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General Science Notes
General Science Notes
General Science Notes
Standard Units
1. Viscocity Pascal Second
2. Power Dioptre
3. Luminous intensity Candela
4. Inductance Henry
5. Loudness Phon
6. Magnetic Inductance Tesla
7. Magnetic Flux Weber
8. Electric Charge Farad, Coulomb
Miscellaneous Facts:
1. The distance traveled is given by area under the curve of velocity-time graph.
2. The value of G is 6.67 x 10-11 N-m2/ Kg2. Centripetal Force = mv2/r.
3. Kinetic Energy = ½ mv2. Potential Energy = mgh.
4. Temperature in Celsius = 5/9 ( Tf - 32). Bimetal strips are used in thermostat.
5. The equatorial radius is greater than polar radius by 21.5 km. Centrifugal force is zero exactly at the
poles. Newton’s first law is regarding inertia. Second law states that the rate of change of momentum of
a body is directly proportional to the applied force & takes place in the direction of the force.
6. Force = mass x acceleration. Momentum = mass x velocity. Impulse = force x time.
7. Work = Force x distance in the direction of force. Power = work done/ Time taken.
8. Moment of a force = Force x Perpendicular distance of the line of action of force from the axis.
Classification of Animals
Types of Invertebrates
Placozoa Single species identified as Trichoplax adherens.
Porifera Sponges
Coelenterata Coral, hydra, jellyfish, Portuguese man-of-war, sea anemone
(cnidaria)
Platyhelminthes Flatworms, flukes, tapeworms
Nematoda or Ascarids, vinegar eels, cyst nematodes, Pinworms, roundworms hookworms
Aschelminthes
Annelida Lugworms, earthworms, leeches
Arthropoda Crustaceans: prawn, shrimp
Insects: butterfly, housefly, mosquito, cockroach
Arachnids: Scorpion, wolf spider, King Crab
Myriapods: Centipede, Millipede
Mollusca Chitons, oysters, snails, clams, squid
Echinodermata Star fish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers
Chordata Divided into Hemichordata (tongue worm), Urochordata, Cephalanchordata,
Gnathastomata.
Types of Vertebrates
Jawless fishes (Agnatha) Hagfish, lamprey
Cartilaginous fishes Sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras
Bony fishes Sturgeon, herring, salmon, perch, cod, coelacanth
Amphibians Frogs and toads, salamanders, newts, caecilians
Reptiles Snakes, crocodiles, alligators, lizards, turtles, tortoises
Birds (Aves) Penguin, flamingo, eagle, turkey, thrush, parrot
Mammals Platypus, kangaroo, bat, lion, wolf, mouse, seal, antelope, cow, dolphin,
whale, lemur, monkey, ape, human
Plant Diseases
Fungi Bacterial Diseases Viral Diseases
Late blight of Potato Paddy blight Tobacco Mosaic
Downy Mildew Brown rot of Potato Bunchy top of Banana
Loose smut of Wheat Ring rot of Potato Leaf curl
Smut of Bajra Tundu disease of wheat Potato leaf roll
Bunt of rice Citrus canker
Coffee rust Crown Gall of fruits
Black/Brown rust
Red rot of sugarcane
Wilt of cotton
Ergot of Bajra
Foot rot of Paddy
Miscellaneous Facts:
1. Prokaryotes have no definite membrane bound nucleus. A cell wall is present only in plants & not in
animal cells. Plasma membrane is composed of phospholipids. Enclosed within the plasma membrane is
the cytosol in which are embedded the various organelles.
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum is a network of flattened membranes forming tunnels & generally have
ribosome attached (Rough ER) or otherwise (Smooth ER). Involved in protein & macro-molecule
synthesis. Golgi complex is another system of membranes generally observed in the form of flattened
sacs. It primarily acts as a processing center for complex macromolecules like glycoproteins.
3. Chloroplasts are centers of photosynthetic activity & found only in photosynthetic cells. They are bound
by a double membrane, enclosing another system of membranes, the lamellae or thylakoids & the matrix
(Stroma). Chlorophylls & carotenoids are localized in the thylakoids. Mitochondria have double
membrane.
4. Peroxisomes function to get rid the cell of toxic substances & are found in high number in liver.
Glyoxysomes contain oxidative enzymes including those for fat metabolism.
5. Each ribosome is made up of RNAs & proteins. Lysosomes are bags of hydrolyzing enzymes. A vacuole
is surrounded by tonoplast. Animal cells have few small vacuoles or none at all. Centrioles help in
organizing the mitotic spindle are generally absent in plant cells.
6. The individual molecules with their associated proteins are called chromosomes. These chromosomes
consist of two chromatids. The two chromatids intersect at a knot like structure called centromere.
7. The stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase. In mitosis the chromatids are
separated & hence the numbers of chromosomes remain the same.
8. Meiosis involves tow divisions, meiosis I & meiosis II. The prophase I of Meiosis I is divided into five
substages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene & diakenesis. Then comes metaphase I, anaphase I,
telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II & telophase II.
Propellants
1. Liquid Propellants Liquid hydrogen, liquid ammonia, Hydrazine, nitromethane, methyl nitrate,
hydrogen peroxide.
2. Solid propellants Polybutadiene, acrylic aced, nitroglycerine + nitrocellulose
3. Hybrid propellants N2O4 + Acrylic rubber.
Alloys
1. Brass Copper (80%) & Zinc (20%)
2. Bronze Copper (90%) & Tin (1%)
3. German Silver Copper (60%), Zinc (20%) & Nickel (20%)
4. Duralumin Aluminium & Copper
5. Alnico Aluminium, Nickel, Cobalt & Iron
6. Magnalium Aluminium (95%) & Magnesium (5%)
7. Babbit Metal Tin, Antimony, Copper & Lead. Used in ball bearings to reduce friction.
8. Invar Iron & Nickel. Used in precision instruments
9. Bell metal Copper & tin.
10. Gun Metal Copper, Tin & Zinc
11. Monel Metal Nickel (67%), Copper & Iron.
12. Pewter Tin (80-90%), Copper & Lead
13. Solder Tin, Lead & Antimony.
Miscellaneous Facts:
1. Water gas (CO + H2), Coal gas (H2 + CH4 + CO), Producer gas (CO + N2), CNG (methane & ethane) &
LPG (Butane + Propane), Natural gas (Methane 75%, Ethane 10%, propane 7% & butane 2%).
2. Acetic Acid (CH3COOH), Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 – baking soda), Sodium hydroxide (Caustic
Soda), Sodium Carbonate (washing soda), Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3), Ethylene (C2H4), Acetylene
(C2H2 – fruit ripener), Quicklime (CaO), Slaked lime [Ca(OH)2], Urea (NH2CONH2), Carborundum
(SiC- abrasive), Ferric oxide (Fe2O3), Blue Vitriol (Crystalline CuSO4).
3. Sublimable compounds are napthaline, iodine, ammonium chloride.
4. Avogadro’s hypothesis states that at the same temperature & pressure, equal volumes of all gases
contain equal number of particles. One gram molecular mass of all gases occupy 22.4 litres of volume.
5. Each shells are designated as K,L,M,N,O,P,Q & each subshell is further divided into sub shells (s,p,d,f).
6. Isotopes have same atomic number but different mass number. Isomers have same molecular formula
but different structural formulae.