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 Hydrosphere encompasses
all the waters found on
Earth which include water in
various forms on the
surface, below the surface
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Geosphere is the portion of the
Earth that includes the interior
structure, rocks and minerals,
landforms and all physical
processes on land that shape
the Earth’s surface
 Atmosphere is a thin layer
Biosphere includes all
of gases that surrounds
living organisms on earth
the earth and the
like plants, animals,
biosphere makes all the
microorganisms and other
living components on
living things.
Earth.
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 ➢ Earth is a system
➢ System is a collection of
elements or components that
are organized as a whole. It is
made up of subsystems
➢ It is a closed thermodynamic
system, where energy is
exchanged between the earth
and its surroundings.

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No sphere works
on its own. All the
spheres in the
system interact
and overlap.

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 Hydrosphere: Interactions with other
Earth System components

• Atmosphere: Water is transferred between the hydrosphere

and biosphere by evaporation and precipitation. Energy is
also exchanged in this process.
• Biosphere: Water is necessary for the transport of nutrients
and waste products in organisms.
• Geosphere: Water is the primary agent for the chemical and
mechanical breakdown of rock (weathering), to form loose
rock fragments and soil, and sculpts the surface of the Earth.
 Atmosphere: Interactions with other
Earth System components

• Hydrosphere: The gases of the atmosphere readily

exchange with those dissolved in water bodies (e.g.
oceans, lakes, etc.)
• Biosphere: The atmosphere supplies oxygen and carbon
dioxide that form the basis of life processes
(photosynthesis and respiration).
• Geosphere: Gases in the atmosphere react with water to
produce weak acids that aid in the breakdown of rock.
 Geosphere: Interactions with other
Earth System components
• Atmosphere: volcanism spews significant amounts of gases
into the atmosphere. For example, volcanoes inject large
amounts of sulphur dioxide to the upper atmosphere,
resulting in global cooling.
• Hydrosphere: The formation of many minerals involve
incorporation or release of water. Also, water speeds up
chemical reactions that produce or destroy minerals, and
aids in the melting of rock.
• Biosphere: Nutrients released from rocks during their
breakdown are dissolved in water (to be used by aquatic
plants).
 Biosphere: Interactions with other
Earth System components
• Atmosphere: Life processes involve a many chemical reactions
which either extract or emit gases to and from the atmosphere
(e.g. photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide and releases
oxygen, whereas respiration does the opposite).
• Hydrosphere: Evaporation of water from leaf surfaces
(transpiration) transfers water to the atmosphere.
• Geosphere: The biosphere is connected to the geosphere through
soils (mixtures of air, mineral matter, organic matter, and water).
Plant activity (e.g. root growth and organic acid production) are
also for the mechanical and chemical breakdown of the rocks.
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 Earth’s Crust- outer most, solid shell of the earth
Continental Oceanic

Less dense More dense

Granite Basalt
30-50 km thick 5-10 km thick
Older Younger

➢ Continental crust is the outermost layer of the earth’s lithosphere. It forms

the landmasses and is developed near the subduction zones at the
boundaries between the oceanic and continental tectonic plates.
➢ Oceanic crust is the relatively thin part of the earth's crust which underlies
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 Earth’s Mantle 2,900 km thick, 2/3 of
the planet's mass, 80% of
planet’s volume

Magnesium, iron,
and calcium

The upper mantle where the

1000 oC- 3700
asthenosphere is located has a low oC
density and flows fluidly, like a
plastic.

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 Earth’s Core 3,485 km radius,
almost the size of
the moon

Iron, Nickel and

Sulfur
➢Primary contributors to heat in the
core are the decay of radioactive 4,400 oC- 6000
elements, leftover heat from planetary oC
formation, and heat released as the
liquid outer core solidifies near Source of the
its boundary with the inner core. Earth’s magnetic
field
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➢ In the first bar, notice how only 2.5% of Earth's
water is freshwater - the amount needed for
life to survive.
➢ The middle bar shows the breakdown of
freshwater. Almost all of it is locked up in ice
and in the ground. Only a little more than 1.2%
of all freshwater is surface water, which
serves most of life's needs.
➢ The right bar shows the breakdown of surface
freshwater. Most of this water is locked up in
ice, and another 20.9% is found in lakes.
Although rivers account 0.49% only of
freshwater, this is where we humans get a
large portion of our water.
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 Homosphere Heterosphere

Troposphere Thermosphere

Stratosphere Exosphere

Mesosphere

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-5-layers-of-the-earth-s- Inspired by Mission,

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Permanent Gases- those whose quantity
remains the same in every part of our
earth. For example, the concentration of
oxygen is ~21%.

Variable Gases- those whose quantity or

percentage by Volume differ with places
and regions. For instance, the
concentration of water vapour in the
equator and polar region varies from time
to time and season to season. Similarly,
greenhouse gases like methane and
carbon dioxide and much more also varies
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Biosphere is the totality
of life on earth.
Vladimir Vernadsky
coined the term
biosphere and posited
that life is a strong
force that helps shape
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