The controlling idea of a paragraph is the main idea or point the writer is trying to make.

There are many types of paragraphs. When different types of paragraphs are combined
in the right way, they form an essay. To start though, let’s take a look at the basic
paragraph. In general, the basic, well-constructed paragraph should contain at least the
following:

1. Single controlling idea

2. Topic sentence

3. Supporting details

4. Concluding sentence.

The paragraph should also be indented. This means that there are several spaces before
the first sentence. You can achieve this by pressing the space bar several times, or by
pressing the Tab key on a computer keyboard. All writing assignment paragraphs must
be indented in this course.

Single Controlling Idea

The first thing you need to keep in mind when writing a paragraph is the need for a
single controlling idea. The controlling idea of a paragraph is the main idea or point the
writer is trying to make. A common trap many new writers fall into is the trap of trying to
put too much information into each paragraph. Sometimes, it happens in an effort to get
a point (or series of points) across more quickly. Other times, it may be the simple result
of wanting to add some complexity and depth to the writing. Whatever the reason, the
exact opposite tends to occur far more often—the points being made get buried or
confused by competing information and/or the complexity or depth of the message is
lost to the reader as he or she struggles to identify the intended message. This is why it is
always best to limit each paragraph to one controlling idea.

To illustrate the importance of establishing a single controlling idea in the basic

paragraph, let’s take a look at a quick example. Imagine for a moment that you need to
write a basic paragraph that responds to the following prompt:

Choose a learning strategy and explain why it can help you succeed in PathwayConnect.

Truthfully, there are probably a lot of learning strategies you could choose from—
perhaps each with a near equal chance of helping you to succeed in PathwayConnect.
There is forgetting to learn, a series of active learning techniques, distributed learning,
and even teaching to learn. And yet, because the basic paragraph provides you with so
little space to get your message across, it is very important that you limit yourself to
selecting just one learning strategy (as the prompt suggests) as opposed to several.
Doing so will ensure that your paragraph can effectively communicate your main idea—
which is, after all, the whole purpose of the basic paragraph

Topic Sentence

Another thing every basic paragraph should contain is a clearly-stated topic sentence at
the beginning of the paragraph. The purpose of the topic sentence is to indicate what
controlling idea that paragraph is going to explore.

To get a deeper understanding of this important component, let’s look again at the
example prompt:

Choose a learning strategy and explain why it can help you succeed in PathwayConnect.

Although there may be many useful learning strategies you could focus on, this particular
prompt appears to be asking you to select just one. Continuing on with this example
prompt, once that learning strategy has been selected, your next step will be to create a
topic sentence based on learning strategy to serve as the roadmap for the rest of that
paragraph.

For example, imagine for a moment that the learning strategy you selected was the
following:

Teach to Learn

This learning strategy should then serve as the controlling idea for this paragraph—a
controlling idea that should be communicated by a clear topic sentence such as the
following:
Teach to Learn is a learning strategy that will help me succeed in PathwayConnect
because it will force me to think of more than one way to explain concepts.

Notice how that sentence immediately focuses the reader’s attention on what idea that
particular basic paragraph will explore.

Supporting Details

Once you state the controlling idea in the topic sentence, your next step should be
providing adequate support for that idea or argument. Such supporting details can take
many forms, but they generally tend to include one or more of the following:

Facts

Expert testimony

Statistics

Personal experiences

Let’s take a brief look at each of these types of supporting details. Take note of how they
might be used to support a strong topic sentence.

Facts

The technical definition of a fact is a thing that is known and can be proven to be true
with evidence. In our day and age, many things are commonly known to be true and
proven (for instance, don’t need to be drawn from a book or other citable source). Some
examples of facts are the sun rising in the east and setting in the west, the existence of
other galaxies outside ours, and the fact that trees generally need sunlight, water, and
carbon dioxide to grow). There are also other types of less obvious things that have
generally been accepted as fact. Such as university graduates earning significantly more
income compared to primary and secondary school graduates.

Fact: A thing that is known and can be proven to be true with evidence.

Commonly known and accepted facts such as this serve as great supporting details as
they tend to require less convincing to be accepted by readers. Using the topic sentence
created in the previous section, let’s take a look at how a fact-based supporting detail
might strengthen and support the controlling idea of this paragraph.

If you’ll remember, the topic sentence of our example paragraph is the following:

Teach to Learn is a learning strategy that will help me succeed in PathwayConnect

because it will force me to think of more than one way to explain concepts.

The way a fact-based supporting detail could be used to support this topic sentence
would be to follow that sentence up with the following:

Educational research has shown that students who take the time to stop and explain
challenging concepts they are learning about to others tend to develop a deeper and
longer-lasting understanding of the material than those who do not.

Notice how the supporting detail above cites (refers to) a well-known fact? Do you also
see how the fact-based supporting detail clearly supports and is tied to the controlling
idea established in the topic sentence?

Expert Testimony
Another type of supporting detail you could use in your paragraph is an expert
testimony. An expert testimony is a quote or statement made by a qualified person
about a specific issue they are considered “expert” (or accomplished) in. You can learn
more about how to properly integrate and cite expert testimony quotes in future lessons
(Source Evaluation and Quote Integration); but for the sake of this lesson, start
familiarizing yourself with who these “experts” might be in a given field as well as how
those testimonies or quotes might effectively support your topic sentences.

To gain a deeper understanding of these principles, take a look at how an “expert

testimony” from a well-respected educational psychologist could support a topic
sentence focused on the learning strategy “teach to learn.”

An important study conducted by educational psychologist Richard E. Mayer, published

in the April 2014 edition of “Contemporary Educational Psychology” supports this
important fact. As he noted, “Results indicated that those [students] who prepared to
teach (even without actually teaching) outperformed those who prepared for a test on
an immediate comprehension test….Overall, these findings are consistent with the idea
that the act of teaching (i.e. explaining the material to others) is important for long-term
learning.”

Notice how the expert testimony above directly supports the topic sentence’s focus on
teaching to learn? Also notice how the surrounding sentences directly tie that expert
testimony back to the topic sentence? Finally, notice how the “expert testimony”
selected came from someone deemed “expert” or accomplished in the area of teaching
and learning (an educational psychologist)?

Statistics

Another type of supporting detail you could choose to use is a statistic. Something is
considered a statistic when it is a piece of data from a study or other piece of numerical
data. While generally most helpful for more academic-based papers (for instance,
informative, persuasive, etc.), statistical supporting details could definitely add value to
even the most basic pieces of writing.

Statistical supporting details are something you have likely seen or heard multiple times
in your life thus far. You hear them on the news when they are reporting on election
polls, you read them in magazine articles or even ads when they are advertising the
benefits of avoiding smoking or drinking alcohol, and you hear them during General
Conference on the annual reports and even in some talks. You see them so often
because statistics are a great way to simply and powerfully illustrate or support an
important point being made with something more concrete.

To see the power of this type of supporting detail in action, let’s revisit the example topic
sentence (for instance, teach to learn is a learning strategy that will help me succeed in
PathwayConnect because it will force me to think of more than one way to explain
concepts.), and see how it might be effectively supported by a statistic:

According to recent educational studies conducted on the success rates of different

learning techniques amongst students, teaching to learn routinely results in an over 50%
increase in motivation to learn as well as an over 50% increase in feelings of competence
and metacognitive processing.

Notice how the statistics above directly support and correlate with the topic sentence’s
focus on teaching to learn as an effective learning strategy? Also notice how the words
around those statistics support and reinforce the connection between the statistics and
topic sentence?

Personal Experience
The final type of supporting detail you could use to support your topic sentence is
personal experience. Personal experience can be a powerful supporting detail in any
type of writing when used at the proper time and context.

A personal experience is generally a brief story about a specific experience (or moment
in time) from your own life that illustrates a specific point that your topic sentence is
trying to make. To illustrate, let’s return to the example topic sentence:

Teach to Learn is a learning strategy that will help me succeed in PathwayConnect

because it will force me to think of more than one way to explain concepts.

Given this topic sentence, what might a personal experience-based supporting detail
look like? Perhaps it would look something like this:

Last week, I taught my family about repentance. Since there were young children there, I
wondered how I could say it so everyone would understand. As a result, I thought of a
few examples to make my point. That extra work in my brain created extra connections
in my brain. It was the kind of brain growth that we read about when we learned about
growth mindset. Now when I think about repentance, I have those connections to help
me understand it better.

Notice how the personal experience is about a specific experience or moment in time,
not just a general reflection? Notice how the personal experience directly supports the
idea of teaching to learn as an effective learning strategy? Do you also notice how the
following sentence ties the supporting detail back to that controlling idea stated, as
stated in the topic sentence?

As you review the types of supporting detail you can choose from, try to focus on the
ones that would best support the controlling idea stated in your topic sentence. Be
thoughtful about which ones you choose to use in your paragraph. Also make sure that
the experience you choose to share is specific. It is not enough to reflect on a principle as
it relates to your life in general. For example, it would not be enough to say something
like this?

I have seen the truthfulness of the teaching to learn principle a lot in my life. Every time I
take the time to teach a principle to someone else before I take a test, I find I perform
much better.

While this is useful information that supports the topic sentence, it does not describe a
specific personal experience. It references what could be a personal experience in a very
general way, but falls short of actually sharing a specific personal experience. A simple fix
to this problem would be to add a specific experience to this example. It could be
something like the following:

I have seen the truthfulness of the teaching to learn principle a lot in my life. Indeed, I
saw it just last week as I prepared to take another test in one of my classes. I was
nervous to take it because I didn’t do so well on my first test a few weeks ago. In an
effort to prepare better, I decided to apply the “teach to learn” principle by teaching
some of the more difficult concepts to members of my family. I found that as I was
forced to explain the hard concepts in new ways that I actually was able to identify gaps
in my own understanding. It helped me know what I needed to go back and review
before taking the test. As a result of this approach, my score on this most recent test
went up by a full letter grade.

Notice how the example above doesn’t just talk about the learning strategy in general
terms but rather showcases its effectiveness through a highly specific personal
experience?

This is the level of detail needed for a personal experience to count as a supporting detail
in the basic paragraph.

Concluding Sentence
The final section of the basic paragraph contains a concluding sentence. Its purpose is to
provide the closure on that particular topic or idea before concluding the paragraph.

The concluding sentence is not a simple restatement of the topic sentence, but rather a
brief summary of how the supporting details shared in the paragraph support the
controlling idea of that paragraph.

Let’s take a look at the example topic sentence shared earlier in this lesson:

Teach to Learn is a learning strategy that will help me succeed in PathwayConnect

because it will force me to think of more than one way to explain concepts.

Were you to add on some supporting detail sentences to that topic sentence, the
paragraph might start to look something like this:

Teach to Learn is a learning strategy that will help me succeed in PathwayConnect

because it will force me to think of more than one way to explain concepts. An important
study conducted by educational psychologist Richard E. Mayer, published in the April
2014 edition of “Contemporary Educational Psychology” supports this important fact. As
he noted, “Results indicated that those [students] who prepared to teach (even without
actually teaching) outperformed those who prepared for a test on an immediate
comprehension test….Overall, these findings are consistent with the idea that the act of
teaching (i.e. explaining the material to others in a new way) is important for long-term
learning.” I have seen these results prove true in my own life as I have sought to teach
others what I know in new ways. For example, last week, I taught my family about
repentance. Since there were young children there, I wondered how I could say it so
everyone would understand. As a result, I thought of a few examples to make my point.
That extra work in my brain created extra connections in my brain. It was the kind of
brain growth that we read about when we learned about growth mindset. Now when I
think about repentance, I have those connections to help me understand it better.
Notice how the use of expert testimony and personal experience work together to
support the controlling idea as stated in the topic sentence of the paragraph?

Once those supporting details have been established, the best way to close a paragraph
is by revisiting the topic sentence, and very briefly, the themes of the supporting details
as well:

Through the expert testimony of others and my own personal experience, I have learned
that as I teach to learn, the efforts I make to help others understand will help me
understand too, and that will help me succeed in PathwayConnect.

Notice how the sentence reiterates the topic or idea of the paragraph by reinforcing the
learning strategy of teaching to learn? Also notice how the sentence touches on the
supporting details shared in the paragraph, including the expert testimony and personal
experience that was shared? These truly are the two ideals to strive for when creating
your concluding sentence:

Sum up the supporting details of the paragraph.

Reinforce the topic sentence.

If you can effectively accomplish both objectives as well as the three others discussed
above (having a single controlling idea, a strong topic sentence, and supporting details),
then you will have a really solid basic paragraph.