (UPU),
established in 1874, includes 192 member
countries and sets the rules for
international mail exchanges as a
Specialized Agency of the United Nations.

universities A university (from Latin universitas 'a

whole') is an institution of higher (or
tertiary) education and research which
awards academic degrees in several
academic disciplines. Universities typically
offer both undergraduate and postgraduate
programs. In the United States, the
designation is reserved for colleges that
have a graduate school.
The word university is derived from the
Latin universitas magistrorum et
scholarium, which roughly means
"community of teachers and scholars".The
first universities in Europe were
established by Catholic Church monks. The
University of Bologna (Università di
Bologna), Italy, which was founded in 1088,
is the first university in the sense of:
Being a high degree-awarding institute.

Having independence from the ecclesiastic
schools, although conducted by both clergy
and non-clergy.
Using the word universitas (which was
coined at its foundation).
Issuing secular and non-secular degrees:
grammar, rhetoric, logic, theology, canon
law, notarial law.
systems used This is a list of writing systems (or scripts),
classified according to some common
distinguishing features.
The usual name of the script is given first;
the name of the language(s) in which the
script is written follows (in brackets),
particularly in the case where the language
name differs from the script name. Other
informative or qualifying annotations for
the script may also be provided.

used as servers.
specific information In information theory, specific-information

is the generic name given to the family of
state-dependent measures that in
expectation converge to the mutual
information. There are currently three
known varieties of specific information
usually denoted
{\displaystyle I_{V}}
,
{\displaystyle I_{S}}
, and
s
s
i
{\displaystyle I_{ssi}}
.
The specific-information between a
random variable
{\displaystyle X}
and a state
Y
=
y
{\displaystyle Y=y}
is written as :
I
(
X
;
Y
=
y
)
{\displaystyle I(X;Y=y)}
.

used as servers.



and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
information Information is an abstract concept that

refers to that which has the power to
inform. At the most fundamental level
information pertains to the interpretation
of that which may be sensed. Any natural
process that is not completely random and
any observable pattern in any medium can
be said to convey some amount of
information. Whereas digital signals and
other data use discrete signs to convey
information, other phenomena and
artefacts such as analogue signals, poems,
pictures, music or other sounds, and
currents convey information in a more
continuous form. Information is not
knowledge itself, but the meaning that may
be derived from a representation through
interpretation.Information is often
processed iteratively: Data available at one
step are processed into information to be
interpreted and processed at the next step.
For example, in written text each symbol or
letter conveys information relevant to the
word it is part of, each word conveys
information relevant to the phrase it is part
of, each phrase conveys information
relevant to the sentence it is part of, and so
on until at the final step information is
interpreted and becomes knowledge in a
given domain. In a digital signal, bits may
be interpreted into the symbols, letters,
numbers, or structures that convey the
information available at the next level up.
The key characteristic of information is
that it is subject to interpretation and
processing.
The concept of information is relevant in
various contexts, including those of
constraint, communication, control, data,
form, education, knowledge, meaning,
understanding, mental stimuli, pattern,
perception, proposition, representation,
and entropy.
The derivation of information from a signal
or message may be thought of as the
resolution of ambiguity or uncertainty that
arises during the interpretation of patterns
within the signal or message.Information
may be structured as data. Redundant data
can be compressed up to an optimal size,
which is the theoretical limit of
compression.
The information available through a
collection of data may be derived by
analysis. For example, data may be
collected from a single customer's order at
a restaurant. The information available
from many orders may be analyzed, and
then becomes knowledge that is put to use
when the business subsequently is able to
identify the most popular or least popular
dish.Information can be transmitted in
time, via data storage, and space, via
communication and telecommunication.
Information is expressed either as the
content of a message or through direct or
indirect observation. That which is
perceived can be construed as a message in
its own right, and in that sense, all
information is always conveyed as the
content of a message.
Information can be encoded into various
forms for transmission and interpretation
(for example, information may be encoded
into a sequence of signs, or transmitted via
a signal). It can also be encrypted for safe
storage and communication.
The uncertainty of an event is measured by
its probability of occurrence. Uncertainty is
inversely proportional to the probability of
occurrence. Information theory takes
advantage of this by concluding that more
uncertain events require more information
to resolve their uncertainty. The bit is a
typical unit of information. It is 'that which
reduces uncertainty by half'. Other units
such as the nat may be used. For example,
the information encoded in one "fair" coin
flip is log2(2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin
flips is log2(4/1) = 2 bits. A 2011 Science
article estimates that 97% of
technologically stored information was
already in digital bits in 2007 and that the
year 2002 was the beginning of the digital
age for information storage (with digital
storage capacity bypassing analogue for the
first time).
an A (or a) is the first letter and the first vowel

of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern
English alphabet, the alphabets of other
western European languages and others
worldwide. Its name in English is a
(pronounced ), plural aes. It is similar in
shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha,
from which it derives. The uppercase
version consists of the two slanting sides of
a triangle, crossed in the middle by a
horizontal bar. The lowercase version can
be written in two forms: the double-storey
a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is
commonly used in handwriting and fonts
based on it, especially fonts intended to be
read by children, and is also found in italic
type.
In English grammar, "a", and its variant
"an", are indefinite articles.
mainframe server A mainframe computer, informally called a
used as servers.
ibm system The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of

mainframe computer systems that was
announced by IBM on April 7, 1964, and
delivered between 1965 and 1978. It was
the first family of computers designed to
cover both commercial and scientific
applications and to cover a complete range
of applications from small to large. The
design distinguished between architecture
and implementation, allowing IBM to
release a suite of compatible designs at
different prices. All but the only partially
compatible Model 44 and the most
expensive systems use microcode to
implement the instruction set, which
features 8-bit byte addressing and binary,
decimal, and hexadecimal floating-point
calculations.
The System/360 family introduced IBM's
Solid Logic Technology (SLT), which
packed more transistors onto a circuit card,
allowing more powerful but smaller
computers to be built.The slowest
System/360 model announced in 1964, the
Model 30, could perform up to 34,500
instructions per second, with memory from
8 to 64 KB. High-performance models came
later. The 1967 IBM System/360 Model 91
could execute up to 16.6 million
instructions per second. The larger 360
models could have up to 8 MB of main
memory, though that much main memory
was unusual—a large installation might
have as little as 256 KB of main storage, but
512 KB, 768 KB or 1024 KB was more
common. Up to 8 megabytes of slower (8
microsecond) Large Capacity Storage (LCS)
was also available for some models.
The IBM 360 was extremely successful in
the market, allowing customers to
purchase a smaller system with the
knowledge they would be able to move to
larger ones if their needs grew, without
reprogramming application software or
replacing peripheral devices. Its design
influenced computer design for years to
come; many consider it one of the most
successful computers in history.
The chief architect of System/360 was
Gene Amdahl, and the project was managed
by Fred Brooks, responsible to Chairman
Thomas J. Watson Jr. The commercial
release was piloted by another of Watson's
lieutenants, John R. Opel, who managed the
launch of IBM’s System 360 mainframe
family in 1964.Application-level
compatibility (with some restrictions) for
System/360 software is maintained to the
present day with the System z mainframe
servers.
server computer In computing, a server is a piece of

computer used Computing is any goal-oriented activity

requiring, benefiting from, or creating
computing machinery. It includes the study
and experimentation of algorithmic
processes, and development of both
hardware and software. Computing has
scientific, engineering, mathematical,
technological and social aspects. Major
computing disciplines include computer
engineering, computer science,
cybersecurity, data science, information
systems, information technology and
software engineering.The term computing
is also synonymous with counting and
calculating. In earlier times, it was used in
reference to the action performed by
mechanical computing machines, and
before that, to human computers.
370 mainframe IBM mainframes are large computer

systems produced by IBM since 1952.
During the 1960s and 1970s, IBM
dominated the large computer market.
Current mainframe computers in IBM's line
of business computers are developments of
the basic design of the IBM System/360.

used as servers.

used as servers.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
stanford Stanford University, officially Leland

Stanford Junior University, is a private
research university in Stanford, California.
The campus occupies 8,180 acres (3,310
hectares), among the largest in the United
States, and enrolls over 17,000 students.
Stanford is widely considered to be one of
the most prestigious universities in the
world.Stanford was founded in 1885 by
Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of
their only child, Leland Stanford Jr., who
had died of typhoid fever at age 15 the
previous year. Leland Stanford was a U.S.
senator and former governor of California
who made his fortune as a railroad tycoon.
The university admitted its first students
on October 1, 1891, as a coeducational and
non-denominational institution. Stanford
University struggled financially after the
death of Leland Stanford in 1893 and again
after much of the campus was damaged by
the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
Following World War II, provost of
Stanford Frederick Terman inspired and
supported faculty and graduates'
entrepreneurialism to build a self-sufficient
local industry, which would later be known
as Silicon Valley.The university is organized
around seven schools on the same campus:
three schools consisting of 40 academic
departments at the undergraduate level as
well as four professional schools that focus
on graduate programs in law, medicine,
education, and business. The university
also houses the public policy think tank, the
Hoover Institution. Students compete in 36
varsity sports, and the university is one of
two private institutions in the Division I
FBS Pac-12 Conference. As of May 26, 2022,
Stanford has won 131 NCAA team
championships, more than any other
university, and was awarded the NACDA
Directors' Cup for 25 consecutive years,
beginning in 1994–1995. In addition, by
2021, Stanford students and alumni had
won at least 296 Olympic medals including
150 gold and 79 silver medals.As of April
2021, 85 Nobel laureates, 29 Turing Award
laureates, and 8 Fields Medalists have been
affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni,
faculty, or staff. In addition, Stanford is
particularly noted for its entrepreneurship
and is one of the most successful
universities in attracting funding for start-
ups. Stanford alumni have founded
numerous companies, which combined
produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual
revenue and have created 5.4 million jobs
as of 2011, roughly equivalent to the
seventh largest economy in the world (as of
2020). Stanford is the alma mater of U.S.
President Herbert Hoover, 74 living
billionaires, and 17 astronauts. In
academia, its alumni include the current
presidents of Harvard, Yale, and MIT and
the provosts of Harvard and Princeton. It is
also one of the leading producers of
Fulbright Scholars, Marshall Scholars,
Rhodes Scholars, and members of the
United States Congress.
university A university (from Latin universitas 'a


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
system A system is a group of interacting or

used as servers.
various universities The Common University Entrance Test

(CUET), earlier known as Central
Universities Common Entrance Test
(CUCET) is an all-India test being organized
by National Testing Agency for admission
to various Undergraduate, Integrated,
Postgraduate, Diploma, Certification
courses and Research Programmes in 45
Central Universities of India. It is also
accepted by number of other State
Universities and Deemed universities in
India.
specific system The adaptive immune system, also known

as the acquired immune system, is a
subsystem of the immune system that is
composed of specialized, systemic cells and
processes that eliminate pathogens or
prevent their growth. The acquired
immune system is one of the two main
immunity strategies found in vertebrates
(the other being the innate immune
system).
Like the innate system, the adaptive

immune system includes both humoral
immunity components and cell-mediated
immunity components and destroys
invading pathogens. Unlike the innate
immune system, which is pre-programmed
to react to common broad categories of
pathogen, the adaptive immune system is
highly specific to each particular pathogen
the body has encountered.Adaptive
immunity creates immunological memory
after an initial response to a specific
pathogen, and leads to an enhanced
response to future encounters with that
pathogen. Antibodies are a critical part of
the adaptive immune system. Adaptive
immunity can provide long-lasting
protection, sometimes for the person's
entire lifetime. For example, someone who
recovers from measles is now protected
against measles for their lifetime; in other
cases it does not provide lifetime
protection, as with chickenpox. This
process of adaptive immunity is the basis of
vaccination.
The cells that carry out the adaptive
immune response are white blood cells
known as lymphocytes. B cells and T cells,
two different types of lymphocytes, carry
out the main activities: antibody responses,
and cell-mediated immune response. In
antibody responses, B cells are activated to
secrete antibodies, which are proteins also
known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies
travel through the bloodstream and bind to
the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate,
which does not allow the antigen to bind to
the host. Antigens are any substances that
elicit the adaptive immune response.
Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to
distinguish harmful from harmless foreign
molecules; the effects of this may be
hayfever, asthma, or any other allergy.
In adaptive immunity, pathogen-specific
receptors are "acquired" during the lifetime
of the organism (whereas in innate
immunity pathogen-specific receptors are
already encoded in the genome). This
acquired response is called "adaptive"
because it prepares the body's immune
system for future challenges (though it can
actually also be maladaptive when it results
in allergies or autoimmunity).
The system is highly adaptable because of
two factors. First, somatic hypermutation is
a process of accelerated random genetic
mutations in the antibody-coding genes,
which allows antibodies with novel
specificity to be created. Second, V(D)J
recombination randomly selects one
variable (V), one diversity (D), and one
joining (J) region for genetic recombination
and discards the rest, which produces a
highly unique combination of antigen-
receptor gene segments in each
lymphocyte. This mechanism allows a small
number of genetic segments to generate a
vast number of different antigen receptors,
which are then uniquely expressed on each
individual lymphocyte. Since the gene
rearrangement leads to an irreversible
change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny
(offspring) of that cell inherit genes that
encode the same receptor specificity,
including the memory B cells and memory
T cells that are the keys to long-lived
specific immunity.
speed would Faster-than-light (also FTL, superluminal

or supercausal) travel and communication
are the conjectural propagation of matter
or information faster than the speed of
light (c). The special theory of relativity
implies that only particles with zero rest
mass (i.e., photons) may travel at the speed
of light, and that nothing may travel faster.
Particles whose speed exceeds that of light
(tachyons) have been hypothesized, but
their existence would violate causality and
would imply time travel. The scientific
consensus is that they do not exist.
"Apparent" or "effective" FTL, on the other
hand, depends on the hypothesis that
unusually distorted regions of spacetime
might permit matter to reach distant
locations in less time than light could in
normal ("undistorted") spacetime.
As of the 21st century, according to current
scientific theories, matter is required to
travel at slower-than-light (also STL or
subluminal) speed with respect to the
locally distorted spacetime region.
Apparent FTL is not excluded by general
relativity; however, any apparent FTL
physical plausibility is currently
speculative. Examples of apparent FTL
proposals are the Alcubierre drive,
Krasnikov tubes, traversable wormholes,
and quantum tunneling.

used as servers.

standard.
There are different types of technical or
engineering specifications (specs), and the
term is used differently in different
technical contexts. They often refer to
particular documents, and/or particular
information within them. The word
specification is broadly defined as "to state
explicitly or in detail" or "to be specific".
A requirement specification is a
development processes in many fields.
A functional specification is a kind of
informing how to produce.
An "in-service" or "maintained as"
specification, specifies the conditions of a
system or object after years of operation,
including the effects of wear and
maintenance (configuration changes).
Specifications are a type of technical
standard that may be developed by any of
various kinds of organizations, in both the
public and private sectors. Example
organization types include a corporation, a
consortium (a small group of corporations),
a trade association (an industry-wide
group of corporations), a national
government (including its different public
entities, regulatory agencies, and national
laboratories and institutes), a professional
association (society), a purpose-made
standards organization such as ISO, or
vendor-neutral developed generic
requirements. It is common for one
organization to refer to (reference, call out,
cite) the standards of another. Voluntary
standards may become mandatory if
adopted by a government or business
contract.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
is In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or

copulae; abbreviated cop) is a word or
phrase that links the subject of a sentence
to a subject complement, such as the word
is in the sentence "The sky is blue" or the
phrase was not being in the sentence "It
was not being co-operative." The word
copula derives from the Latin noun for a
"link" or "tie" that connects two different
things.A copula is often a verb or a verb-
like word, though this is not universally the
case. A verb that is a copula is sometimes
called a copulative or copular verb. In
English primary education grammar
courses, a copula is often called a linking
verb. In other languages, copulas show
more resemblances to pronouns, as in
Classical Chinese and Guarani, or may take
the form of suffixes attached to a noun, as
in Korean, Beja, and Inuit languages.
Most languages have one main copula (in
English, the verb "to be"), although some
(like Spanish, Portuguese and Thai) have
more than one, while others have none.
While the term copula is generally used to
refer to such principal verbs, it may also be
used for a wider group of verbs with
similar potential functions (like become,
get, feel and seem in English); alternatively,
these might be distinguished as "semi-
copulas" or "pseudo-copulas".
mainframe computers A mainframe computer, informally called a

used as servers.
computers used A computer is a machine that can be

computer cluster.

India.

computer cluster.

used as servers.



and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
used as servers.
institutions used Institutions (singular: institution) are
humanly devised structures of rules and
norms that shape and constrain individual
behavior. All definitions of institutions
generally entail that there is a level of
persistence and continuity. Laws, rules,
social conventions and norms are all
examples of institutions. Institutions vary
in their level of formality and
informality.Institutions are a principal
object of study in social sciences such as
political science, anthropology, economics,
and sociology (the latter described by
É mile Durkheim as the "science of
institutions, their genesis and their
functioning"). Primary or meta-institutions
are institutions such as the family or money
that are broad enough to encompass sets of
related institutions. Institutions are also a
central concern for law, the formal
mechanism for political rule-making and
enforcement. Historians study and
document the founding, growth, decay and
development of institutions as part of
political, economic and cultural history.
used mainframe A mainframe computer, informally called a

used as servers.
time universities Time is the continued sequence of

eluded scholars.
Nevertheless, diverse fields such as
business, industry, sports, the sciences, and
the performing arts all incorporate some
notion of time into their respective
measuring systems.Time in physics is
operationally defined as "what a clock
reads".The physical nature of time is
typically noted.
The operational definition of time does not
address what the fundamental nature of
time is. It does not address why events can
happen forward and backward in space,
whereas events only happen in the forward
progress of time. Investigations into the
relationship between space and time led
physicists to define the spacetime
continuum. General relativity is the
primary framework for understanding how
spacetime works. Through advances in
both theoretical and experimental
investigations of spacetime, it has been
shown that time can be distorted and
dilated, particularly at the edges of black
holes.
Temporal measurement has occupied
scientists and technologists and was a
prime motivation in navigation and
day and in human life spans.
There are many systems for determining
what time it is, including the Global
Positioning System, other satellite systems,
Coordinated Universal Time and mean
solar time. In general, the numbers
obtained from different time systems differ
from one another.
research institutions A research institute, research centre,

research center or research organization, is
an establishment founded for doing
research. Research institutes may
specialize in basic research or may be
oriented to applied research. Although the
term often implies natural science
research, there are also many research
institutes in the social science as well,
especially for sociological and historical
research purposes.

computer cluster.

used as servers.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
institutions Institutions (singular: institution) are

time The ( (listen)) is a grammatical article in
numbers.

used as servers.
different mainframe A mainframe computer, informally called a

used as servers.

calculations.
servers.


used as servers.


used as servers.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.



and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
budget A budget is a calculation plan, usually but

not always financial, for a defined period,
often one year or a month. A budget may
include anticipated sales volumes and
revenues, resource quantities including
time, costs and expenses, environmental
impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions,
other impacts, assets, liabilities and cash
flows. Companies, governments, families,
and other organizations use budgets to
express strategic plans of activities in
measurable terms.A budget expresses
intended expenditures along with
proposals for how to meet them with
resources. A budget may express a surplus,
providing resources for use at a future
time, or a deficit in which expenditures
exceed income or other resources.
distinguishing features.
The usual name of the script is given first;
the name of the language(s) in which the
script is written follows (in brackets),
particularly in the case where the language
name differs from the script name. Other
informative or qualifying annotations for
the script may also be provided.

used as servers.

usually denoted
{\displaystyle I_{V}}
,
{\displaystyle I_{S}}
, and
s
s
i
{\displaystyle I_{ssi}}
.
The specific-information between a
random variable
{\displaystyle X}
and a state
Y
=
y
{\displaystyle Y=y}
is written as :
I
(
X
;
Y
=
y
)
{\displaystyle I(X;Y=y)}
.

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and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.

processing.
The concept of information is relevant in
various contexts, including those of
constraint, communication, control, data,
form, education, knowledge, meaning,
understanding, mental stimuli, pattern,
perception, proposition, representation,
and entropy.
The derivation of information from a signal
or message may be thought of as the
compression.
The information available through a
collection of data may be derived by
analysis. For example, data may be
content of a message.
Information can be encoded into various
forms for transmission and interpretation
(for example, information may be encoded
into a sequence of signs, or transmitted via
a signal). It can also be encrypted for safe
storage and communication.
The uncertainty of an event is measured by
its probability of occurrence. Uncertainty is
first time).

type.
In English grammar, "a", and its variant
"an", are indefinite articles.

calculations.
servers.

used as servers.
system 370 The IBM System/360 (S/360) is a family of
calculations.
servers.
oxford university The University of Oxford is a collegiate

research university in Oxford, England.
There is evidence of teaching as early as
1096, making it the oldest university in the
English-speaking world and the world's
second-oldest university in continuous
operation. It grew rapidly from 1167 when
Henry II banned English students from
attending the University of Paris. After
disputes between students and Oxford
townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled
north-east to Cambridge where they
established what became the University of
Cambridge. The two English ancient
universities share many common features
and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge.
The university is made up of thirty-nine
semi-autonomous constituent colleges, five
permanent private halls, and a range of
academic departments which are organised
into four divisions. All the colleges are self-
governing institutions within the
university, each controlling its own
membership and with its own internal
structure and activities. All students are
members of a college. It does not have a
main campus, and its buildings and
facilities are scattered throughout the city
centre. Undergraduate teaching at Oxford
consists of lectures, small-group tutorials at
the colleges and halls, seminars, laboratory
work and occasionally further tutorials
provided by the central university faculties
and departments. Postgraduate teaching is
provided predominantly centrally.
Oxford operates the world's oldest
university museum, as well as the largest
university press in the world and the
largest academic library system
nationwide. In the fiscal year ending 31 July
2019, the university had a total income of
£2.45 billion, of which £624.8 million was
from research grants and contracts.Oxford
has educated a wide range of notable
alumni, including 30 prime ministers of the
United Kingdom and many heads of state
and government around the world. As of
October 2022, 73 Nobel Prize laureates, 4
Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award
winners have studied, worked, or held
visiting fellowships at the University of
Oxford, while its alumni have won 160
Olympic medals. Oxford is the home of
numerous scholarships, including the
Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest
international graduate scholarship
programmes.
used as servers.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
oxford Oxford () is a city in England. It is the

county town and only city of Oxfordshire. It
had a population of 162,100 at the 2021
census. It is 56 miles (90 km) north-west of
London, 64 miles (103 km) south-east of
Birmingham and 61 miles (98 km) north-
east of Bristol. The city is home to the
University of Oxford, the oldest university
in the English-speaking world; it has
buildings in every style of English
architecture since late Anglo-Saxon.
Oxford's industries include motor
manufacturing, education, publishing,
information technology and science.

used as servers.


calculations.
servers.
popular mainframe IBM mainframes are large computer


calculations.
servers.
used as servers.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.


India.
used as servers.
different departments In the administrative divisions of France,

the department (French: département,
pronounced [depaʁtəmɑ̃ ] (listen)) is one of
the three levels of government under the
national level ("territorial collectivities"),
between the administrative regions and the
communes. Ninety-six departments are in
metropolitan France, and five are overseas
departments, which are also classified as
overseas regions. Departments are further
subdivided into 332 arrondissements, and
these are divided into cantons. The last two
levels of government have no autonomy,
instead serving as the basis of local
organisation of police, fire departments
and, sometimes, administration of
elections.
Each department is administered by an
elected body called a departmental council
(conseil départemental [sing.], conseils
départementaux [plur.]). From 1800 to
April 2015, these were called general
councils (conseil général [sing.] conseils
généraux [plur.]). Each council has a
president. Their main areas of
responsibility include the management of a
number of social and welfare allowances, of
junior high school (collège) buildings and
technical staff, and local roads and school
and rural buses, and a contribution to
municipal infrastructures. Local services of
the state administration are traditionally
organised at departmental level, where the
prefect represents the government;
however, regions have gained importance
since the 2000s, with some department-
level services merged into region-level
services.
The departments were created in 1790 as a
rational replacement of Ancien Régime
provinces with a view to strengthen
national unity; the title "department" is
used to mean a part of a larger whole.
Almost all of them were named after
physical geographical features (rivers,
mountains, or coasts), rather than after
historical or cultural territories, which
could have their own loyalties, or after
their own administrative seats. The
division of France into departments was a
project particularly identified with the
French revolutionary leader the Abbé
Sieyès, although it had already been
frequently discussed and written about by
many politicians and thinkers. The earliest
known suggestion of it is from 1665 in the
writings of d'Argenson. They have inspired
similar divisions in many countries, some
of them former French colonies. The 1822
territorial division of Spain (reverted due
to the 1823 French intervention ending the
trienio liberal) and the 1833 territorial
division of Spain, which forms the basis of
the present day Provinces of Spain with
minor modifications is also based on the
French model of departments of roughly
equal size.Most French departments are
assigned a two-digit number, the Official
Geographical Code, allocated by the Institut
national de la statistique et des études
économiques (Insée). Overseas
departments have a three-digit number.
The number is used, for example, in the
postal code and was until recently used for
all vehicle registration plates. Residents
commonly use the numbers to refer to their
own department or a neighbouring one, for
example inhabitants of Loiret may refer to
their department as "the 45". More distant
departments are generally referred to by
their names, as few people know the
numbers of all the departments.
In 2014, President François Hollande
proposed abolishing departmental councils
by 2020, which would have maintained the
departments as administrative divisions,
and transferring their powers to other
levels of governance. This reform project
has since been scrapped.
within universities Colleges within universities in the United

Kingdom can be divided into two broad
categories: those in federal universities
such as the University of London, which are
primarily teaching institutions joined in a
federation, and residential colleges in
universities following (to a greater or
lesser extent) the traditional collegiate
pattern of Oxford and Cambridge, which
may have academic responsibilities but are
primarily residential and social. The legal
status of colleges varies widely, both with
regard to their corporate status and their
status as educational bodies. London
colleges are all considered 'recognised
bodies' with the power to confer University
of London degrees and, in many cases, their
own degrees. Colleges of Oxford,
Cambridge, Durham and the University of
the Highlands and Islands (UHI) are 'listed
bodies', as "bodies that appear to the
Secretary of State to be constituent
colleges, schools, halls or other institutions
of a university". Colleges of the plate glass
universities of Kent, Lancaster and York,
along with those of the University of
Roehampton and the University of the Arts
London do not have this legal recognition.
Colleges of Oxford (with three exceptions),
Cambridge, London, and UHI, and the
"recognised colleges" and "licensed halls"
of Durham, are separate corporations,
while the colleges of other universities, the
"maintained colleges" of Durham, and the
"societies of the university" at Oxford are
parts of their parent universities and do
not have independent corporate existence.
In the past, many of what are now British
universities with their own degree-
awarding powers were colleges which had
their degrees awarded by either a federal
university (such as Cardiff University) or
validated by another university (for
example many of the post-1992
universities). Colleges that had (or have)
courses validated by a university are not
normally considered to be colleges of that
university; similarly the redbrick
universities that, as university colleges,
prepared students for University of London
External Degrees were not considered
colleges of that university. Some
universities (e.g. Cardiff University) refer to
their academic faculties as "colleges", such
purely academic subdivisions are not
within the scope of this article.
comprehensive list Typographical symbols and punctuation

marks are marks and symbols used in
typography with a variety of purposes such
as to help with legibility and accessibility,
or to identify special cases. This list gives
those most commonly encountered with
Latin script. For a far more comprehensive
list of symbols and signs, see List of
Unicode characters. For other languages
and symbol sets (especially accents), see
below
In this table,
The first cell in each row gives a symbol;

The second, a link to the article that details
it, using its Unicode standard name or
common alias (holding the mouse pointer
on the hyperlink will pop up a summary of
the symbol's function);
The third, symbols listed elsewhere in the
table that is similar to it in meaning or
appearance or that may be confused with
it;
The fourth (if present) links to related
article(s) or adds a clarification note.
provide comprehensive Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE)

is a sex education instruction method
based on-curriculum that aims to give
students the knowledge, attitudes, skills,
and values to make appropriate and
healthy choices in their sexual lives. The
intention is that this understanding will
prevent students from contracting sexually
transmitted infections, such as HIV and
HPV. CSE is also designed with the
intention of reducing unplanned and
unwanted pregnancies, as well as lowering
rates of domestic and sexual violence, thus
contributing to a healthier society, both
physically and mentally.Comprehensive
sexuality education ultimately promotes
sexual abstinence as the safest sexual
choice for young people. However, CSE
curriculums and teachers are still
committed to teaching students about
topics connected to future sexual activity,
such as age of consent, safe sex,
contraception such as birth control pills,
condoms, and the ending of pregnancy,
when conception does occur, through
abortion. This also includes discussions
which promote safe behaviors, such as
communicating with partners and seeking
testing for sexually transmitted infections.
Additionally, comprehensive sex education
curricula may include discussions
surrounding pregnancy outcomes such as
parenting, adoption, and abortion. Some
states have introduced bills to the
legislature that would require all pre-
existing sexuality education curricula in
public schools to be fully comprehensive
and inclusive. The most widely agreed
benefit of using comprehensive sexuality
education over abstinence-only sex
education is that CSE acknowledges that
the student population will be sexually
active in their future. By acknowledging
this, CSE can encourage students to plan
ahead to make the healthiest possible
sexual decisions. This ideology of arming
students to most successfully survive their
future sexual experiences underlies the
majority of topics within CSE, including
various methods of contraception and
refusal skills.
different systems A numeral system is a writing system for
expressing numbers; that is, a
mathematical notation for representing
numbers of a given set, using digits or other
symbols in a consistent manner.
The same sequence of symbols may
represent different numbers in different
numeral systems. For example, "11"
represents the number eleven in the
decimal numeral system (today, the most
common system globally), the number
three in the binary numeral system (used
in modern computers), and the number
two in the unary numeral system (used in
tallying scores).
The number the numeral represents is
called its value. Not all number systems can
represent the same set of numbers; for
example, Roman numerals cannot
represent the number zero.
Ideally, a numeral system will:
Represent a useful set of numbers (e.g. all

integers, or rational numbers)
Give every number represented a unique
representation (or at least a standard
representation)
Reflect the algebraic and arithmetic
structure of the numbers.For example, the
usual decimal representation gives every
nonzero natural number a unique
representation as a finite sequence of
digits, beginning with a non-zero digit.
Numeral systems are sometimes called
number systems, but that name is
ambiguous, as it could refer to different
systems of numbers, such as the system of
real numbers, the system of complex
numbers, the system of p-adic numbers,
etc. Such systems are, however, not the
topic of this article.

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and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.

list In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or
in Korean, Beja, and Inuit languages.
Most languages have one main copula (in
server computers In computing, a server is a piece of
used as servers.
university one One Day University is an adult education

program founded by Steven Schragis and
John Galvin in 2006. The program's one-
day sessions feature four or five lectures by
leading American university professors.
Originally based in the New York City area,
the program has spread to Boston,
Philadelphia, Washington, Florida and
California. It hosts events at leading
colleges including Villanova, Georgetown
University, Notre Dame, Babson and the
College of Saint Elizabeth.
The school's faculty include Pulitzer Prize
winners Jack Rakove and Gordon Wood,
Bard College president Leon Botstein,
social critic Andrew Delbanco, Clinton
White House advisor Christine Heenan,
Holocaust historian Jonathan Steinberg,
philosopher Tamar Gendler, psychologist
Paul Bloom, and legal scholar Akhil Reed
Amar.In 2009, One Day University was
acquired by Bill Zanker and The Learning
Annex to bring the live One Day University
experience online for students around the
world.One Day University held its largest
event to date on Sunday, October 4, 2009 at
the Hilton Hotel in New York City. 5,000
students from around the country attended
One Day U to learn from 17 professors from
notable universities, along with keynote
speaker and Harvard professor Alan
Dershowitz. One year later, on October 3,
2010, 4,000 students returned to the Hilton
in New York for another event. Faculty on
that day included former New York State
Governor Mario Cuomo and award-winning
writer and Princeton professor Joyce Carol
Oates. Hollywood legend and UCLA
professor Peter Guber taught at the March
13, 2011 event in New York City.In 2011,
One Day University was reacquired by
original founder Steven Schragis and a
group of investors.
In May 2021, the company was acquired by
CuriosityStream, a subscription streaming
video service focused on factual content.
One Day University will continue to operate
separately.

computer cluster.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.

used as servers.

used as servers.



used as servers.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
decsystem The DECSYSTEM-20 was a 36-bit Digital

Equipment Corporation PDP-10 mainframe
computer running the TOPS-20 operating
system (products introduced in 1977).
PDP-10 computers running the TOPS-10
operating system were labeled DECsystem-
10 as a way of differentiating them from
the PDP-11. Later on, those systems
running TOPS-20 (on the KL10 PDP-10
processors) were labeled DECSYSTEM-20
(the block capitals being the result of a
lawsuit brought against DEC by Singer,
which once made a computer called "The
System Ten"). The DECSYSTEM-20 was
sometimes called PDP-20, although this
designation was never used by DEC.

used as servers.

computer cluster.
India.

computer cluster.

used as servers.



and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
calculations.
servers.
calculations.
servers.
370 model The IBM System/370 (S/370) is a model

range of IBM mainframe computers
announced on June 30, 1970, as the
successors to the System/360 family. The
series mostly maintains backward
compatibility with the S/360, allowing an
easy migration path for customers; this,
plus improved performance, were the
dominant themes of the product
announcement. In September 1990, the
System/370 line was replaced with the
System/390.


used as servers.
model 145 The Volvo 140 Series is a line of mid-size

cars manufactured and marketed by Volvo
from 1966 to 1974 in two- and four-door
sedan (models 142 and 144 respectively)
as well as five door station wagon (model
145) body styles—with numerous
intermediate facelifts. More than a million
Volvo 140s were built.

and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge.
The university is made up of thirty-nine
semi-autonomous constituent colleges, five
provided predominantly centrally.
Oxford operates the world's oldest
university museum, as well as the largest
university press in the world and the
largest academic library system
nationwide. In the fiscal year ending 31 July
2019, the university had a total income of
£2.45 billion, of which £624.8 million was
from research grants and contracts.Oxford
has educated a wide range of notable
alumni, including 30 prime ministers of the
United Kingdom and many heads of state
and government around the world. As of
October 2022, 73 Nobel Prize laureates, 4
Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award
winners have studied, worked, or held
visiting fellowships at the University of
Oxford, while its alumni have won 160
Olympic medals. Oxford is the home of
numerous scholarships, including the
Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest
programmes.
computer cluster.
used as servers.



and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.

calculations.
servers.

used as servers.
including ibm Db2 is a family of data management

products, including database servers,
developed by IBM. It initially supported the
relational model, but was extended to
support object–relational features and non-
relational structures like JSON and XML.
The brand name was originally styled as
DB/2, then DB2 until 2017 and finally
changed to its present form.

computer cluster.
1982 stanford Stanford University, officially Leland

university used This is a list of the oldest existing

universities in continuous operation in the
world.
Inclusion in this list is determined by the
date at which the educational institute first
met the traditional definition of a
university used by academic historians
although it may have existed as a different
kind of institution before that time. This
definition limits the term "university" to
institutions with distinctive structural and
legal features that developed in Europe,
and which make the university form
different from other institutions of higher
learning in the pre-modern world, even
though these may sometimes now be
referred to popularly as universities. To be
included in the list below, the university
must have been founded before 1500 in
Europe or be the oldest university derived
from the medieval European model in a
country or region. It must also be still in
operation, with institutional continuity
retained throughout its history. So some
early universities, including the University
of Paris, founded around the beginning of
the 13th century but abolished by the
French Revolution in 1793, are excluded.
Some institutions reemerge, but with new
foundations, such as the modern University
of Paris, which came into existence in 1896
after the Louis Liard law disbanded
Napoleon's University of France system.
Latin: universitas magistrorum et
scholarium, which approximately means
"community of teachers and scholars". The
University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy,
where teaching began around 1088 and
which was organised into a university in
the late twelfth century, is the world's
oldest university in continuous operation,
and the first university in the sense of a
higher-learning and degree-awarding
institute. The origin of many medieval
universities can be traced back to the
Catholic cathedral schools or monastic
schools, which appeared as early as the 6th
century and were run for hundreds of years
as such before their formal establishment
as universities in the high medieval
period.Ancient higher-learning institutions,
such as those of ancient Greece, ancient
Persia, ancient Rome, Byzantium, ancient
China, ancient India and the Islamic world,
are not included in this list owing to their
cultural, historical, structural and legal
differences from the medieval European
university from which the modern
university evolved.

calculations.
servers.


computer cluster.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.

used as servers.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.
machines A machine is a physical system using power
to apply forces and control movement to
perform an action. The term is commonly
applied to artificial devices, such as those
employing engines or motors, but also to
natural biological macromolecules, such as
molecular machines. Machines can be
driven by animals and people, by natural
forces such as wind and water, and by
chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and
include a system of mechanisms that shape
the actuator input to achieve a specific
application of output forces and movement.
They can also include computers and
sensors that monitor performance and plan
movement, often called mechanical
systems.
Renaissance natural philosophers
identified six simple machines which were
the elementary devices that put a load into
motion, and calculated the ratio of output
force to input force, known today as
mechanical advantage.Modern machines
are complex systems that consist of
structural elements, mechanisms and
control components and include interfaces
for convenient use. Examples include: a
wide range of vehicles, such as trains,
automobiles, boats and airplanes;
appliances in the home and office, including
computers, building air handling and water
handling systems; as well as farm
machinery, machine tools and factory
automation systems and robots.


used as servers.
boston university Boston University (BU) is a private
research university in Boston,
Massachusetts. BU was founded in 1839 by
a group of Boston Methodists with its
original campus in Newbury, Vermont,
before being chartered in Boston in 1869.
BU is a member of the Boston Consortium
for Higher Education and the Association of
American Universities. It is classified
among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very
High Research Activity". The Boston
University Terriers compete in the NCAA
Division I.
The university is nonsectarian, though it
retains its historical affiliation with the
United Methodist Church. The university
has more than 4,000 faculty members and
nearly 34,000 students and is one of
Boston's largest employers. It offers
bachelor's degrees, master's degrees,
doctorates, and medical, dental, business,
and law degrees through 17 schools and
colleges on three urban campuses. The
main campus is situated along the Charles
River in Boston's Fenway-Kenmore and
Allston neighborhoods, while the Boston
University Medical Campus is located in
Boston's South End neighborhood. The
Fenway campus houses the Wheelock
College of Education and Human
Development, formerly Wheelock College,
which merged with BU in 2018.BU athletic
teams compete in the Patriot League and
Hockey East conferences, and their mascot
is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston
University is well known for men's hockey,
in which it has won five national
championships, most recently in 2009.
Among its alumni and current or past
faculty, the university counts 8 Nobel
Laureates, 23 Pulitzer Prize winners, 10
Rhodes Scholars, 6 Marshall Scholars, 9
Academy Award winners, and several
Emmy and Tony Award winners. BU also
has MacArthur, Fulbright, and Truman
Scholars, as well as American Academy of
Arts and Sciences and National Academy of
Sciences members, among its past and
present graduates and faculty. In 1876, BU
professor Alexander Graham Bell invented
the telephone in a BU lab.

used as servers.


and non-clergy.
law, notarial law.

boston Boston (US: ), officially the City of Boston, is

the capital and largest city of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the
cultural and financial center of the New
England region of the Northeastern United
States. The city boundaries encompass an
area of about 48.4 sq mi (125 km2) and a
population of 675,647 as of 2020. The city
is the economic and cultural anchor of a
substantially larger metropolitan area
known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) home to a census-
estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and
ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the
country. A broader combined statistical
area (CSA), generally corresponding to the
commuting area and including Worcester,
Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode
Island, is home to approximately 8.2
million people, making it the sixth most
populous in the United States.Boston is one
of the oldest municipalities in America,
founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630
by Puritan settlers from the English town of
the same name. It was the scene of several
key events of the American Revolution and
the nation's founding, such as the Boston
Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle
of Bunker Hill, and the siege of Boston.
Upon American independence from Great
Britain, the city continued to be an
important port and manufacturing hub as
well as a center for education and culture.
The city has expanded beyond the original
peninsula through land reclamation and
municipal annexation. Its rich history
attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall
alone drawing more than 20 million
visitors per year. Boston's many firsts
include the United States' first public park
(Boston Common, 1634), first public or
state school (Boston Latin School, 1635)
first subway system (Tremont Street
subway, 1897), and first large public
library (Boston Public Library, 1848).
Today, Boston is a center of scientific
research; the area's many colleges and
universities, notably Harvard and MIT,
make it a world leader in higher education,
including law, medicine, engineering and
business, and the city is considered to be a
global pioneer in innovation and
entrepreneurship, with nearly 5,000
startups. Boston's economic base also
includes finance, professional and business
services, biotechnology, information
technology, and government activities.
Households in the city claim the highest
average rate of philanthropy in the United
States. Boston businesses and institutions
rank among the top in the country for
environmental sustainability and new
investment.
numbers.

used as servers.
mainframe computer A mainframe computer, informally called a

used as servers.
computer cluster.

include stanford Stanford University, officially Leland

processing speed Mental chronometry is the scientific study

of processing speed or reaction time on
cognitive tasks to infer the content,
duration, and temporal sequencing of
mental operations. Reaction time (RT;
sometimes referred to as "response time")
is measured by the elapsed time between
stimulus onset and an individual's
response on elementary cognitive tasks
(ETCs), which are relatively simple
perceptual-motor tasks typically
administered in a laboratory setting.
Mental chronometry is one of the core
methodological paradigms of human
experimental, cognitive, and differential
psychology, but is also commonly analyzed
in psychophysiology, cognitive
neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience
to help elucidate the biological mechanisms
underlying perception, attention, and
decision-making in humans and other
species.
Mental chronometry uses measurements of
elapsed time between sensory stimulus
onsets and subsequent behavioral
responses to study the time course of
information processing in the nervous
system. Distributional characteristics of
response times such as means and variance
are considered useful indices of processing
speed and efficiency, indicating how fast an
individual can execute task-relevant mental
operations. Behavioral responses are
typically button presses, but eye
movements, vocal responses, and other
observable behaviors are often used.
Reaction time is thought to be constrained
by the speed of signal transmission in
white matter as well as the processing
efficiency of neocortical gray matter.The
use of mental chronometry in psychological
research is far ranging, encompassing
nomothetic models of information
processing in the human auditory and
visual systems, as well as differential
psychology topics such as the role of
individual differences in RT in human
cognitive ability, aging, and a variety of
clinical and psychiatric outcomes. The
experimental approach to mental
chronometry includes topics such as the
empirical study of vocal and manual
latencies, visual and auditory attention,
temporal judgment and integration,
language and reading, movement time and
motor response, perceptual and decision
time, memory, and subjective time
perception. Conclusions about information
processing drawn from RT are often made
with consideration of task experimental
design, limitations in measurement
technology, and mathematical modeling.

computer cluster.

used as servers.
rode applications Buffering
technological infrastructure The Israel Ministry of Defense - Directorate

of Defense Research & Development (IMOD
DDR&D) (Hebrew: ‫פיתוח אמצעי‬, ‫מינהל למחקר‬
‫)לחימה ותשתית טכנולוגית‬, abbreviated Maf'at (
‫)מפא"ת‬, is a joint administrative body of the
Israeli Ministry of Defense and Israel
Defense Forces that coordinates between
the Ministry of Defense, the IDF, the
military industries, Israel Military
Industries, Israel Aerospace Industries,
Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, the
Institute for Biological Research and the
Space Agency.
varied widely Buffering
applications Buffering
technological Technology is the application of knowledge

knowledge economy. While technology
contributes to economic development and
improves human prosperity, it can also
have negative impacts like pollution and
resource depletion, and can cause social
harms like technological unemployment
resulting from automation. As a result,
there are ongoing philosophical and
political debates about the role and use of
technology, the ethics of technology, and
ways to mitigate its downsides.

rode Buffering
infrastructure Infrastructure is the set of facilities and

systems that serve a country, city, or other
area, and encompasses the services and
facilities necessary for its economy,
households and firms to function.
Infrastructure is composed of public and
private physical structures such as roads,
railways, bridges, tunnels, water supply,
sewers, electrical grids, and
telecommunications (including Internet
connectivity and broadband access). In
general, infrastructure has been defined as
"the physical components of interrelated
systems providing commodities and
services essential to enable, sustain, or
enhance societal living conditions" and
maintain the surrounding
environment.Especially in light of the
massive societal transformations needed to
mitigate and adapt to climate change,
contemporary infrastructure conversations
frequently focus on sustainable
development and green infrastructure.
Acknowledging this importance, the
international community has created policy
focused on sustainable infrastructure
through the Sustainable Development
Goals, especially Sustainable Development
Goal 9 "Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure". One way to describe
different types of infrastructure is to
classify them as two distinct kinds: hard
infrastructure and soft infrastructure. Hard
infrastructure is the physical networks
necessary for the functioning of a modern
industry. This includes roads, bridges, and
railways. Soft infrastructure is all the
institutions that maintain the economic,
health, social, environmental, and cultural
standards of a country. This includes
educational programs, official statistics,
parks and recreational facilities, law
enforcement agencies, and emergency
services.
availability In reliability engineering, the term

availability has the following meanings:
The degree to which a system, subsystem
or equipment is in a specified operable and
committable state at the start of a mission,
when the mission is called for at an
unknown, i.e. a random, time. The
probability that an item will operate
satisfactorily at a given point in time when
used under stated conditions in an ideal
support environment.Normally high
availability systems might be specified as
99.98%, 99.999% or 99.9996%.
region Buffering
cities A city is a human settlement of notable size.

It can be defined as a permanent and
densely settled place with administratively
defined boundaries whose members work
primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Cities
generally have extensive systems for
housing, transportation, sanitation,
utilities, land use, production of goods, and
communication. Their density facilitates
interaction between people, government
organisations and businesses, sometimes
benefiting different parties in the process,
such as improving efficiency of goods and
service distribution. Historically, city-
dwellers have been a small proportion of
humanity overall, but following two
centuries of unprecedented and rapid
urbanization, more than half of the world
population now lives in cities, which has
had profound consequences for global
sustainability. Present-day cities usually
form the core of larger metropolitan areas
and urban areas—creating numerous
commuters traveling towards city centres
for employment, entertainment, and
education. However, in a world of
intensifying globalization, all cities are to
varying degrees also connected globally
beyond these regions. This increased
influence means that cities also have
significant influences on global issues, such
as sustainable development, global
warming, and global health. Because of
these major influences on global issues, the
international community has prioritized
investment in sustainable cities through
Sustainable Development Goal 11. Due to
the efficiency of transportation and the
smaller land consumption, dense cities
hold the potential to have a smaller
ecological footprint per inhabitant than
more sparsely populated areas. Therefore,
compact cities are often referred to as a
crucial element of fighting climate change.
However, this concentration can also have
significant negative consequences, such as
forming urban heat islands, concentrating
pollution, and stressing water supplies and
other resources. Other important traits of
cities besides population include the capital
status and relative continued occupation of
the city. For example, country capitals such
as Beijing, Kuala lumpur, London, Manila,
Mexico City, Moscow, Nairobi, New Delhi,
Paris, Rome, Athens, Seoul, Singapore,
Tokyo, and Washington, D.C. reflect the
identity and apex of their respective
nations. Some historic capitals, such as
Kyoto, Yogyakarta, and Xi'an, maintain
their reflection of cultural identity even
without modern capital status. Religious
holy sites offer another example of capital
status within a religion, Jerusalem, Mecca,
Varanasi, Ayodhya, Haridwar and Prayagraj
each hold significance.
countries A country is a distinct part of the world,

such as a state, nation, or other political
entity. It may be a sovereign state or make
up one part of a larger state. For example,
the country of Japan is an independent,
sovereign state, while the country of Wales
is a component of a multi-part sovereign
state, the United Kingdom. A country may
be a historically sovereign area (such as
Korea), a currently sovereign territory with
a unified government (such as Senegal), or
a non-sovereign geographic region
associated with certain distinct political,
ethnic, or cultural characteristics (such as
the Basque Country). The definition and
usage of the word "country" is flexible and
has changed over time. The Economist
wrote in 2010 that "any attempt to find a
clear definition of a country soon runs into
a thicket of exceptions and anomalies."
Most sovereign states, but not all countries,
are members of the United Nations. The
largest country by area is Russia, while the
smallest is the microstate Vatican City. The
most populous is China, while the Pitcairn
Islands are the least populous.

digital-to-analog conversion. Data
transmitted may be digital messages
bts transmission A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

technology. BTS is also referred to as the
node B (in 3G networks) or, simply, the
base station (BS). For discussion of the LTE
standard the abbreviation eNB for evolved
node B is widely used, and GNodeB for 5G.
communication bts A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece


station transmission A numbers station is a shortwave radio

station characterized by broadcasts of
formatted numbers, which are believed to
be addressed to intelligence officers
operating in foreign countries. Most
identified stations use speech synthesis to
vocalize numbers, although digital modes
such as phase-shift keying and frequency-
shift keying, as well as Morse code
transmissions, are not uncommon. Most
stations have set time schedules, or
schedule patterns; however, some have no
discernible pattern and broadcast at
unpredictable times. Stations may have set
frequencies in the high frequency
band.Numbers stations have been reported
since at least the start of the first world war
and continue to be in-use today. Amongst
amateur radio enthusiasts there is an
interest in monitoring and classifying
numbers stations with many being given
nicknames to represent their quirks or
origins.
transmission case Toyota Motor Corporation's A family is a

family of automatic FWD/RWD/4WD/AWD
transmissions built by Aisin-Warner. They
share much in common with Volvo's AW7*
and Aisin-Warner's 03-71* transmissions,
which are found in Suzukis, Mitsubishis,
and other Asian vehicles. The codes are
divided into three sections: The letter A =
Aisin-Warner Automatic. Two or three
digits. Older transmissions have two digits.
The first digit represents the generation
(not the number of gears, see A10 vs A20
and A30 vs A40 vs A40D). The last digit
represents the particular application.
Newer transmission have three digits. The
first digit represents the generation. Note:
the sequence is 1,2,...,9,A,B with A and B
being treated as digits. The second digit
represents the number of gears. The last
digit represents the particular application.
Letters representing particular features: D
= Separates 3-speed A4x series from 4-
speed A4xD series E = Electronic control F
= Four wheel drive H = AWD Transverse
mount engine L = Lock-up torque converter
case transceiver An avalanche transceiver or avalanche

beacon is a type of emergency locator
beacon, a radio transceiver (a transmitter
and receiver in one unit) operating at 457
kHz for the purpose of finding people
buried under snow. They are widely
carried by skiers, particularly back country
skiers for use in case a skier is buried by an
avalanche. Before setting out on an
expedition, all the members of a group
activate their transceivers in the transmit
mode, causing the device to emit low-
power pulsed radio signals during the trip.
Following an avalanche, if some members
of the ski party are buried, the others may
switch their transceivers from transmit
into receive mode, allowing use as a radio
direction finding device to search for
signals coming from the lost skiers. The
avalanche beacon is an active device
powered by batteries; a ski suit may also
contain a passive RECCO transponder sewn
into the clothing. Early avalanche
transceivers transmitted at 2.275 kHz. In
1986, the international frequency standard
of 457 kHz was adopted, and this remains
the standard today. Many companies
manufacture transceivers that comply with
this standard. An avalanche transceiver is
not considered a preventive measure
against possible avalanche burial, but
rather it is a way to reduce the amount of
time victims remain buried under the
snow, which makes it more likely to save
their lives.
transceiver station A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

transmission Buffering
transceiver In radio communication, a transceiver is an

electronic device which is a combination of
a radio transmitter and a receiver, hence
the name. It can both transmit and receive
radio waves using an antenna, for
communication purposes. These two
related functions are often combined in a
single device to reduce manufacturing
costs. The term is also used for other
devices which can both transmit and
receive through a communications channel,
such as optical transceivers which transmit
and receive light in optical fiber systems,
and bus transceivers which transmit and
receive digital data in computer data buses.
Radio transceivers are widely used in
wireless devices. One large use is in two-
way radios, which are audio transceivers
used for bidirectional person-to-person
voice communication. Examples are cell
phones, which transmit and receive the two
sides of a phone conversation using radio
waves to a cell tower, cordless phones in
which both the phone handset and the base
station have transceivers to communicate
both sides of the conversation, and land
mobile radio systems like walkie-talkies
and CB radios. Another large use is in
wireless modems in mobile networked
computer devices such laptops, pads, and
cellphones, which both transmit digital
data to and receive data from a wireless
router. Aircraft carry automated
microwave transceivers called
transponders which, when they are
triggered by microwaves from an air traffic
control radar, transmit a coded signal back
to the radar to identify the aircraft.
Satellite transponders in communication
satellites receive digital telecommunication
data from a satellite ground station, and
retransmit it to another ground station.
bts Buffering
modes A model is an informative representation of

an object, person or system. The term
originally denoted the plans of a building in
late 16th-century English, and derived via
French and Italian ultimately from Latin
modulus, a measure. Models can be
divided into physical models (e.g. a model
plane) and abstract models (e.g.
mathematical expressions describing
behavioural patterns). Abstract or
conceptual models are central to
philosophy of science, as almost every
scientific theory effectively embeds some
kind of model of the physical or human
sphere. In commerce, "model" can refer to
a specific design of a product as displayed
in a catalogue or show room (e.g. Ford
Model T), and by extension to the sold
product itself. Types of models include:

households. The essential elements of a
telephone are a microphone (transmitter)
to speak into and an earphone (receiver)
which reproduces the voice at a distant
location. The receiver and transmitter are
usually built into a handset which is held
up to the ear and mouth during
conversation. The transmitter converts the
sound waves to electrical signals which are
sent through the telecommunication
system to the receiving telephone, which
converts the signals into audible sound in
the receiver or sometimes a loudspeaker.
Telephones permit transmission in both
directions simultaneously. Most telephones
also contain an alerting feature, such as a
ringer or a visual indicator, to announce an
incoming telephone call. Telephone calls
are initiated most commonly with a keypad
or dial, affixed to the telephone, to enter a
telephone. The first telephones were
directly connected to each other from one
world today.

and taste. Communication can be classified
based on whether information is
exchanged between humans, members of
other species, or non-living entities such as
computers. For human communication, a
central distinction is between verbal and
non-verbal communication. Verbal
list or engaging in a monologue. Non-
human forms of communication include
animal and plant communication.
example, when interacting with pets. The
field of communication includes various
other issues, like communicative
the internet.
applications Buffering

computer cluster. A broad range of
industrial and consumer products use
computers as control systems. Simple
special-purpose devices like microwave
ovens and remote controls are included, as
are factory devices like industrial robots
and computer-aided design, as well as
general-purpose devices like personal
computers and mobile devices like
smartphones. Computers power the
Internet, which links billions of other
computers and users. Early computers
were meant to be used only for
calculations. Simple manual instruments
like the abacus have aided people in doing
calculations since ancient times. Early in
the Industrial Revolution, some mechanical
devices were built to automate long,
tedious tasks, such as guiding patterns for
looms. More sophisticated electrical
machines did specialized analog
calculations in the early 20th century. The
first digital electronic calculating machines
were developed during World War II. The
first semiconductor transistors in the late
1940s were followed by the silicon-based
to early 21st centuries. Conventionally, a
modern computer consists of at least one
processing element, typically a central
processing unit (CPU) in the form of a
microprocessor, along with some type of
computer memory, typically
mobile Buffering
data Buffering
bts base A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

transcriber station Buffering
station technology DeskStation Technology was a

manufacturer of RISC-based computer
workstations intended to run Windows NT.
DeskStation was based in Lenexa, Kansas.

base transcriber Buffering
online web Online shopping is a form of electronic

commerce which allows consumers to
directly buy goods or services from a seller
over the Internet using a web browser or a
mobile app. Consumers find a product of
interest by visiting the website of the
retailer directly or by searching among
alternative vendors using a shopping
search engine, which displays the same
product's availability and pricing at
different e-retailers. As of 2020, customers
can shop online using a range of different
computers and devices, including desktop
computers, laptops, tablet computers and
smartphones. An online shop evokes the
physical analogy of buying products or
services at a regular "bricks-and-mortar"
retailer or shopping center; the process is
called business-to-consumer (B2C) online
shopping. When an online store is set up to
enable businesses to buy from another
businesses, the process is called business-
to-business (B2B) online shopping. A
typical online store enables the customer to
browse the firm's range of products and
services, view photos or images of the
products, along with information about the
product specifications, features and prices.
Online stores usually enable shoppers to
use "search" features to find specific
models, brands or items. Online customers
must have access to the Internet and a valid
method of payment in order to complete a
transaction, such as a credit card, an
Interac-enabled debit card, or a service
such as PayPal. For physical products (e.g.,
paperback books or clothes), the e-tailer
ships the products to the customer; for
digital products, such as digital audio files
of songs or software, the e-tailer usually
sends the file to the customer over the
Internet. The largest of these online
retailing corporations are Alibaba,
Amazon.com, and eBay.
web programming Web development is the work involved in

developing a website for the Internet
(World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private
network). Web development can range
from developing a simple single static page
of plain text to complex web applications,
electronic businesses, and social network
services. A more comprehensive list of
tasks to which Web development
commonly refers, may include Web
engineering, Web design, Web content
development, client liaison,
client-side/server-side scripting, Web
server and network security configuration,
and e-commerce development. Among Web
professionals, "Web development" usually
refers to the main non-design aspects of
building Web sites: writing markup and
coding. Web development may use content
management systems (CMS) to make
content changes easier and available with
basic technical skills. For larger
organizations and businesses, Web
development teams can consist of
hundreds of people (Web developers) and
follow standard methods like Agile
methodologies while developing Web sites.
Smaller organizations may only require a
single permanent or contracting developer,
or secondary assignment to related job
positions such as a graphic designer or
information systems technician. Web
development may be a collaborative effort
between departments rather than the
domain of a designated department. There
are three kinds of Web developer
specialization: front-end developer, back-
end developer, and full-stack developer.
Front-end developers are responsible for
behavior and visuals that run in the user
browser, while back-end developers deal
with the servers. Since the
commercialization of the Web with Tim
Berners-Lee developing the World Wide
Web at CERN, the industry has boomed and
has become one of the most used
technologies ever.
bts Buffering
web Buffering

transcriber Transcriber is an open-source software

tool for the transcription and annotation of
speech signals for linguistic research. It
supports multiple hierarchical layers of
segmentation, named entity annotation,
speaker lists, topic lists, and overlapping
speakers. Two views of the sound pressure
waveform at different resolutions may be
viewed simultaneously. Various character
encodings, including Unicode, are
supported. Annotations from Transcriber
may be exported in XML. OASIS' Cover
Pages publishes the open DTD used by
Transcriber.Transcriber is written in
Tcl/Tk with the Snack audio library and is
therefore available on most major
platforms. It is distributed under the GNU
General Public License. Transcriber has
been superseded by TranscriberAG.
transmission Buffering

and taste. Communication can be classified
based on whether information is
exchanged between humans, members of
other species, or non-living entities such as
computers. For human communication, a
central distinction is between verbal and
non-verbal communication. Verbal
list or engaging in a monologue. Non-
human forms of communication include
animal and plant communication.
example, when interacting with pets. The
field of communication includes various
other issues, like communicative
the internet.
station Buffering

algorithms, and formal logic. Tasks
accompanying and related to programming
include testing, debugging, source code
maintenance, implementation of build
systems, and management of derived
artifacts, such as the machine code of
computer programs. These might be
developed A developed country (or industrialized

country, high-income country, more
economically developed country (MEDC),
advanced country) is a sovereign state that
has a high quality of life, developed
economy, and advanced technological
infrastructure relative to other less
industrialized nations. Most commonly, the
criteria for evaluating the degree of
economic development are the gross
domestic product (GDP), gross national
product (GNP), the per capita income, level
of industrialization, amount of widespread
infrastructure and general standard of
living. Which criteria are to be used and
which countries can be classified as being
developed are subjects of debate. Different
definitions of developed countries are
provided by the International Monetary
Fund and the World Bank; moreover, HDI
ranking is used to reflect the composite
index of life expectancy, education, and
income per capita. Another commonly used
measure of a developed country is the
threshold of GDP (PPP) per capita of at
least USD$22,000. In 2022, 36 countries fit
all four criteria, while an additional 17
countries fit three out of four. Developed
countries have generally more advanced
post-industrial economies, meaning the
service sector provides more wealth than
the industrial sector. They are contrasted
with developing countries, which are in the
process of industrialisation or are pre-
industrial and almost entirely agrarian,
some of which might fall into the category
of Least Developed Countries. As of 2015,
advanced economies comprise 60.8% of
global GDP based on nominal values and
42.9% of global GDP based on purchasing-
power parity (PPP) according to the IMF.
cellular Buffering
online networking A social networking service or SNS

(sometimes called a social networking site)
is an online platform which people use to
build social networks or social
relationships with other people who share
similar personal or career content,
interests, activities, backgrounds or real-
life connections.Social networking services
vary in format and the number of features.
They can incorporate a range of new
information and communication tools,
operating on desktops and on laptops, on
mobile devices such as tablet computers
and smartphones. This may feature digital
photo/video/sharing and diary entries
online (blogging). Online community
services are sometimes considered social-
network services by developers and users,
though in a broader sense, a social-network
service usually provides an individual-
centered service whereas online
community services are groups centered.
Generally defined as "websites that
facilitate the building of a network of
contacts in order to exchange various types
of content online," social networking sites
provide a space for interaction to continue
beyond in-person interactions. These
computer mediated interactions link
members of various networks and may
help to create, sustain and develop new
social and professional relationships.Social
networking sites allow users to share ideas,
digital photos and videos, posts, and to
inform others about online or real-world
activities and events with people within
their social network. While in-person social
networking – such as gathering in a village
market to talk about events – has existed
since the earliest development of towns,
the web enables people to connect with
others who live in different locations across
the globe (dependent on access to an
Internet connection to do so). Depending
on the social media platform, members
may be able to contact any other member.
In other cases, members can contact
anyone they have a connection to, and
subsequently anyone that contact has a
connection to, and so on. The success of
social networking services can be seen in
their dominance in society today, with
Twitter, social-networking platform which
being refer to as 'world town square' that
offers its member a real-time activity like
contacting anyone including friends,
sharing their photos, videos and texts in
form of 'tweets'. Facebook having a
massive 2.13 billion active monthly users
and an average of 1.4 billion daily active
users in 2017. LinkedIn, a career-oriented
social-networking service, generally
requires that a member personally know
another member in real life before they
contact them online. Some services require
members to have a preexisting connection
to contact other members. With COVID-19,
Zoom, a videoconferencing platform, has
taken an integral place to connect people
located around the world and facilitate
many online environments such as school,
university, work and government meetings.
The main types of social networking
services contain category places (such as
age or occupation or religion), means to
connect with friends (usually with self-
description pages), and a recommendation
system linked to trust. One can categorize
social-network services into four types:
socialization social network services used
primarily for socializing with existing
friends or users (e.g., Facebook, Instagram,
Twitter) online social networks are
decentralized and distributed computer
networks where users communicate with
each other through Internet services.
networking social network services used
primarily for non-social interpersonal
communication (e.g., LinkedIn, a career-
and employment-oriented site) social
navigation social network services used
primarily for helping users to find specific
information or resources (e.g., Goodreads
for books, Reddit)There have been
attempts to standardize these services to
avoid the need to duplicate entries of
friends and interests (see the FOAF
standard). A study reveals that India
recorded world's largest growth in terms of
social media users in 2013. A 2013 survey
found that 73% of U.S. adults use social-
networking sites.
networking technologies A computer network is a set of computers

of network topologies. The nodes of a
computer network can include personal
computers, servers, networking hardware,
or other specialized or general-purpose
hosts. They are identified by network
addresses and may have hostnames.
Hostnames serve as memorable labels for
the nodes and are rarely changed after
initial assignment. Network addresses
serve for locating and identifying the nodes
by communication protocols such as the
Internet Protocol. Computer networks may
be classified by many criteria, including the
transmission medium used to carry signals,
bandwidth, communications protocols to
organize network traffic, the network size,
the topology, traffic control mechanisms,
and organizational intent. Computer
networks support many applications and
services, such as access to the World Wide
Web, digital video and audio, shared use of
application and storage servers, printers
and fax machines, and use of email and
instant messaging applications.
online programming Competitive programming (also known as
sports programming) is a mind sport
usually held over the Internet or a local
network, involving participants trying to
program according to provided
specifications. Contestants are referred to
as sport programmers. Competitive
programming is recognized and supported
by several multinational software and
Internet companies, such as Google and
Facebook.A programming competition
generally involves the host presenting a set
of logical or mathematical problems, also
known as puzzles or challenges, to the
contestants (who can vary in number from
tens or even hundreds to several
thousands). Contestants are required to
write computer programs capable of
solving these problems. Judging is based
mostly upon number of problems solved
and time spent for writing successful
solutions, but may also include other
factors (quality of output produced,
execution time, memory usage, program
size, etc.).
computer networks A computer network is a set of computers

of network topologies. The nodes of a
computer network can include personal
computers, servers, networking hardware,
or other specialized or general-purpose
hosts. They are identified by network
addresses and may have hostnames.
Hostnames serve as memorable labels for
the nodes and are rarely changed after
initial assignment. Network addresses
serve for locating and identifying the nodes
by communication protocols such as the
Internet Protocol. Computer networks may
be classified by many criteria, including the
transmission medium used to carry signals,
bandwidth, communications protocols to
organize network traffic, the network size,
the topology, traffic control mechanisms,
and organizational intent. Computer
networks support many applications and
services, such as access to the World Wide
Web, digital video and audio, shared use of
application and storage servers, printers
and fax machines, and use of email and
instant messaging applications.
computer server Buffering
server bands In computing, a server is a piece of

web Buffering
internet In finance and economics, interest is

payment from a borrower or deposit-
taking financial institution to a lender or
depositor of an amount above repayment
of the principal sum (that is, the amount
borrowed), at a particular rate. It is distinct
from a fee which the borrower may pay the
lender or some third party. It is also
distinct from dividend which is paid by a
company to its shareholders (owners) from
its profit or reserve, but not at a particular
rate decided beforehand, rather on a pro
rata basis as a share in the reward gained
by risk taking entrepreneurs when the
revenue earned exceeds the total costs.For
example, a customer would usually pay
interest to borrow from a bank, so they pay
the bank an amount which is more than the
amount they borrowed; or a customer may
earn interest on their savings, and so they
may withdraw more than they originally
deposited. In the case of savings, the
customer is the lender, and the bank plays
the role of the borrower. Interest differs
from profit, in that interest is received by a
lender, whereas profit is received by the
owner of an asset, investment or
enterprise. (Interest may be part or the
whole of the profit on an investment, but
the two concepts are distinct from each
other from an accounting perspective.) The
rate of interest is equal to the interest
amount paid or received over a particular
period divided by the principal sum
borrowed or lent (usually expressed as a
percentage). Compound interest means
that interest is earned on prior interest in
addition to the principal. Due to
compounding, the total amount of debt
grows exponentially, and its mathematical
study led to the discovery of the number e.
In practice, interest is most often calculated
on a daily, monthly, or yearly basis, and its
impact is influenced greatly by its
compounding rate.
usenet Buffering
networking Buffering
technologies Technology is the application of knowledge

server Buffering
networks Buffering

computer Buffering
bbs Buffering
rs cables Buffering
cables rs Buffering
rs 232 Buffering
devices rs In telecommunications, RS-232 or

peripheral devices. Compared with later
interfaces such as RS-422, RS-485 and
Ethernet, RS-232 has lower transmission
speed, shorter maximum cable length,
larger voltage swing, larger standard
connectors, no multipoint capability and
limited multidrop capability. In modern
personal computers, USB has displaced RS-
232 from most of its peripheral interface
roles. Thanks to their simplicity and past
ubiquity, however, RS-232 interfaces are
still used—particularly in industrial
machines, networking equipment, and
scientific instruments where a short-range,
point-to-point, low-speed wired data
connection is fully adequate.
including rs Buffering
serial communication In telecommunication and data

transmission, serial communication is the
process of sending data one bit at a time,
sequentially, over a communication
channel or computer bus. This is in
contrast to parallel communication, where
several bits are sent as a whole, on a link
with several parallel channels. Serial
communication is used for all long-haul
communication and most computer
networks, where the cost of cable and
synchronization difficulties make parallel
communication impractical. Serial
computer buses are becoming more
common even at shorter distances, as
improved signal integrity and transmission
speeds in newer serial technologies have
begun to outweigh the parallel bus's
advantage of simplicity (no need for
serializer and deserializer, or SerDes) and
to outstrip its disadvantages (clock skew,
interconnect density). The migration from
PCI to PCI Express is an example.
rs 485 Buffering
232 rs In telecommunications, RS-232 or

cables Buffering
rs Buffering
connectors Buffering
ibm Buffering
serial Buffering
connector Buffering
devices Buffering

standard. There are different types of
technical or engineering specifications
(specs), and the term is used differently in
different technical contexts. They often
refer to particular documents, and/or
particular information within them. The
word specification is broadly defined as "to
state explicitly or in detail" or "to be
specific". A requirement specification is a
development processes in many fields. A
functional specification is a kind of
informing how to produce. An "in-service"
or "maintained as" specification, specifies
the conditions of a system or object after
years of operation, including the effects of
wear and maintenance (configuration
changes). Specifications are a type of
technical standard that may be developed
by any of various kinds of organizations, in
both the public and private sectors.
Example organization types include a
corporation, a consortium (a small group of
corporations), a trade association (an
industry-wide group of corporations), a
national government (including its
different public entities, regulatory
agencies, and national laboratories and
institutes), a professional association
(society), a purpose-made standards
organization such as ISO, or vendor-neutral
developed generic requirements. It is
common for one organization to refer to
(reference, call out, cite) the standards of
another. Voluntary standards may become
mandatory if adopted by a government or
business contract.

other systems sciences. Systems have
several common properties and
characteristics, including structure,

rs 422 Buffering
network cables Networking cables are networking
interconnections of the Internet). While
wireless networks are more easily
rs 232 Buffering
ethernet cables Buffering
rates rj A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized

telecommunication network interface for
connecting voice and data equipment to a
service provided by a local exchange
carrier or long distance carrier.
Registration interfaces were first defined in
the Universal Service Ordering Code
(USOC) system of the Bell System in the
United States for complying with the
registration program for customer-
supplied telephone equipment mandated
by the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) in the 1970s. They were
subsequently codified in title 47 of the
Code of Federal Regulations Part 68.
Registered jack connections began to see
use after their invention in 1973 by Bell
Labs. The specification includes physical
construction, wiring, and signal semantics.
Accordingly, registered jacks are primarily
named by the letters RJ, followed by two
digits that express the type. Additional
letter suffixes indicate minor variations.
For example, RJ11, RJ14, and RJ25 are the
most commonly used interfaces for
telephone connections for one-, two-, and
three-line service, respectively. Although
these standards are legal definitions in the
United States, some interfaces are used
worldwide. The connectors used for
registered jack installations are primarily
the modular connector and the 50-pin
miniature ribbon connector. For example,
RJ11 uses a six-position two-conductor
connector (6P2C), RJ14 uses a six-position
four-conductor (6P4C) modular jack, while
RJ21 uses a 25-pair (50-pin) miniature
ribbon connector.
connecting various A connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is

the part of a piston engine which connects
the piston to the crankshaft. Together with
the crank, the connecting rod converts the
reciprocating motion of the piston into the
rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting
rod is required to transmit the compressive
and tensile forces from the piston. In its
most common form, in an internal
combustion engine, it allows pivoting on
the piston end and rotation on the shaft
end. The predecessor to the connecting rod
is a mechanic linkage used by water mills
to convert rotating motion of the water
wheel into reciprocating motion.The most
common usage of connecting rods is in
internal combustion engines or on steam
engines.
serial devices Buffering
example rs In telecommunications, RS-232 or

longer cable Networking cables are networking

interconnections of the Internet). While
wireless networks are more easily

ARCNET. The original 10BASE5 Ethernet
uses a thick coaxial cable as a shared
medium. This was largely superseded by
10BASE2, which used a thinner and more
flexible cable that was both cheaper and
easier to use. More modern Ethernet
variants use twisted pair and fiber optic
links in conjunction with switches. Over the
course of its history, Ethernet data transfer
rates have been increased from the original
2.94 Mbit/s to the latest 400 Gbit/s, with
rates up to 1.6 Tbit/s under development.
The Ethernet standards include several
wiring and signaling variants of the OSI
physical layer. Systems communicating
over Ethernet divide a stream of data into
shorter pieces called frames. Each frame
contains source and destination addresses,
and error-checking data so that damaged
frames can be detected and discarded;
most often, higher-layer protocols trigger
headers. Ethernet is widely used in homes
and industry, and interworks well with
wireless Wi-Fi technologies. The Internet
Protocol is commonly carried over
Ethernet and so it is considered one of the
key technologies that make up the Internet.
cable Buffering
cables Buffering
modems A modulator-demodulator or modem is a

computer hardware device that converts
data from a digital format into a format
suitable for an analog transmission
medium such as telephone or radio. A
modem transmits data by modulating one
or more carrier wave signals to encode
digital information, while the receiver
demodulates the signal to recreate the
original digital information. The goal is to
produce a signal that can be transmitted
easily and decoded reliably. Modems can be
used with almost any means of
transmitting analog signals, from light-
emitting diodes to radio. Early modems
were devices that used audible sounds
suitable for transmission over traditional
telephone systems and leased lines. These
generally operated at 110 or 300 bits per
second (bit/s), and the connection between
devices was normally manual, using an
attached telephone handset. By the 1970s,
higher speeds of 1,200 and 2,400 bit/s for
asynchronous dial connections, 4,800 bit/s
for synchronous leased line connections
and 35 kbit/s for synchronous conditioned
leased lines were available. By the 1980s,
less expensive 1,200 and 2,400 bit/s dialup
modems were being released, and modems
working on radio and other systems were
available. As device sophistication grew
rapidly in the late 1990s, telephone-based
modems quickly exhausted the available
bandwidth, reaching 56 kbit/s. The rise of
public use of the internet during the late
1990s led to demands for much higher
performance, leading to the move away
from audio-based systems to entirely new
encodings on cable television lines and
short-range signals in subcarriers on
telephone lines. The move to cellular
telephones, especially in the late 1990s and
the emergence of smartphones in the
2000s led to the development of ever-
faster radio-based systems. Today, modems
are ubiquitous and largely invisible,
included in almost every mobile computing
device in one form or another, and
generally capable of speeds on the order of
tens or hundreds of megabytes per second.
rj R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin

alphabet, used in the modern English
alphabet, the alphabets of other western
European languages and others worldwide.
Its name in English is ar (pronounced ),
plural ars, or in Ireland or .The letter ⟨r⟩ is
the eighth most common letter in English
and the fourth-most common consonant
(after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩).The letter ⟨r⟩ is used
to form the ending "-re", which is used in
certain words such as centre in some
varieties of English spelling, such as British
English. Canadian English also uses the "-
re" ending, unlike American English, where
the ending is usually replaced by "-er"
(center). This does not affect
pronunciation.
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stations. The numbers are of variable
length. Local numbers are supported from
land-lines or numbers can be dialled with a
'0'-lead prefix that denotes either a
geographical region or another service.
Mobile phone numbers have their own
prefixes which are not geographical and
are completely portable between
providers.
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tables Buffering

world today.
used Buffering
commonly Buffering
for Buffering

heatwaves.
often categories In ontology, the theory of categories

concerns itself with the categories of being:
the highest genera or kinds of entities
according to Amie Thomasson. To
investigate the categories of being, or
simply categories, is to determine the most
fundamental and the broadest classes of
entities. A distinction between such
categories, in making the categories or
applying them, is called an ontological
distinction. Various systems of categories
have been proposed, they often include
categories for substances, properties,
relations, states of affairs or events. A
representative question within the theory
of categories might articulate itself, for
example, in a query like, "Are universals
prior to particulars?"
connection including The Ö resund or Øresund Bridge (Danish:

Øresundsbroen [ˈøːɐsɔnsˌpʁoˀn̩ ]; Swedish:
Ö resundsbron [œrɛˈsɵ̂ nːdsˌbruːn]; hybrid
name: Øresundsbron) is a combined
railway and motorway bridge across the
Øresund strait between Denmark and
Sweden. It is the longest in Europe with
both roadway and railway combined in a
single structure, running nearly 8
kilometres (5 miles) from the Swedish
coast to the artificial island Peberholm in
the middle of the strait. The crossing is
completed by the 4-kilometre (2.5 mi)
Drogden Tunnel from Peberholm to the
Danish island of Amager. The bridge
connects the road and rail networks of the
Scandinavian Peninsula with those of
Central and Western Europe. A data cable
also makes the bridge the backbone of
Internet data transmission between central
Europe and Sweden. The international
European route E20 crosses via road, the
Øresund Line via railway. The construction
of the Great Belt Fixed Link (1988–1998),
connecting Zealand to Funen and thence to
the Jutland Peninsula, and the Øresund
Bridge have connected Central and
Western Europe to Sweden by road and
rail. The bridge was designed by Jørgen
Nissen and Klaus Falbe Hansen from Ove
Arup and Partners, and Niels Gimsing and
Georg Rotne.The justification for the
additional expenditure and complexity
related to digging a tunnel for part of the
way, rather than raising that section of the
bridge, was to avoid interfering with air
traffic from the nearby Copenhagen
Airport, to provide a clear channel for ships
in good weather or bad, and to prevent ice
floes from blocking the strait. Construction
began in 1995, with the bridge opening to
traffic on 1 July 2000. The bridge received
the 2002 IABSE Outstanding Structure
Award.
tables Buffering
pins A pen is a common writing instrument that

applies ink to a surface, usually paper, for
writing or drawing. Early pens such as reed
pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens
held a small amount of ink on a nib or in a
small void or cavity which had to be
periodically recharged by dipping the tip of
the pen into an inkwell. Today, such pens
find only a small number of specialized
uses, such as in illustration and calligraphy.
Reed pens, quill pens and dip pens, which
were used for writing, have been replaced
by ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, fountain
pens and felt or ceramic tip pens. Ruling
pens, which were used for technical
drawing and cartography, have been
replaced by technical pens such as the
Rapidograph. All of these modern pens
contain internal ink reservoirs, such that
they do not need to be dipped in ink while
writing.
categories Buffering
number A number is a mathematical object used to

count, measure, and label. The original
examples are the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, 4,
and so forth. Numbers can be represented
in language with number words. More
universally, individual numbers can be
represented by symbols, called numerals;
for example, "5" is a numeral that
represents the number five. As only a
relatively small number of symbols can be
memorized, basic numerals are commonly
organized in a numeral system, which is an
organized way to represent any number.
The most common numeral system is the
Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which
allows for the representation of any
number using a combination of ten
fundamental numeric symbols, called
digits. In addition to their use in counting
and measuring, numerals are often used for
labels (as with telephone numbers), for
ordering (as with serial numbers), and for
codes (as with ISBNs). In common usage, a
numeral is not clearly distinguished from
the number that it represents. In
mathematics, the notion of a number has
been extended over the centuries to
include zero (0), negative numbers,
rational numbers such as one half
( 1 2
) {\displaystyle \left({\tfrac
{1}{2}}\right)} , real numbers such as the
square root of 2 (
2 ) {\
displaystyle \left({\sqrt {2}}\right)} and
π, and complex numbers which extend the
real numbers with a square root of −1 (and
its combinations with real numbers by
adding or subtracting its multiples).
Calculations with numbers are done with
arithmetical operations, the most familiar
being addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and exponentiation. Their study or
usage is called arithmetic, a term which
may also refer to number theory, the study
of the properties of numbers. Besides their
practical uses, numbers have cultural
significance throughout the world. For
example, in Western society, the number
13 is often regarded as unlucky, and "a
million" may signify "a lot" rather than an
exact quantity. Though it is now regarded
as pseudoscience, belief in a mystical
significance of numbers, known as
numerology, permeated ancient and
medieval thought. Numerology heavily
influenced the development of Greek
mathematics, stimulating the investigation
of many problems in number theory which
are still of interest today.During the 19th
century, mathematicians began to develop
many different abstractions which share
certain properties of numbers, and may be
seen as extending the concept. Among the
first were the hypercomplex numbers,
which consist of various extensions or
modifications of the complex number
system. In modern mathematics, number
systems are considered important special
examples of more general algebraic
structures such as rings and fields, and the
application of the term "number" is a
matter of convention, without fundamental
significance.
type Time is the continued sequence of

eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse
fields such as business, industry, sports, the
sciences, and the performing arts all
incorporate some notion of time into their
respective measuring systems.Time in
physics is operationally defined as "what a
clock reads".The physical nature of time is
typically noted. The operational definition
of time does not address what the
fundamental nature of time is. It does not
address why events can happen forward
and backward in space, whereas events
only happen in the forward progress of
time. Investigations into the relationship
between space and time led physicists to
define the spacetime continuum. General
relativity is the primary framework for
understanding how spacetime works.
Through advances in both theoretical and
experimental investigations of spacetime, it
has been shown that time can be distorted
and dilated, particularly at the edges of
black holes. Temporal measurement has
occupied scientists and technologists and
was a prime motivation in navigation and
day and in human life spans. There are
many systems for determining what time it
is, including the Global Positioning System,
other satellite systems, Coordinated
Universal Time and mean solar time. In
general, the numbers obtained from
different time systems differ from one
another.

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database are required. Connection pools
are used to enhance the performance of
executing commands on a database.
Opening and maintaining a database
connection for each user, especially
requests made to a dynamic database-
driven website application, is costly and
wastes resources. In connection pooling,
after a connection is created, it is placed in
the pool and it is used again so that a new
connection does not have to be established.
If all the connections are being used, a new
connection is made and is added to the
pool. Connection pooling also cuts down on
the amount of time a user must wait to
establish a connection to the database.

providers.
support speed Need for Speed (NFS) is a racing game

franchise published by Electronic Arts and
currently developed by Criterion Games,
the developers of Burnout. The series
generally centers around illegal street
racing and tasks players to complete
various types of races while evading the
local law enforcement in police pursuits.
The series is one of EA's oldest franchises
not published under their EA Sports brand.
The series released its first title, The Need
for Speed, in 1994. The most recent game,
Need for Speed Unbound, was released on
December 2, 2022. Additionally, a free-to-
play mobile installment released in 2015,
Need for Speed: No Limits, was actively
developed by Firemonkeys Studios, the
developers of Real Racing 3. The series has
been overseen and had games developed
by multiple notable teams over the years
including EA Canada, EA Black Box, Slightly
Mad Studios, and Ghost Games. The
franchise has been critically well-received
and is one of the most successful video
game franchises of all time, selling over 150
million copies of games. Due to its strong
sales, the franchise has expanded into other
forms of media including a film adaptation
and licensed Hot Wheels toys.


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million bits per second. In most computing
and digital communication environments,
one byte per second (symbol: B/s)
corresponds to 8 bit/s.
maximum data In statistics, maximum likelihood

estimation (MLE) is a method of estimating
the parameters of an assumed probability
distribution, given some observed data.
This is achieved by maximizing a likelihood
function so that, under the assumed
statistical model, the observed data is most
probable. The point in the parameter space
that maximizes the likelihood function is
called the maximum likelihood estimate.
The logic of maximum likelihood is both
intuitive and flexible, and as such the
method has become a dominant means of
statistical inference.If the likelihood
function is differentiable, the derivative
test for finding maxima can be applied. In
some cases, the first-order conditions of
the likelihood function can be solved
analytically; for instance, the ordinary least
squares estimator for a linear regression
model maximizes the likelihood when all
observed outcomes are assumed to have
normal distributions with the same
variance.From the perspective of Bayesian
inference, MLE is generally equivalent to
maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation
with uniform prior distributions (or a
normal prior distribution with a standard
deviation of infinity). In frequentist
inference, MLE is a special case of an
extremum estimator, with the objective
function being the likelihood.



and understood. Classification is the
grouping of related facts into classes. It
may also refer to:
rates Buffering
data Buffering
rate Buffering

maxima and minima of functions. As
defined in set theory, the maximum and
maximum.
specific Buffering
missed connections.



providers.

database are required. Connection pools
are used to enhance the performance of
executing commands on a database.
Opening and maintaining a database
connection for each user, especially
requests made to a dynamic database-
driven website application, is costly and
wastes resources. In connection pooling,
after a connection is created, it is placed in
the pool and it is used again so that a new
connection does not have to be established.
If all the connections are being used, a new
connection is made and is added to the
pool. Connection pooling also cuts down on
the amount of time a user must wait to
establish a connection to the database.

speed. Proper display of V-speeds is an
pieces, usually fifteen per player. Tables
games should not be confused with table
games which are casino gambling games
like roulette or blackjack.

tables. Common design elements include:
or oval Legs arranged in two or more
similar pairs. It usually has four legs.
However, some tables have three legs, use a
single heavy pedestal, or are attached to a
wall. Several geometries of folding table
that can be collapsed into a smaller volume
(e.g., a TV tray, which is a portable, folding
table on a stand) Heights ranging up and
down from the most common 18–30 inches
(46–76 cm) range, often reflecting the
height of chairs or bar stools used as
seating for people making use of a table, as
for eating or performing various
manipulations of objects resting on a table
conference room tables Presence or
absence of drawers, shelves or other areas
for storing items Expansion of the table
surface by insertion of leaves or locking
hinged drop leaf sections into a horizontal
position (this is particularly common for
dining tables)

tables Buffering
cable Buffering
speed Buffering
rate Buffering
data Buffering

world today.

maximum.




allow for it).

Thrones. Introduced in 1996's A Game of
Thrones, Varys is a former slave eunuch
from the fictional city of Lys and the master
of whisperers in King's Landing. He
those who employ his services. Varys is
portrayed by Conleth Hill in the HBO
television adaptation.
speed Buffering
tables Buffering
maximum.

may also refer to:

other forms of entertainment. Some
parties are held in honor of a specific
specific Buffering

also Buffering
on Buffering
for Buffering




allow for it).
speed Buffering
tables Buffering

may also refer to:

maximum.

specific Buffering

on Buffering
for Buffering

numbers.




allow for it).

speed Buffering
tables Buffering

maximum.

may also refer to:

specific Buffering

also Buffering
on Buffering
for Buffering




specific standard An application-specific integrated circuit

(ASIC ) is an integrated circuit (IC) chip
customized for a particular use, rather than
intended for general-purpose use, such as a
chip designed to run in a digital voice
recorder or a high-efficiency video codec.
Application-specific standard product chips
are intermediate between ASICs and
industry standard integrated circuits like
the 7400 series or the 4000 series. ASIC
chips are typically fabricated using metal–
oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology, as
MOS integrated circuit chips.As feature
sizes have shrunk and design tools
improved over the years, the maximum
complexity (and hence functionality)
possible in an ASIC has grown from 5,000
logic gates to over 100 million. Modern
ASICs often include entire microprocessors,
memory blocks including ROM, RAM,
EEPROM, flash memory and other large
building blocks. Such an ASIC is often
termed a SoC (system-on-chip). Designers
of digital ASICs often use a hardware
description language (HDL), such as Verilog
or VHDL, to describe the functionality of
ASICs.Field-programmable gate arrays
(FPGA) are the modern-day technology
improvement on breadboards, meaning
that they are not made to be application-
specific as opposed to ASICs.
Programmable logic blocks and
programmable interconnects allow the
same FPGA to be used in many different
applications. For smaller designs or lower
production volumes, FPGAs may be more
cost-effective than an ASIC design, even in
production. The non-recurring engineering
(NRE) cost of an ASIC can run into the
millions of dollars. Therefore, device
manufacturers typically prefer FPGAs for
prototyping and devices with low
production volume and ASICs for very large
production volumes where NRE costs can
be amortized across many devices.
tables Buffering
speed Buffering
rate Buffering
data Buffering
transfer Buffering

maximum.

may also refer to:
standard Buffering
specific Buffering
for Buffering




allow for it).

speed Buffering
tables Buffering

maximum.

may also refer to:

specific Buffering

also Buffering
on Buffering
for Buffering




allow for it).
speed Buffering
tables Buffering

may also refer to:

maximum.

specific Buffering

on Buffering
for Buffering

numbers.


missed connections.




providers.


tables. Common design elements include:
or oval Legs arranged in two or more
similar pairs. It usually has four legs.
However, some tables have three legs, use a
single heavy pedestal, or are attached to a
wall. Several geometries of folding table
that can be collapsed into a smaller volume
(e.g., a TV tray, which is a portable, folding
table on a stand) Heights ranging up and
down from the most common 18–30 inches
(46–76 cm) range, often reflecting the
height of chairs or bar stools used as
seating for people making use of a table, as
for eating or performing various
manipulations of objects resting on a table
conference room tables Presence or
absence of drawers, shelves or other areas
for storing items Expansion of the table
surface by insertion of leaves or locking
hinged drop leaf sections into a horizontal
position (this is particularly common for
dining tables)

tables Buffering

speed Buffering
cable Buffering
rate Buffering
data Buffering

maximum.
transfer Buffering

missed connections.


10 lips The lips are the visible body part at the

mouth of many animals, including humans.
Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the
opening for food intake and in the
articulation of sound and speech. Human
lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be
an erogenous zone when used in kissing
and other acts of intimacy.
support data Data publishing (also data publication) is

the act of releasing research data in
published form for use by others. It is a
practice consisting in preparing certain
data or data set(s) for public use thus to
make them available to everyone to use as
they wish. This practice is an integral part
of the open science movement. There is a
large and multidisciplinary consensus on
the benefits resulting from this
practice.The main goal is to elevate data to
be first class research outputs. There are a
number of initiatives underway as well as
points of consensus and issues still in
contention.There are several distinct ways
to make research data available, including:
publishing data as supplemental material
associated with a research article, typically
with the data files hosted by the publisher
of the article hosting data on a publicly
available website, with files available for
download hosting data in a repository that
has been developed to support data
publication, e.g. figshare, Dryad, Dataverse,
Zenodo. A large number of general and
specialty (such as by research topic) data
repositories exist. For example, the UK Data
Service enables users to deposit data
collections and re-share these for research
purposes. publishing a data paper about
the dataset, which may be published as a
preprint, in a regular journal, or in a data
journal that is dedicated to supporting data
papers. The data may be hosted by the
journal or hosted separately in a data
repository.Publishing data allows
researchers to both make their data
available to others to use, and enables
datasets to be cited similarly to other
research publication types (such as articles
or books), thereby enabling producers of
datasets to gain academic credit for their
work. The motivations for publishing data
may range for a desire to make research
more accessible, to enable citability of
datasets, or research funder or publisher
mandates that require open data
publishing. The UK Data Service is one key
organisation working with others to raise
the importance of citing data correctly and
helping researchers to do so. Solutions to
preserve privacy within data publishing
has been proposed, including privacy
protection algorithms, data ”masking”
methods, and regional privacy level
calculation algorithm.

rates Buffering
data Buffering
lips In vertebrate anatomy, hip (or "coxa" in

medical terminology) refers to either an
anatomical region or a joint. The hip region
is located lateral and anterior to the gluteal
region, inferior to the iliac crest, and
overlying the greater trochanter of the
femur, or "thigh bone". In adults, three of
the bones of the pelvis have fused into the
hip bone or acetabulum which forms part
of the hip region. The hip joint,
scientifically referred to as the
acetabulofemoral joint (art. coxae), is the
joint between the head of the femur and
acetabulum of the pelvis and its primary
function is to support the weight of the
body in both static (e.g., standing) and
dynamic (e.g., walking or running)
postures. The hip joints have very
important roles in retaining balance, and
for maintaining the pelvic inclination angle.
Pain of the hip may be the result of
numerous causes, including nervous,
osteoarthritic, infectious, traumatic, and
genetic.
example Buffering
up Buffering
support Buffering
modern computers A computer is a machine that can be

computer scientist A computer scientist is a scholar who

specializes in the academic study of
computer science.Computer scientists
typically work on the theoretical side of
computation, as opposed to the hardware
side on which computer engineers mainly
focus (although there is overlap). Although
computer scientists can also focus their
work and research on specific areas (such
as algorithm and data structure
development and design, software
engineering, information theory, database
theory, computational complexity theory,
numerical analysis, programming language
theory, computer graphics, and computer
vision), their foundation is the theoretical
study of computing from which these other
fields derive.A primary goal of computer
scientists is to develop or validate models,
often mathematical, to describe the
properties of computational systems
(processors, programs, computers
interacting with people, computers
interacting with other computers, etc.) with
an overall objective of discovering designs
that yield useful benefits (faster, smaller,
cheaper, more precise, etc.).
modern computer A computer is a machine that can be

program computers A computer program is a sequence or set of

instructions in a programming language for
a computer to execute. Computer programs
are one component of software, which also
includes documentation and other
intangible components.A computer
program in its human-readable form is
called source code. Source code needs
another computer program to execute
because computers can only execute their
native machine instructions. Therefore,
source code may be translated to machine
instructions using the language's compiler.
(Assembly language programs are
translated using an assembler.) The
resulting file is called an executable.
Alternatively, source code may execute
within the language's interpreter.If the
executable is requested for execution, then
the operating system loads it into memory
and starts a process. The central processing
unit will soon switch to this process so it
can fetch, decode, and then execute each
machine instruction.If the source code is
requested for execution, then the operating
system loads the corresponding interpreter
into memory and starts a process. The
interpreter then loads the source code into
memory to translate and execute each
statement. Running the source code is
slower than running an executable.
Moreover, the interpreter must be installed
on the computer.
electronic computer A computer is a machine that can be

british computer The British Computer Society (BCS),

branded BCS, The Chartered Institute for
IT, since 2009, is a professional body and a
learned society that represents those
working in information technology (IT) and
computer science, both in the United
Kingdom and internationally. Founded in
1957, BCS has played an important role in
educating and nurturing IT professionals,
computer scientists, computer engineers,
upholding the profession, accrediting
chartered IT professional status, and
creating a global community active in
promoting and furthering the field and
practice of computing.
computer designs A computer is a machine that can be


goal, including recognition: Competition
occurs in nature, between living organisms
which co-exist in the same environment.
Animals compete over water supplies, food,
mates, and other biological resources.
Humans usually compete for food and
mates, though when these needs are met
deep rivalries often arise over the pursuit
of wealth, power, prestige, and fame when
in a static, repetitive, or unchanging
environment. Competition is a major tenet
of market economies and business, often
associated with business competition as
companies are in competition with at least
one other firm over the same group of
customers. Competition inside a company
is usually stimulated with the larger
purpose of meeting and reaching higher
quality of services or improved products
that the company may produce or develop.

inventor Inventory (American English) or stock

(British English) refers to the goods and
materials that a business holds for the
ultimate goal of resale, production or
utilisation.Inventory management is a
discipline primarily about specifying the
shape and placement of stocked goods. It is
required at different locations within a
facility or within many locations of a supply
network to precede the regular and
planned course of production and stock of
materials. The concept of inventory, stock
or work in process (or work in progress)
has been extended from manufacturing
systems to service businesses and projects,
by generalizing the definition to be "all
work within the process of production—all
work that is or has occurred prior to the
completion of production". In the context of
a manufacturing production system,
inventory refers to all work that has
occurred—raw materials, partially finished
products, finished products prior to sale
and departure from the manufacturing
system. In the context of services,
inventory refers to all work done prior to
sale, including partially process
information.

turing Buffering
mathematician A mathematician is someone who uses an

extensive knowledge of mathematics in
their work, typically to solve mathematical
problems. Mathematicians are concerned
with numbers, data, quantity, structure,
space, models, and change.
computer Buffering

compiler A computer is a machine that can be

architecture Architecture is the art and technique of

designing and building, as distinguished
from the skills associated with
construction. It is both the process and the
product of sketching, conceiving, planning,
designing, and constructing buildings or
other structures. The term comes from
Latin architectura; from Ancient Greek
ἀ ρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktō n) 'architect'; from
ἀ ρχι- (arkhi-) 'chief', and τέκτων (téktō n)
'creator'. Architectural works, in the
material form of buildings, are often
perceived as cultural symbols and as works
of art. Historical civilizations are often
identified with their surviving architectural
achievements.The practice, which began in
the prehistoric era, has been used as a way
of expressing culture for civilizations on all
seven continents. For this reason,
architecture is considered to be a form of
art. Texts on architecture have been
written since ancient times. The earliest
surviving text on architectural theories is
the 1st century AD treatise De architectura
by the Roman architect Vitruvius,
according to whom a good building
embodies firmitas, utilitas, and venustas
(durability, utility, and beauty). Centuries
later, Leon Battista Alberti developed his
ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective
quality of buildings to be found in their
proportions. Giorgio Vasari wrote Lives of
the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and
Architects and put forward the idea of style
in the Western arts in the 16th century. In
the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared
that "form follows function". "Function"
began to replace the classical "utility" and
was understood to include not only
practical but also aesthetic, psychological
and cultural dimensions. The idea of
sustainable architecture was introduced in
the late 20th century. Architecture began as
rural, oral vernacular architecture that
developed from trial and error to
successful replication. Ancient urban
architecture was preoccupied with building
religious structures and buildings
symbolizing the political power of rulers
until Greek and Roman architecture shifted
focus to civic virtues. Indian and Chinese
architecture influenced forms all over Asia
and Buddhist architecture in particular
took diverse local flavors. In fact, During
the European Middle Ages, pan-European
styles of Romanesque and Gothic
cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the
Renaissance favored Classical forms
implemented by architects known by name.
Later, the roles of architects and engineers
became separated. Modern architecture
began after World War I as an avant-garde
movement that sought to develop a
completely new style appropriate for a new
post-war social and economic order
focused on meeting the needs of the middle
and working classes. Emphasis was put on
modern techniques, materials, and
simplified geometric forms, paving the way
for high-rise superstructures. Many
architects became disillusioned with
modernism which they perceived as
ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and
postmodern and contemporary
architecture developed. Over the years, the
field of architectural construction has
branched out to include everything from
ship design to interior decorating.

network protocol A communication protocol is a system of

rules that allows two or more entities of a
communications system to transmit
information via any kind of variation of a
physical quantity. The protocol defines the
rules, syntax, semantics and
synchronization of communication and
possible error recovery methods. Protocols
may be implemented by hardware,
software, or a combination of
both.Communicating systems use well-
defined formats for exchanging various
messages. Each message has an exact
meaning intended to elicit a response from
a range of possible responses pre-
determined for that particular situation.
The specified behavior is typically
independent of how it is to be
implemented. Communication protocols
have to be agreed upon by the parties
involved. To reach an agreement, a
protocol may be developed into a technical
standard. A programming language
describes the same for computations, so
there is a close analogy between protocols
and programming languages: protocols are
to communication what programming
languages are to computations. An
alternate formulation states that protocols
are to communication what algorithms are
to computation.Multiple protocols often
describe different aspects of a single
communication. A group of protocols
designed to work together is known as a
protocol suite; when implemented in
software they are a protocol stack. Internet
communication protocols are published by
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers) handles wired and
wireless networking and the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
handles other types. The ITU-T handles
telecommunications protocols and formats
for the public switched telephone network
(PSTN). As the PSTN and Internet converge,
the standards are also being driven
towards convergence.
via email Electronic mail (email or e-mail) is a

method of transmitting and receiving
messages using electronic devices. It was
conceived in the late–20th century as the
digital version of, or counterpart to, mail
(hence e- + mail). Email is a ubiquitous and
very widely used communication medium;
in current use, an email address is often
treated as a basic and necessary part of
many processes in business, commerce,
government, education, entertainment, and
other spheres of daily life in most
countries. Email operates across computer
networks, primarily the Internet, and also
local area networks. Today's email systems
are based on a store-and-forward model.
Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and
store messages. Neither the users nor their
computers are required to be online
simultaneously; they need to connect,
typically to a mail server or a webmail
interface to send or receive messages or
download it. Originally an ASCII text-only
communications medium, Internet email
was extended by Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (MIME) to carry text in
other character sets and multimedia
content attachments. International email,
with internationalized email addresses
using UTF-8, is standardized but not widely
adopted.

used as servers. The term mainframe was
derived from the large cabinet, called a
main frame, that housed the central
processing unit and main memory of early
computers. Later, the term mainframe was
used to distinguish high-end commercial
tcp Buffering
protocol Buffering

messages A message is a discrete unit of

communication intended by the source for
consumption by some recipient or group of
recipients. A message may be delivered by
various means, including courier,
telegraphy, carrier pigeon and electronic
bus. A message can be the content of a
broadcast. An interactive exchange of
messages forms a conversation.One
example of a message is a press release,
which may vary from a brief report or
statement released by a public agency to
commercial publicity material.
network Buffering
email The mail or post is a system for physically

transporting postcards, letters, and parcels.
A postal service can be private or public,
though many governments place
restrictions on private systems. Since the
mid-19th century, national postal systems
have generally been established as a
government monopoly, with a fee on the
article prepaid. Proof of payment is usually
in the form of an adhesive postage stamp,
but a postage meter is also used for bulk
mailing. Postal authorities often have
functions aside from transporting letters.
In some countries, a postal, telegraph and
telephone (PTT) service oversees the
postal system, in addition to telephone and
telegraph systems. Some countries' postal
systems allow for savings accounts and
handle applications for passports. The
Universal Postal Union (UPU), established
in 1874, includes 192 member countries
and sets the rules for international mail
exchanges as a Specialized Agency of the
United Nations.
data Buffering


have a graduate school. The word
university is derived from the Latin
universitas magistrorum et scholarium,
which roughly means "community of
teachers and scholars".The first
universities in Europe were established by
Catholic Church monks. The University of
Bologna (Università di Bologna), Italy,
which was founded in 1088, is the first
university in the sense of: Being a high
degree-awarding institute. Having
independence from the ecclesiastic schools,
although conducted by both clergy and
non-clergy. Using the word universitas
(which was coined at its foundation).
law, notarial law.
via Buffering

distinguishing features. The usual name of
the script is given first; the name of the
language(s) in which the script is written
follows (in brackets), particularly in the
case where the language name differs from
the script name. Other informative or
qualifying annotations for the script may
also be provided.


usually denoted I
V {\displaystyle I_{V}} ,
I S {\
displaystyle I_{S}} , and I
s s i {\
displaystyle I_{ssi}} . The specific-
information between a random variable
X {\displaystyle X} and a state
Y = y {\displaystyle Y=y}
is written as : I ( X ;
Y = y ) {\displaystyle
I(X;Y=y)} .



law, notarial law.
used Buffering

processing. The concept of information is
relevant in various contexts, including
those of constraint, communication,
control, data, form, education, knowledge,
meaning, understanding, mental stimuli,
pattern, perception, proposition,
representation, and entropy. The
derivation of information from a signal or
message may be thought of as the
compression. The information available
through a collection of data may be derived
by analysis. For example, data may be
content of a message. Information can be
encoded into various forms for
transmission and interpretation (for
example, information may be encoded into
a sequence of signs, or transmitted via a
signal). It can also be encrypted for safe
storage and communication. The
uncertainty of an event is measured by its
probability of occurrence. Uncertainty is
first time).
specific Buffering
for Buffering

type. In English grammar, "a", and its
variant "an", are indefinite articles.
exact Buffering


calculations. The System/360 family
introduced IBM's Solid Logic Technology
(SLT), which packed more transistors onto
a circuit card, allowing more powerful but
smaller computers to be built.The slowest
was also available for some models. The
IBM 360 was extremely successful in the
market, allowing customers to purchase a
smaller system with the knowledge they
would be able to move to larger ones if
their needs grew, without reprogramming
application software or replacing
peripheral devices. Its design influenced
computer design for years to come; many
consider it one of the most successful
computers in history. The chief architect of
System/360 was Gene Amdahl, and the
project was managed by Fred Brooks,
responsible to Chairman Thomas J. Watson
Jr. The commercial release was piloted by
another of Watson's lieutenants, John R.
Opel, who managed the launch of IBM’s
System 360 mainframe family in
1964.Application-level compatibility (with
some restrictions) for System/360
software is maintained to the present day
with the System z mainframe servers.



stanford university Buffering

ibm Buffering


law, notarial law.


law, notarial law.
computer Buffering
server Buffering



India.
specific system The adaptive immune system, also known

as the acquired immune system, is a
subsystem of the immune system that is
composed of specialized, systemic cells and
processes that eliminate pathogens or
prevent their growth. The acquired
immune system is one of the two main
immunity strategies found in vertebrates
(the other being the innate immune
system). Like the innate system, the
adaptive immune system includes both
humoral immunity components and cell-
mediated immunity components and
destroys invading pathogens. Unlike the
innate immune system, which is pre-
programmed to react to common broad
categories of pathogen, the adaptive
immune system is highly specific to each
particular pathogen the body has
encountered.Adaptive immunity creates
immunological memory after an initial
response to a specific pathogen, and leads
to an enhanced response to future
encounters with that pathogen. Antibodies
are a critical part of the adaptive immune
system. Adaptive immunity can provide
long-lasting protection, sometimes for the
person's entire lifetime. For example,
someone who recovers from measles is
now protected against measles for their
lifetime; in other cases it does not provide
lifetime protection, as with chickenpox.
This process of adaptive immunity is the
basis of vaccination. The cells that carry out
the adaptive immune response are white
blood cells known as lymphocytes. B cells
and T cells, two different types of
lymphocytes, carry out the main activities:
antibody responses, and cell-mediated
immune response. In antibody responses, B
cells are activated to secrete antibodies,
which are proteins also known as
immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel
through the bloodstream and bind to the
foreign antigen causing it to inactivate,
which does not allow the antigen to bind to
the host. Antigens are any substances that
elicit the adaptive immune response.
Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to
distinguish harmful from harmless foreign
molecules; the effects of this may be
hayfever, asthma, or any other allergy. In
adaptive immunity, pathogen-specific
receptors are "acquired" during the lifetime
of the organism (whereas in innate
immunity pathogen-specific receptors are
already encoded in the genome). This
acquired response is called "adaptive"
because it prepares the body's immune
system for future challenges (though it can
actually also be maladaptive when it results
in allergies or autoimmunity). The system
is highly adaptable because of two factors.
First, somatic hypermutation is a process of
accelerated random genetic mutations in
the antibody-coding genes, which allows
antibodies with novel specificity to be
created. Second, V(D)J recombination
randomly selects one variable (V), one
diversity (D), and one joining (J) region for
genetic recombination and discards the
rest, which produces a highly unique
combination of antigen-receptor gene
segments in each lymphocyte. This
mechanism allows a small number of
genetic segments to generate a vast
number of different antigen receptors,
which are then uniquely expressed on each
individual lymphocyte. Since the gene
rearrangement leads to an irreversible
change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny
(offspring) of that cell inherit genes that
encode the same receptor specificity,
including the memory B cells and memory
T cells that are the keys to long-lived
specific immunity.
speed would Faster-than-light (also FTL, superluminal

or supercausal) travel and communication
are the conjectural propagation of matter
or information faster than the speed of
light (c). The special theory of relativity
implies that only particles with zero rest
mass (i.e., photons) may travel at the speed
of light, and that nothing may travel faster.
Particles whose speed exceeds that of light
(tachyons) have been hypothesized, but
their existence would violate causality and
would imply time travel. The scientific
consensus is that they do not exist.
"Apparent" or "effective" FTL, on the other
hand, depends on the hypothesis that
unusually distorted regions of spacetime
might permit matter to reach distant
locations in less time than light could in
normal ("undistorted") spacetime. As of the
21st century, according to current scientific
theories, matter is required to travel at
slower-than-light (also STL or subluminal)
speed with respect to the locally distorted
spacetime region. Apparent FTL is not
excluded by general relativity; however,
any apparent FTL physical plausibility is
currently speculative. Examples of
apparent FTL proposals are the Alcubierre
drive, Krasnikov tubes, traversable
wormholes, and quantum tunneling.


standard. There are different types of
technical or engineering specifications
(specs), and the term is used differently in
different technical contexts. They often
refer to particular documents, and/or
particular information within them. The
word specification is broadly defined as "to
state explicitly or in detail" or "to be
specific". A requirement specification is a
development processes in many fields. A
functional specification is a kind of
informing how to produce. An "in-service"
or "maintained as" specification, specifies
the conditions of a system or object after
years of operation, including the effects of
wear and maintenance (configuration
changes). Specifications are a type of
technical standard that may be developed
by any of various kinds of organizations, in
both the public and private sectors.
Example organization types include a
corporation, a consortium (a small group of
corporations), a trade association (an
industry-wide group of corporations), a
national government (including its
different public entities, regulatory
agencies, and national laboratories and
institutes), a professional association
(society), a purpose-made standards
organization such as ISO, or vendor-neutral
developed generic requirements. It is
common for one organization to refer to
(reference, call out, cite) the standards of
another. Voluntary standards may become
mandatory if adopted by a government or
business contract.
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specific Buffering
used Buffering
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is In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or

in Korean, Beja, and Inuit languages. Most
languages have one main copula (in



India.
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institutions used Institutions (singular: institution) are

used mainframe A mainframe computer, informally called a

time universities Time is the continued sequence of

eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse
fields such as business, industry, sports, the
sciences, and the performing arts all
incorporate some notion of time into their
respective measuring systems.Time in
physics is operationally defined as "what a
clock reads".The physical nature of time is
typically noted. The operational definition
of time does not address what the
fundamental nature of time is. It does not
address why events can happen forward
and backward in space, whereas events
only happen in the forward progress of
time. Investigations into the relationship
between space and time led physicists to
define the spacetime continuum. General
relativity is the primary framework for
understanding how spacetime works.
Through advances in both theoretical and
experimental investigations of spacetime, it
has been shown that time can be distorted
and dilated, particularly at the edges of
black holes. Temporal measurement has
occupied scientists and technologists and
was a prime motivation in navigation and
day and in human life spans. There are
many systems for determining what time it
is, including the Global Positioning System,
other satellite systems, Coordinated
Universal Time and mean solar time. In
general, the numbers obtained from
different time systems differ from one
another.
research institutions A research institute, research centre,

research center or research organization, is
an establishment founded for doing
research. Research institutes may
specialize in basic research or may be
oriented to applied research. Although the
term often implies natural science
research, there are also many research
institutes in the social science as well,
especially for sociological and historical
research purposes.



law, notarial law.
institutions Institutions (singular: institution) are

research Buffering
time The ( (listen)) is a grammatical article in

numbers.
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different mainframe A mainframe computer, informally called a







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budget A budget is a calculation plan, usually but

not always financial, for a defined period,
often one year or a month. A budget may
include anticipated sales volumes and
revenues, resource quantities including
time, costs and expenses, environmental
impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions,
other impacts, assets, liabilities and cash
flows. Companies, governments, families,
and other organizations use budgets to
express strategic plans of activities in
measurable terms.A budget expresses
intended expenditures along with
proposals for how to meet them with
resources. A budget may express a surplus,
providing resources for use at a future
time, or a deficit in which expenditures
exceed income or other resources.

distinguishing features. The usual name of
the script is given first; the name of the
language(s) in which the script is written
follows (in brackets), particularly in the
case where the language name differs from
the script name. Other informative or
qualifying annotations for the script may
also be provided.


usually denoted I
V {\displaystyle I_{V}} ,
I S {\
displaystyle I_{S}} , and I
s s i {\
displaystyle I_{ssi}} . The specific-
information between a random variable
X {\displaystyle X} and a state
Y = y {\displaystyle Y=y}
is written as : I ( X ;
Y = y ) {\displaystyle
I(X;Y=y)} .



law, notarial law.
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processing. The concept of information is
relevant in various contexts, including
those of constraint, communication,
control, data, form, education, knowledge,
meaning, understanding, mental stimuli,
pattern, perception, proposition,
representation, and entropy. The
derivation of information from a signal or
message may be thought of as the
compression. The information available
through a collection of data may be derived
by analysis. For example, data may be
content of a message. Information can be
encoded into various forms for
transmission and interpretation (for
example, information may be encoded into
a sequence of signs, or transmitted via a
signal). It can also be encrypted for safe
storage and communication. The
uncertainty of an event is measured by its
probability of occurrence. Uncertainty is
first time).
specific Buffering
for Buffering

type. In English grammar, "a", and its
variant "an", are indefinite articles.
exact Buffering




and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge. The
university is made up of thirty-nine semi-
autonomous constituent colleges, five
provided predominantly centrally. Oxford
operates the world's oldest university
museum, as well as the largest university
press in the world and the largest academic
library system nationwide. In the fiscal
year ending 31 July 2019, the university
had a total income of £2.45 billion, of which
£624.8 million was from research grants
and contracts.Oxford has educated a wide
range of notable alumni, including 30
prime ministers of the United Kingdom and
many heads of state and government
around the world. As of October 2022, 73
Nobel Prize laureates, 4 Fields Medalists,
and 6 Turing Award winners have studied,
worked, or held visiting fellowships at the
University of Oxford, while its alumni have
won 160 Olympic medals. Oxford is the
home of numerous scholarships, including
the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest
programmes.
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different departments In the administrative divisions of France,

the department (French: département,
pronounced [depaʁtəmɑ̃ ] (listen)) is one of
the three levels of government under the
national level ("territorial collectivities"),
between the administrative regions and the
communes. Ninety-six departments are in
metropolitan France, and five are overseas
departments, which are also classified as
overseas regions. Departments are further
subdivided into 332 arrondissements, and
these are divided into cantons. The last two
levels of government have no autonomy,
instead serving as the basis of local
organisation of police, fire departments
and, sometimes, administration of
elections. Each department is administered
by an elected body called a departmental
council (conseil départemental [sing.],
conseils départementaux [plur.]). From
1800 to April 2015, these were called
general councils (conseil général [sing.]
conseils généraux [plur.]). Each council has
a president. Their main areas of
responsibility include the management of a
number of social and welfare allowances, of
junior high school (collège) buildings and
technical staff, and local roads and school
and rural buses, and a contribution to
municipal infrastructures. Local services of
the state administration are traditionally
organised at departmental level, where the
prefect represents the government;
however, regions have gained importance
since the 2000s, with some department-
level services merged into region-level
services. The departments were created in
1790 as a rational replacement of Ancien
Régime provinces with a view to
strengthen national unity; the title
"department" is used to mean a part of a
larger whole. Almost all of them were
named after physical geographical features
(rivers, mountains, or coasts), rather than
after historical or cultural territories, which
could have their own loyalties, or after
their own administrative seats. The
division of France into departments was a
project particularly identified with the
French revolutionary leader the Abbé
Sieyès, although it had already been
frequently discussed and written about by
many politicians and thinkers. The earliest
known suggestion of it is from 1665 in the
writings of d'Argenson. They have inspired
similar divisions in many countries, some
of them former French colonies. The 1822
territorial division of Spain (reverted due
to the 1823 French intervention ending the
trienio liberal) and the 1833 territorial
division of Spain, which forms the basis of
the present day Provinces of Spain with
minor modifications is also based on the
French model of departments of roughly
equal size.Most French departments are
assigned a two-digit number, the Official
Geographical Code, allocated by the Institut
national de la statistique et des études
économiques (Insée). Overseas
departments have a three-digit number.
The number is used, for example, in the
postal code and was until recently used for
all vehicle registration plates. Residents
commonly use the numbers to refer to their
own department or a neighbouring one, for
example inhabitants of Loiret may refer to
their department as "the 45". More distant
departments are generally referred to by
their names, as few people know the
numbers of all the departments. In 2014,
President François Hollande proposed
abolishing departmental councils by 2020,
which would have maintained the
departments as administrative divisions,
and transferring their powers to other
levels of governance. This reform project
has since been scrapped.
within universities Colleges within universities in the United

Kingdom can be divided into two broad
categories: those in federal universities
such as the University of London, which are
primarily teaching institutions joined in a
federation, and residential colleges in
universities following (to a greater or
lesser extent) the traditional collegiate
pattern of Oxford and Cambridge, which
may have academic responsibilities but are
primarily residential and social. The legal
status of colleges varies widely, both with
regard to their corporate status and their
status as educational bodies. London
colleges are all considered 'recognised
bodies' with the power to confer University
of London degrees and, in many cases, their
own degrees. Colleges of Oxford,
Cambridge, Durham and the University of
the Highlands and Islands (UHI) are 'listed
bodies', as "bodies that appear to the
Secretary of State to be constituent
colleges, schools, halls or other institutions
of a university". Colleges of the plate glass
universities of Kent, Lancaster and York,
along with those of the University of
Roehampton and the University of the Arts
London do not have this legal recognition.
Colleges of Oxford (with three exceptions),
Cambridge, London, and UHI, and the
"recognised colleges" and "licensed halls"
of Durham, are separate corporations,
while the colleges of other universities, the
"maintained colleges" of Durham, and the
"societies of the university" at Oxford are
parts of their parent universities and do
not have independent corporate existence.
In the past, many of what are now British
universities with their own degree-
awarding powers were colleges which had
their degrees awarded by either a federal
university (such as Cardiff University) or
validated by another university (for
example many of the post-1992
universities). Colleges that had (or have)
courses validated by a university are not
normally considered to be colleges of that
university; similarly the redbrick
universities that, as university colleges,
prepared students for University of London
External Degrees were not considered
colleges of that university. Some
universities (e.g. Cardiff University) refer to
their academic faculties as "colleges", such
purely academic subdivisions are not
within the scope of this article.
comprehensive list Typographical symbols and punctuation

marks are marks and symbols used in
typography with a variety of purposes such
as to help with legibility and accessibility,
or to identify special cases. This list gives
those most commonly encountered with
Latin script. For a far more comprehensive
list of symbols and signs, see List of
Unicode characters. For other languages
and symbol sets (especially accents), see
below In this table, The first cell in each
row gives a symbol; The second, a link to
the article that details it, using its Unicode
standard name or common alias (holding
the mouse pointer on the hyperlink will
pop up a summary of the symbol's
function); The third, symbols listed
elsewhere in the table that is similar to it in
meaning or appearance or that may be
confused with it; The fourth (if present)
links to related article(s) or adds a
clarification note.
provide comprehensive Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE)

is a sex education instruction method
based on-curriculum that aims to give
students the knowledge, attitudes, skills,
and values to make appropriate and
healthy choices in their sexual lives. The
intention is that this understanding will
prevent students from contracting sexually
transmitted infections, such as HIV and
HPV. CSE is also designed with the
intention of reducing unplanned and
unwanted pregnancies, as well as lowering
rates of domestic and sexual violence, thus
contributing to a healthier society, both
physically and mentally.Comprehensive
sexuality education ultimately promotes
sexual abstinence as the safest sexual
choice for young people. However, CSE
curriculums and teachers are still
committed to teaching students about
topics connected to future sexual activity,
such as age of consent, safe sex,
contraception such as birth control pills,
condoms, and the ending of pregnancy,
when conception does occur, through
abortion. This also includes discussions
which promote safe behaviors, such as
communicating with partners and seeking
testing for sexually transmitted infections.
Additionally, comprehensive sex education
curricula may include discussions
surrounding pregnancy outcomes such as
parenting, adoption, and abortion. Some
states have introduced bills to the
legislature that would require all pre-
existing sexuality education curricula in
public schools to be fully comprehensive
and inclusive. The most widely agreed
benefit of using comprehensive sexuality
education over abstinence-only sex
education is that CSE acknowledges that
the student population will be sexually
active in their future. By acknowledging
this, CSE can encourage students to plan
ahead to make the healthiest possible
sexual decisions. This ideology of arming
students to most successfully survive their
future sexual experiences underlies the
majority of topics within CSE, including
various methods of contraception and
refusal skills.
different systems A numeral system is a writing system for

expressing numbers; that is, a
mathematical notation for representing
numbers of a given set, using digits or other
symbols in a consistent manner. The same
sequence of symbols may represent
different numbers in different numeral
systems. For example, "11" represents the
number eleven in the decimal numeral
system (today, the most common system
globally), the number three in the binary
numeral system (used in modern
computers), and the number two in the
unary numeral system (used in tallying
scores). The number the numeral
represents is called its value. Not all
number systems can represent the same
set of numbers; for example, Roman
numerals cannot represent the number
zero. Ideally, a numeral system will:
Represent a useful set of numbers (e.g. all
integers, or rational numbers) Give every
number represented a unique
representation (or at least a standard
representation) Reflect the algebraic and
arithmetic structure of the numbers.For
example, the usual decimal representation
gives every nonzero natural number a
unique representation as a finite sequence
of digits, beginning with a non-zero digit.
Numeral systems are sometimes called
number systems, but that name is
ambiguous, as it could refer to different
systems of numbers, such as the system of
real numbers, the system of complex
numbers, the system of p-adic numbers,
etc. Such systems are, however, not the
topic of this article.

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comprehensive Buffering
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list In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or
in Korean, Beja, and Inuit languages. Most
languages have one main copula (in
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university one One Day University is an adult education

program founded by Steven Schragis and
John Galvin in 2006. The program's one-
day sessions feature four or five lectures by
leading American university professors.
Originally based in the New York City area,
the program has spread to Boston,
Philadelphia, Washington, Florida and
California. It hosts events at leading
colleges including Villanova, Georgetown
University, Notre Dame, Babson and the
College of Saint Elizabeth. The school's
faculty include Pulitzer Prize winners Jack
Rakove and Gordon Wood, Bard College
president Leon Botstein, social critic
Andrew Delbanco, Clinton White House
advisor Christine Heenan, Holocaust
historian Jonathan Steinberg, philosopher
Tamar Gendler, psychologist Paul Bloom,
and legal scholar Akhil Reed Amar.In 2009,
One Day University was acquired by Bill
Zanker and The Learning Annex to bring
the live One Day University experience
online for students around the world.One
Day University held its largest event to date
on Sunday, October 4, 2009 at the Hilton
Hotel in New York City. 5,000 students
from around the country attended One Day
U to learn from 17 professors from notable
universities, along with keynote speaker
and Harvard professor Alan Dershowitz.
One year later, on October 3, 2010, 4,000
students returned to the Hilton in New
York for another event. Faculty on that day
included former New York State Governor
Mario Cuomo and award-winning writer
and Princeton professor Joyce Carol Oates.
Hollywood legend and UCLA professor
Peter Guber taught at the March 13, 2011
event in New York City.In 2011, One Day
University was reacquired by original
founder Steven Schragis and a group of
investors. In May 2021, the company was
acquired by CuriosityStream, a
subscription streaming video service
focused on factual content. One Day
University will continue to operate
separately.
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370 model The IBM System/370 (S/370) is a model

range of IBM mainframe computers
announced on June 30, 1970, as the
successors to the System/360 family. The
series mostly maintains backward
compatibility with the S/360, allowing an
easy migration path for customers; this,
plus improved performance, were the
dominant themes of the product
announcement. In September 1990, the
System/370 line was replaced with the
System/390.


model 145 The Volvo 140 Series is a line of mid-size

cars manufactured and marketed by Volvo
from 1966 to 1974 in two- and four-door
sedan (models 142 and 144 respectively)
as well as five door station wagon (model
145) body styles—with numerous
intermediate facelifts. More than a million
Volvo 140s were built.

and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge. The
university is made up of thirty-nine semi-
autonomous constituent colleges, five
provided predominantly centrally. Oxford
operates the world's oldest university
museum, as well as the largest university
press in the world and the largest academic
library system nationwide. In the fiscal
year ending 31 July 2019, the university
had a total income of £2.45 billion, of which
£624.8 million was from research grants
and contracts.Oxford has educated a wide
range of notable alumni, including 30
prime ministers of the United Kingdom and
many heads of state and government
around the world. As of October 2022, 73
Nobel Prize laureates, 4 Fields Medalists,
and 6 Turing Award winners have studied,
worked, or held visiting fellowships at the
University of Oxford, while its alumni have
won 160 Olympic medals. Oxford is the
home of numerous scholarships, including
the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest
programmes.
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including ibm Db2 is a family of data management

products, including database servers,
developed by IBM. It initially supported the
relational model, but was extended to
support object–relational features and non-
relational structures like JSON and XML.
The brand name was originally styled as
DB/2, then DB2 until 2017 and finally
changed to its present form.

1982 stanford Stanford University, officially Leland

university used This is a list of the oldest existing

universities in continuous operation in the
world. Inclusion in this list is determined
by the date at which the educational
institute first met the traditional definition
of a university used by academic historians
although it may have existed as a different
kind of institution before that time. This
definition limits the term "university" to
institutions with distinctive structural and
legal features that developed in Europe,
and which make the university form
different from other institutions of higher
learning in the pre-modern world, even
though these may sometimes now be
referred to popularly as universities. To be
included in the list below, the university
must have been founded before 1500 in
Europe or be the oldest university derived
from the medieval European model in a
country or region. It must also be still in
operation, with institutional continuity
retained throughout its history. So some
early universities, including the University
of Paris, founded around the beginning of
the 13th century but abolished by the
French Revolution in 1793, are excluded.
Some institutions reemerge, but with new
foundations, such as the modern University
of Paris, which came into existence in 1896
after the Louis Liard law disbanded
Napoleon's University of France system.
Latin: universitas magistrorum et
scholarium, which approximately means
"community of teachers and scholars". The
University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy,
where teaching began around 1088 and
which was organised into a university in
the late twelfth century, is the world's
oldest university in continuous operation,
and the first university in the sense of a
higher-learning and degree-awarding
institute. The origin of many medieval
universities can be traced back to the
Catholic cathedral schools or monastic
schools, which appeared as early as the 6th
century and were run for hundreds of years
as such before their formal establishment
as universities in the high medieval
period.Ancient higher-learning institutions,
such as those of ancient Greece, ancient
Persia, ancient Rome, Byzantium, ancient
China, ancient India and the Islamic world,
are not included in this list owing to their
cultural, historical, structural and legal
differences from the medieval European
university from which the modern
university evolved.

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machines A machine is a physical system using power

to apply forces and control movement to
perform an action. The term is commonly
applied to artificial devices, such as those
employing engines or motors, but also to
natural biological macromolecules, such as
molecular machines. Machines can be
driven by animals and people, by natural
forces such as wind and water, and by
chemical, thermal, or electrical power, and
include a system of mechanisms that shape
the actuator input to achieve a specific
application of output forces and movement.
They can also include computers and
sensors that monitor performance and plan
movement, often called mechanical
systems. Renaissance natural philosophers
identified six simple machines which were
the elementary devices that put a load into
motion, and calculated the ratio of output
force to input force, known today as
mechanical advantage.Modern machines
are complex systems that consist of
structural elements, mechanisms and
control components and include interfaces
for convenient use. Examples include: a
wide range of vehicles, such as trains,
automobiles, boats and airplanes;
appliances in the home and office, including
computers, building air handling and water
handling systems; as well as farm
machinery, machine tools and factory
automation systems and robots.


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boston university Boston University (BU) is a private

research university in Boston,
Massachusetts. BU was founded in 1839 by
a group of Boston Methodists with its
original campus in Newbury, Vermont,
before being chartered in Boston in 1869.
BU is a member of the Boston Consortium
for Higher Education and the Association of
American Universities. It is classified
among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very
High Research Activity". The Boston
University Terriers compete in the NCAA
Division I. The university is nonsectarian,
though it retains its historical affiliation
with the United Methodist Church. The
university has more than 4,000 faculty
members and nearly 34,000 students and is
one of Boston's largest employers. It offers
bachelor's degrees, master's degrees,
doctorates, and medical, dental, business,
and law degrees through 17 schools and
colleges on three urban campuses. The
main campus is situated along the Charles
River in Boston's Fenway-Kenmore and
Allston neighborhoods, while the Boston
University Medical Campus is located in
Boston's South End neighborhood. The
Fenway campus houses the Wheelock
College of Education and Human
Development, formerly Wheelock College,
which merged with BU in 2018.BU athletic
teams compete in the Patriot League and
Hockey East conferences, and their mascot
is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston
University is well known for men's hockey,
in which it has won five national
championships, most recently in 2009.
Among its alumni and current or past
faculty, the university counts 8 Nobel
Laureates, 23 Pulitzer Prize winners, 10
Rhodes Scholars, 6 Marshall Scholars, 9
Academy Award winners, and several
Emmy and Tony Award winners. BU also
has MacArthur, Fulbright, and Truman
Scholars, as well as American Academy of
Arts and Sciences and National Academy of
Sciences members, among its past and
present graduates and faculty. In 1876, BU
professor Alexander Graham Bell invented
the telephone in a BU lab.
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boston Boston (US: ), officially the City of Boston, is

the capital and largest city of the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the
cultural and financial center of the New
England region of the Northeastern United
States. The city boundaries encompass an
area of about 48.4 sq mi (125 km2) and a
population of 675,647 as of 2020. The city
is the economic and cultural anchor of a
substantially larger metropolitan area
known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan
statistical area (MSA) home to a census-
estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and
ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the
country. A broader combined statistical
area (CSA), generally corresponding to the
commuting area and including Worcester,
Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode
Island, is home to approximately 8.2
million people, making it the sixth most
populous in the United States.Boston is one
of the oldest municipalities in America,
founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630
by Puritan settlers from the English town of
the same name. It was the scene of several
key events of the American Revolution and
the nation's founding, such as the Boston
Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle
of Bunker Hill, and the siege of Boston.
Upon American independence from Great
Britain, the city continued to be an
important port and manufacturing hub as
well as a center for education and culture.
The city has expanded beyond the original
peninsula through land reclamation and
municipal annexation. Its rich history
attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall
alone drawing more than 20 million
visitors per year. Boston's many firsts
include the United States' first public park
(Boston Common, 1634), first public or
state school (Boston Latin School, 1635)
first subway system (Tremont Street
subway, 1897), and first large public
library (Boston Public Library, 1848).
Today, Boston is a center of scientific
research; the area's many colleges and
universities, notably Harvard and MIT,
make it a world leader in higher education,
including law, medicine, engineering and
business, and the city is considered to be a
global pioneer in innovation and
entrepreneurship, with nearly 5,000
startups. Boston's economic base also
includes finance, professional and business
services, biotechnology, information
technology, and government activities.
Households in the city claim the highest
average rate of philanthropy in the United
States. Boston businesses and institutions
rank among the top in the country for
environmental sustainability and new
investment.
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mainframe computer A mainframe computer, informally called a


include stanford Stanford University, officially Leland

processing speed Mental chronometry is the scientific study

of processing speed or reaction time on
cognitive tasks to infer the content,
duration, and temporal sequencing of
mental operations. Reaction time (RT;
sometimes referred to as "response time")
is measured by the elapsed time between
stimulus onset and an individual's
response on elementary cognitive tasks
(ETCs), which are relatively simple
perceptual-motor tasks typically
administered in a laboratory setting.
Mental chronometry is one of the core
methodological paradigms of human
experimental, cognitive, and differential
psychology, but is also commonly analyzed
in psychophysiology, cognitive
neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience
to help elucidate the biological mechanisms
underlying perception, attention, and
decision-making in humans and other
species. Mental chronometry uses
measurements of elapsed time between
sensory stimulus onsets and subsequent
behavioral responses to study the time
course of information processing in the
nervous system. Distributional
characteristics of response times such as
means and variance are considered useful
indices of processing speed and efficiency,
indicating how fast an individual can
execute task-relevant mental operations.
Behavioral responses are typically button
presses, but eye movements, vocal
responses, and other observable behaviors
are often used. Reaction time is thought to
be constrained by the speed of signal
transmission in white matter as well as the
processing efficiency of neocortical gray
matter.The use of mental chronometry in
psychological research is far ranging,
encompassing nomothetic models of
information processing in the human
auditory and visual systems, as well as
differential psychology topics such as the
role of individual differences in RT in
human cognitive ability, aging, and a
variety of clinical and psychiatric outcomes.
The experimental approach to mental
chronometry includes topics such as the
empirical study of vocal and manual
latencies, visual and auditory attention,
temporal judgment and integration,
language and reading, movement time and
motor response, perceptual and decision
time, memory, and subjective time
perception. Conclusions about information
processing drawn from RT are often made
with consideration of task experimental
design, limitations in measurement
technology, and mathematical modeling.




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technological infrastructure The Israel Ministry of Defense - Directorate

of Defense Research & Development (IMOD

technological Technology is the application of knowledge

technology Technology is the application of knowledge

infrastructure Infrastructure is the set of facilities and

availability In reliability engineering, the term

The degree to which a system, subsystem

cities A city is a human settlement of notable size.

countries A country is a distinct part of the world,

data transmission Data communication or digital

bts transmission A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

communication bts A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

data transfer Data communication or digital

station transmission A numbers station is a shortwave radio

transmission case Toyota Motor Corporation's A family is a

The letter A = Aisin-Warner Automatic.

case transceiver An avalanche transceiver or avalanche

transceiver station A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

transceiver In radio communication, a transceiver is an

telephone A telephone is a telecommunications device

communication Communication is usually defined as the

computers A computer is a machine that can be

bts base A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece

station technology DeskStation Technology was a

data transmission Data communication or digital

online web Online shopping is a form of electronic

technology Technology is the application of knowledge

transcriber Transcriber is an open-source software

communication Communication is usually defined as the

programming Computer programming is the process of

developed A developed country (or industrialized

online networking A social networking service or SNS

networking technologies A computer network is a set of computers

online programming Competitive programming (also known as

internet In finance and economics, interest is

technologies Technology is the application of knowledge

programming Computer programming is the process of

devices rs In telecommunications, RS-232 or

Serial communication is used for all long-

232 rs In telecommunications, RS-232 or

technology Technology is the application of knowledge

network cables Networking cables are networking

rates rj A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized

connecting various A connecting rod, also called a 'con rod', is

example rs In telecommunications, RS-232 or

ethernet Ethernet () is a family of wired computer

modems A modulator-demodulator or modem is a

rj R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin

11 connections Connections Academy, a for-profit

ethernet tables Ethernet () is a family of wired computer

telephone tables In the United Kingdom, telephone numbers

ethernet Ethernet () is a family of wired computer

telephone A telephone is a telecommunications device

of The Fahrenheit scale () is a temperature

often categories In ontology, the theory of categories

connection including The Ö resund or Øresund Bridge (Danish:

pins A pen is a common writing instrument that

number A number is a mathematical object used to