“CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY

Centre for Defence and Security Strategies Studies

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE

PROCEEDINGS

STRATEGIES XXI
PROCEEDINGS
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE

STRATEGIES XXI
THE COMPLEX AND DYNAMIC
NATURE OF THE SECURITY
“CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY ENVIROMENT
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Florian CÎRCIUMARU, Ph.D.
Cristina BOGZEANU, Ph.D.
ISSN 2668-6511

5 948490 380255 19011

NOVEMBER 14-15, 2019
BUCHAREST - ROMANIA
 “CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY

Centre for Defence Doctoral School

and Security Strategic Studies

PROCEEDINGS
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE
STRATEGIES XXI

THE COMPLEX AND DYNAMIC NATURE

OF THE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
November 14-15, 2019

Volume 1

Editors
Florian CÎRCIUMARU, Ph.D.
Cristina BOGZEANU, Ph.D.

“CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING HOUSE

BUCHAREST, Romania
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Gheorghe CALOPĂREANU, Ph.D. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Daniel DUMITRU, Ph.D. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Valentin DRAGOMIRESCU, Ph.D. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Ion PURICEL, Ph.D. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Ioan CRĂCIUN, Ph.D. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Doina MUREȘAN, Ph.D. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Florian CÎRCIUMARU, Ph.D., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Iulian CHIFU, Ph.D., Center for Conflict Prevention and Early Warning, Romania
Gelu ALEXANDRESCU, Ph.D. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Péter TÁLAS, Ph.D., Centre for Strategic and Defence Studies, National University of Public Service,
Hungary
Pavel NECAS, Ph.D. Prof. Dipl. Eng., Armed Forces Academy, Slovakia
Piotr GAWLICZEK, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., Cuiavian University in Włocławek, Poland
Stanislaw ZAJAS, Ph.D. Prof., National Defence University, Poland
Josef PROCHÁZKA, Ph.D., National Defence University, Brno, Czech Republic
Gábor BOLDIZSÁR, Assoc. Prof., National University of Public Service, Hungary
Igor SOFRONESCU, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., Armed Forces Military Academy “Alexandru cel Bun”,
Republic of Moldova
János BESENYŐ, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., University of Obuda, Hungary
Daniel FIOTT, Ph.D. Institute for European Studies, “Vrije Universiteit Brussel”, Belgium
Mariusz SOLIS, Coordinator NATO Defense Education Enhancement Programme, Belgium
Alin BODESCU, Ph.D. Lecturer, European Security and Defence College, Brussels, Belgium
Sorin IVAN, Ph.D. Prof., “Titu Maiorescu” University, Romania
Florian RĂPAN, Ph.D. Prof., “Dimitrie Cantemir” Christian University, Romania
Silviu NEGUŢ, Ph.D. Prof., Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania
Nicolae RADU, Ph.D. Prof., “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Police Academy, Romania
Bogdan AURESCU, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., University of Bucharest, Romania
Florin DIACONU, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., University of Bucharest, Romania
Marius ȘERBESZKI, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Ruxandra BULUC, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Elena ȘUȘNEA, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof., “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Stan ANTON, Ph.D. Lecturer, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Gabriel STOENESCU, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Cristian ICHIMESCU, Ph.D. Lecturer, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Răzvan GRIGORAȘ, Ph.D. Lecturer, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Veronica PĂSTAE, Ph.D. Lecturer, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Alexandra SARCINSCHI, Ph.D. Senior Researcher, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Cristian BĂHNĂREANU, Ph.D. Senior Researcher, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Mirela ATANASIU, Ph.D., Senior Researcher, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Marius POTÎRNICHE, Ph.D. Researcher, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Dan PETRESCU, Ph.D. Lecturer, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Mihai ZODIAN, Ph.D. Researcher, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania
Daniela RĂPAN, Ph.D. Researcher, “Carol I” National Defence University, Romania

SCIENTIFIC SECRETARY: Cristina BOGZEANU, Ph.D. Senior Researcher, “Carol I” National

Defence University, Romania
ORGANISING COMMITTEE: Florian CÎRCIUMARU, Ph.D.; Andra PÎNZARIU; Raluca STAN; Doina MIHAI;
Marian BĂDOIU; Andreea TUDOR; Iulia COJOCARU
LAYOUT EDITOR: Andreea GÎRTONEA

COPYRIGHT: Any reproduction is authorised, without fees, provided that the source is mentioned.
Authors are fully responsible for their papers content and for the accuracy of English language.

ISSN 2668-6511 (print); ISSN 2668-7828 (online)

 CONTENTS

SECTION I
STATE AND NONSTATE ACTORS IN POWER RELATIONS

THE COLD WAR GENEALOGY OF DONALD TRUMP’S CRITICISM

OF NATO BURDEN-SHARING 7
Alexandru LUCINESCU, Ph.D.

STRATEGIC COMPETITION IN THE ARCTIC .................................................................. 17

Florin DIACONU, Ph.D.

SEPARATIST STATE FORMATIONS WITHOUT INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

RECOGNITION: INSTRUMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF HYBRID WARFARE ............ 28
Aurelian LAVRIC

A CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH TO STRATEGIC CULTURES OF CHINA

AND INDIA TOWARDS SOUTH ASIA: ORIGINS, MANIFESTATIONS,
AND IMPACT ON REGIONAL SECURITY ........................................................................ 41
Shakaib RAFIQUE, Ph.D.

YEMENI HOUTHI – INSURGENT OR TERRORIST MOVEMENT? ................................ 59

Mirela ATANASIU, Ph.D.

THE ROLE, OBJECTIVES AND MILITARY BASES OF THE STATE

ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR (2011-2019).................................... 74
Cătălin Alin COSTEA

ALLIANCES AND PARTNERSHIPS IN THE 21ST CENTURY .......................................... 97

Doina MUREȘAN, Ph.D.

AN ASSESSMENT OF UN RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGE

OF FOREIGN TERRORIST FIGHTERS.............................................................................. 101
Iffat NAHEED, Ph.D.

ISIS AND WOMEN............................................................................................................... 111

Raluca LUȚAI, Ph.D.

DIGITAL DIASPORA: VIRTUALISATION OF POLITICS AND

NEW HYBRID CHALLENGES IN NOWADAYS ROMANIA .......................................... 118
Iulia ANGHEL, Ph.D.

DEFENDING VALUES: THE KEY RELEVANCE OF NATO’S

FUNDAMENTAL VALUES IN THE CURRENT INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT .......... 131
Cristina BOGZEANU, Ph.D.

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 SECTION II
SECURITY TRANSFORMATION

THE CHANGE OF THE NEW GENERATION OF THREATS

TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY........................................................................................ 143
Iulian CHIFU, Ph.D.

NEW CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY AND GOVERNANCE

OF THE DEFENCE AND SECURITY SECTOR ................................................................ 154
Alexandra SARCINSCHI, Ph.D.

RUSSIAN FAKE NEWS – A NEW INSTRUMENT OF PROPAGANDA ......................... 163

Mara Sofia CRĂCIUNESCU

FUTURE GEOPOLITICS OF A DEMOGRAPHICALLY CHANGING EUROPE ............ 171

Dragoș Ionuț PALĂ

EXTREMISM AND RADICALISM – CHALLENGES

FOR THE EUROPEAN SECURITY .................................................................................... 184
Daniel-Mihai DUȚU, Teodor BADIU

THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY – WHAT DOES IT MEAN? ................................. 195

Sorina Ana MANEA

A STUDY ON CYBER SECURITY LEGISLATION .......................................................... 203

Simona ENESCU

APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL DIPLOMACY

IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS......................................................................... 213
Cristina BODONI

OSCE WORK ON CONFIDENCE BUILDING MEASURES

IN CYBERSPACE: ACCOMPLISHMENTS, CHALLENGES
AND POTENTIAL FUTURE EVOLUTIONS ..................................................................... 225
Cristiana Florentina DINCĂ

MUHAMMAD BIN SALMAN’S REFORMS VS. WAHHABI RULES:

A CHALLENGE FOR THE STATUS QUO OF THE SAUDI STATE ............................... 235
Ecaterina MAȚOI, Ph.D; Diana-Monica CONSTANTIN

WAR FOR WATER............................................................................................................... 249

Viorel ORDEANU, Ph.D.; Benoni ANDRONIC, Ph.D.; Lucia Elena IONESCU, Ph.D.

CROSS BORDER CRIME IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALIZATION ........................... 258

Diana-Gabriela POHAȚĂ

THE VULNERABILITIES OF PUBLIC POLICIES - TAX EVASION .............................. 269

Diana-Gabriela POHAȚĂ

4
 SECTION III
STRATEGIC THEORY AND PRACTICE

ON STRATEGY IN HYBRID WARFARE .......................................................................... 279

Dan-Lucian PETRESCU, Ph.D.

THEORIES ON HYBRID THREAT AND HYBRID WAR.

DEVELOPMENTS IN MILITARY THINKING .................................................................. 291
Costinel Nicolae MAREȘI

NATO-EU STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

FOR COUNTERING HYBRID THREATS .......................................................................... 300
Costinel Nicolae MAREȘI

SPACE STRATEGIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY: INITIATING “STRATEGIC

PROTECTED COSMIC AREAS”. IS THE “IMMEDIATE COSMIC SPACE”
AN “ASSET FOR THE ENTIRE HUMANITY”? THE NEW AMERICAN
STRATEGIC CONCEPT – “MOON-MARS STRATEGIC COMPLEX” ........................... 308
Mădălina ANTONESCU, Ph.D.

TOWARDS AN EXTENDED STRATEGIC CONCEPT IN THE 21ST CENTURY:

“THE GREAT NATO SPACE” AND THE EXPANSION TOWARDS
THE PACIFIC. THE STRATEGIC “DOUBLE-OCEAN” CONNECTION ........................ 320
Mădălina ANTONESCU, Ph.D.

NUCLEAR DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN JOINT

MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS .................................................................................... 332
Alexandru HERCIU, Ph.D.

SEA CONTROL – AN ESSENTIAL TASK FOR NAVAL FORCES ................................. 343

Valentin Marian TOMA; Ion CHIORCEA, Ph.D.

CAMOUFLAGE, CONCEALMENT AND DECEPTION

IN MILITARY OPERATIONS ............................................................................................. 350
Ciprian Gabriel TUDOR

GEOINT IN MONITORING AND DETECTION OF MILITARY CAMOUFLAGE,

CONCEALMENT AND DECEPTION – GEOINT COUNTERDECEPTION .................... 362
Ciprian Gabriel TUDOR

THE USE OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS FOR EVACUATION

AND MEDICAL SUPPORT ................................................................................................. 371
Eduard Grigore JELER

MILITARY AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS OF UAV SYSTEMS ................................ 379

Eduard Grigore JELER

INDEX OF AUTHORS ......................................................................................................... 387

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STRATEGIES XXI International Scientific Conference
The Complex and Dynamic Nature of the Security Environment

MILITARY AND CIVILIAN APPLICATIONS OF UAV SYSTEMS

Eduard Grigore JELER, Ph.D.

Lieutenant Colonel, Lecturer, Military Technical Academy,
Bucharest, Romania. E-mail: eduard_jeler@yahoo.com

Abstract: Various UAV models have proliferated around the world in the last decade, while
technology has improved, allowing their greater use, both in the military, but also in the civilian
sector. UAV systems present unique strategic challenges, which are relatively new to military
planners. As for the civil sector, although they are at the beginning, there is an exponential
increase in the areas of use. According to the NATO classification, the UAVs are classified
according to their size, altitude, range and operational area divided into three basic groups
based on these attributes. The varying sizes and ranges of different UAV models offer unique
advantages and disadvantages to each group. The paper is an in-depth analysis of the military
and non-military applications of UAVs, depending on the technical characteristics and the
purpose of their deployment.
Keywords: UAV; GS; ISR; micro aerial vehicle; local area support vehicles; tactical area
support vehicles; theatre area vehicles.

INTRODUCTION
UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is a type of aircraft operating without a human pilot
on board. It can be remotely piloted with a remote control by an operator being on the ground
or on another aircraft. Another method consist in having the flight independently controlled
using the aircraft’s equipment to implement pre-programmed flight plans1. However, the flight's
trend of UAVs tends to be autonomous instead of the more common manual control. For
military theorists, UAVs can carry out "boring, dirty and dangerous" missions. The expression
"boring" refers to the fact that UAV can supervise an area ten times larger than man would do,
over a long period of time without intervening fatigue, boredom and decreased attention; "dirty"
refers to the ability of a UAV to monitor NBC contaminated areas without endangering human
life and ultimately, "dangerous" refers to suppressing enemy air defenses2. However, the use of
UAVs is not only met in military field. UAVs have a great utiliy in civil applications such as
logistics, internal security, media, meteorology, etc.

1. Component elements of a UAV system

In order to understand the missions and to make a correct classification of the UAV
systems, it is necessary to present its basic structure. In figure no. 1 are presented the basic
components a UAV system (aircraft – UAV and GS – control station) must include and the
relations between them and the environment.

1
***, Technopedia, URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/29896/unmanned-aerial-vehicle-uav, accessed
on 22.08.2019.
2
***, “Drones Doing the Dirty and Dangerous Jobs”, Smithsonian National Airs and Space Museum, 28
November 2017, URL: https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/drones-doing-dirty-and-dangerous-jobs,
accessed on 23.08.2019.

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Figure no. 1: The main components of a UAV system and the flow
of information between them 3

The basic UAV system functions as an operating system and allows communication
between components. It also controls the sensor, navigation, avionics and communications. It
allows the integration of other optional components, such as special sensors (cameras with
different capabilities. INS, GPS and radar) or weapon systems. The UAV sensor system consists
of the UAV sensor equipment along with integrated pre-processing capabilities.
For most military UAVs, these sensors are often high resolution and IR cameras.
Tactical-level UAVs can be equipped with additional sensors, such as GPS / INS, RADAR,
weather sensors, NBC).
The avionics system is responsible for the conversion of the received control commands
into controls of the engine, the devices, the rudder, the stabilizers. Communications systems are
wireless and can be divided into LOS (line-of-sight) or SATCOM (satellite communication).
Modern military UAVs are capable of operating autonomously and may be capable of owning
and operating weapons.
Because UAVs are used in a variety of military and civilian applications, it is difficult
to develop a single classification system that can be fit for all UAVs. Thus, we must distinguish
between the applications based on the use of the military UAV: the military applications, the
achievement of the mission, as well as the different UAV systems implemented for the latter
and applications based on the use of the civilian UAVs, meaning the civil applications and the
mission4.

3
Kim Hartmann, Christoph Steup, “The Vulnerability of UAVs to Cyber Attacks – An Approach to the Risk
Assessment”, in the 5th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, 2013, Tallinn.
4
Gaurav Singhal, Babankumar Bansod, Lini Mathew, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle classification, Applications and
challenges: A Review, Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh, India, 2018.

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2. Scope of UAV systems

2.1 Use of UAV systems for military purposes
The development of UAV systems led to the possibility that the armed forces could
perform military operations in a more efficient and less risky manner than when the aircrafts
were piloted by peoples. UAV systems are now bringing numerous ISR functions and tactical
air support to the armed forces, providing real-time RSTA and new fire capabilities. They can
be used in a conventional operation, on the advance line of their own troops or far beyond it,
on flanks or in rear areas, as shown in figure no. 2. It can also be used in an unconventional
war, such as the counter-insurgency operations. 5.

Figure no. 2: UAV specific missions in the battlefield6

Other key functions include laser illumination of targets designated to be hit, route and
zone recognition, combat damage assessment, and communications relay. Planning for
unmanned aircraft as an integrated element in combined weapon teams can be challenging, but
essential7 8. Figure no. 3 presents the main, but not all, military missions that can be executed
by UAV systems from a military point of view.

5
David Glade, “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Implications for Military Operations”, Occasional Paper No. 16
Center for Strategy and Technology Air War College Air University Maxwell Air Force Base.
6
***, Operational Concept Tactical UAV’s in Concert with Other Means, URL: https://fas.org/irp/
program/collect/nato-uav-99/r-I-5/sld008.htm, accessed on 24.08.2019.
7
“Standards Related Document ATP-3.3.7.1, UAS Tactical Pocket Guide”, Edition A Version 1, Published by the
NATO Standardization Agency, April 2014.
8
“Army Tactical Pocket Guide Organic/Non Organic Group 3/4/5 UAS” Joint Unmanned Aircraft System Center
of Excellence (JUAS-COE), February 2010.

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Nov. 14-15, 2019, Bucharest, Romania

Armed UAV
Unarmed UAV

Air Interdiction and Combat Mission -

ISR - Intelligence, surveillance and
reconnaissance - Collects and
transmits information in real time,
supervising the areas of responsi-
bility, offers informational support to
the commander for awareness and
understanding of the situation.
Targeting - Detecting and recognizing,
designating and illuminating the target,
assessing combat damage
The armed UAV will exploit the
capabilities of the sensors and
available weapon system.
Combat Search and Rescue - The
UAV systems can detect potential
people to evacuate, protect the area
where they are and even evacuate with
the help of specialized equipment

Communication Support - Functioning

as a communications relay for both Suppression of Enemy Air Defences -
voice and data UAV systems can be used to detect and
even annihilate powerful anti-aircraft
defense batteries without exposing
human personnel
Electronic Attack - electronic and cyber
attack systems

Movement Support – Surveillance and

protection for military convoys, mine
detection and IED
Figure no. 3: Possible military missions of UAV systems 9, 10, 11, 12
Each UAV mission requires a certain degree of flight planning, depending on aircraft
size, altitude of operation, speed, mission profile and use of airspace. Different phases of the
mission can be performed by staff / crew members (for example, take-off / landing or mission
crew). Planners must provide instructions, objectives, tasks, etc. of the mission which are
coordinated between crew to ensure understanding and success of the mission, as well as all
space management controls13. Table 1 presents the NATO UAV classifications according to the
general operating characteristics of the UAV.

9
Gheorghe Udeanu, Alexandra Dobrescu, Mihaela Oltean, “Unmanned aerial vehicle in military operations”, in
Scientific Research and Education in the Air Force – Afases, Brasov, 2016.
10
***, Standards Related Document ATP - 3.3.7.1, UAS Tactical Pocket Guide, Edition A Version 1, Published
by the NATO Standardization Agency April 2014.
11
***, “Army Tactical Pocket Guide Organic/Non Organic Group 3/4/5 UAS”, Joint Unmanned Aircraft System
Center of Excellence (JUAS-COE), February 2010.
12
George D Friedrich, “Applications of military and non-military Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAV)”, University
of Applied Sciences Stralsund.
13
Róbert Szabolcsi, “UAV operator training – beyond minimum standards”, in Scientific Research and Education
In The Air Force – AFASES, Brasov, 2016.

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The Complex and Dynamic Nature of the Security Environment

Class Category Normal Normal Normal Primary

Employment Operating Mission Supported
Altitude Radius Commander
Class III Strike/ Strategic / Up to 65.000 ft Unlimited Theatre
(> 600KG) Combat National (BLOS)
HALE1 Strategic / Up to 65.000 ft Unlimited Theatre
National (BLOS)
MALE2 Operational / Up to 45.000 ft Unlimited JTF
Theatre MSL (BLOS)
Class II Tactical Tactical Up to 18.000 ft 200 km Brigade
(150kg – Formation AGL (LOS)
600kg)
Class I Small Tactical Unit
Up to 5.000 ft 50 km Regiment,
(< 150 kg) (>15kg) AGL (LOS) Battalion
Mini Tactical Sub – Up to 3.000 ft Up to 20 km Company,
(<15 kg) unit (manual or AGL (LOS) Platoon, Squad
hand launch)
Micro (<66J) Tactical Sub – Up to 200 ft Up to 5 km Platoon, Squad
unit (manual or AGL (LOS)
hand launch)
1. High Altitude, Long Endurance
2. (Medium Altitude, Long Endurance)
Table no. 1: NATO UAS Classification14
According to this classification, UAV can execute the following missions, presented
in Figure no. 4.

14
***, “Standards Related Document ATP-3.3.7.1, UAS Tactical Pocket Guide”, Edition A Version 1, Published
by the NATO Standardization Agency April 2014.

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Nov. 14-15, 2019, Bucharest, Romania

Figure no. 4: Military UAV mission support15, 16

2.2. Use of UAV systems for civilian purposes

As technology develops in the military, there will often be a transition in the civilian
business world with similar but completely different technologies, with a wide range of uses.
Depending on the market for these technologies, the business community can stimulate
innovation and create better products which also have military applications17. Increased use of
UAVs for military operations has unlocked new markets beyond military requirements for
various civil and commercial applications. UAVs can be used in many civilian applications due
to their ease of deployment, low maintenance costs, high mobility and ability to fly. Such
vehicles are used for real-time monitoring of road traffic, providing wireless coverage, remote
sensing, search and rescue operations, delivery of goods, security and surveillance, agriculture
and civil infrastructure inspection. Now UAV applications can be divided into four sections,
shown in figure no. 518.

15
Dilek Funda Kurtulus, “Introduction to micro air vehicles: concepts, design and applications”, in: ***, Recent
developments in unmanned aircraft systems (UAS, including UAV and MAV), Von Karman Institute for Fluid
Dynamics, pp. 219-255.
16
Timothy H. Cox, “Civil UAV Capability Assessment”, December 2004, URL: https://www.nasa.gov/
centers/dryden/pdf/111761main_UAV_Capabilities_Assessment.pdf, accessed on 28.08.2019.
17
Stewart Smith, “Military and Civilian Drone Use (UAV, UAS). The future of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles”, The
Balance Careers, 25 June 2019, URL: https://www.thebalancecareers.com/military-and-civilian-drone-use-
4121099, accessed on 28.08.2019.
18 Timothy H. Cox, op. cit.

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The Complex and Dynamic Nature of the Security Environment

Figure no. 5: Use of UAV systems in civil applications19, 20, 21, 22

CONCLUSIONS
The main use of UAV systems in conflict zones is: reconnaissance and surveillance,
enemy tracking and force protection (assuring our troops’ safety and surroundings).
UAV systems can be used at any time to protect the lives of the military by operating
them from distance. They are an excellent tool to help search for lost or wounded soldiers, as
well as to have a real-time image of different missions and situations, allowing commanders to
make better decisions regarding the allocation of resources.
UAV systems will continue to become smaller, lighter, quieter, with stronger batteries,
high endurance, improved sensors and weapon systems; They are used in conflict zone where
the army can avoid the risk of losing human lives.

19
Tomas Niedzielski, “Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Geosciences: Introduction”, in Pure and
Applied Geophysics, vol. 175, 2018, pp. 3141–3144.
20
***, “Drones for Commercial Applications Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems for Filming & Entertainment,
Mapping, Aerial Assessments, Prospecting, Data Collection, Disaster Relief, and Delivery: Global Market
Analysis and Forecasts”, Tractica, URL: https://www.tractica.com/research/drones-for-commercial-applications,
accessed on 01.09.2019.
21
Aerial Land Management, monitoring and Conservation, URL: http://www.landwatchconsultancy.com/aerial-
land-management--monitoring-and-conservation.html, accessed on 02.09.2019.
22
Victoria Moss, Delandria Jones, Sam Nwaneri, “Analysis of homeland security and economic survey using
special missions unmanned aerial vehicle utilities”, in IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium, 2012.

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Nov. 14-15, 2019, Bucharest, Romania

In the civil industry: companies are already working on ways to use high-endurance
drones to act as a mobile phone in areas without coverage or delivery platforms. They also have
uses in: emergency services, automatic data collection for agriculture, animals and forestry,
scientific research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. ***“Eyes of the Army - U.S. Army Road Map for UAS 2010-2035”, U.S. Army UAS
Centre of Excellence, Fort Rucker, Alabama.
2. AUSTIN, Reg, Unmanned Aircraft Systems: UAVS Design, Development and Deployment,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, May 2010
3. BLOM, John David, “Unmanned Aerial Systems: A Historical Perspective, Combat
Studies” Institute Press US Army Combined Arms Center Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
4. COX, Timothy H., “Civil UAV Capability Assessment”, December 2004, URL:
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/pdf/111761main_UAV_Capabilities_Assessment.p
df.
5. FRIEDRICH, George D, “Applications of military and non-military Unmanned Aircraft
Systems (UAV)”, University of Applied Sciences Stralsund.
6. GERIN FAHLSTROM, Paul; Gleason, Thomas James, Introduction to UAV Systems,
Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 29 August 2012.
7. GLADE, David, “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Implications for Military Operations”,
Occasional Paper No. 16 Center for Strategy and Technology Air War College Air
University Maxwell Air Force Base.
8. SMITH, Stewart, “Military and Civilian Drone Use (UAV, UAS). The future of Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles”, The Balance Careers, 25 June 2019, URL: https://www.the
balancecareers.com/military-and-civilian-drone-use-4121099.
9. SZABOLCSI, Róbert, “UAV operator training – beyond minimum standards”, in Scientific
Research and Education in The Air Force – AFASES, Brasov, 2016.
10. UDEANU, Gheorghe; DOBRESCU Alexandra; OLTEAN Mihaela, “Unmanned aerial
vehicle in military operations”, in Scientific Research and Education in the Air Force –
Afases, Brasov, 2016.

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