Theories are what we call

tried-and-tested
How did the hypotheses. Although, not
concrete and standalone
Universe begin? laws, theories have
provided the scientific
world with a good start
with explaining natural
phenomena.

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 Universe
➢The Universe is everything we
can touch, feel, sense,
measure or detect. It includes
living things, planets, stars,
galaxies, dust clouds, light,
and even time.
➢Before the birth of the
Universe, time, space and
matter did not exist.
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 ➢ Theism- a divine creator of the universe
➢ Atheism- a random chance of evolution of the universe
➢ Creation of myths and stories by early civilizations such as
the Egyptians, Greeks, and Chinese
➢ More than 200 years ago, The Greeks (such as Eudoxus,
Aristotle, Erastosthenes and Ptolemy)-pushed the
“geocentric universe”-the universe was “static”.
➢ “Heliocentric universe” (astronomical model in which the
Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the
universe.) by Aristaechus of Samos and improved by Galileo
and Copernicus
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 Big Bang Theory
All of the current and past matter in the
Universe came into existence at the
same time, roughly 13.8 billion years ago.

All matter was compacted into a

very small ball with infinite
density and intense heat called a
Singularity which began to
expand forming the universe.
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 https://prezi.com/p/ov5aua6yekap/big-bang-timeline/
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 ➢ Planck epoch
-all matter was condensed on a single point of infinite density and
extreme heat. Due to the extreme heat and density of matter, the state of the
universe was highly unstable. It thus began to expand and cool, leading to the
manifestation of the fundamental forces of physics.
➢ Inflation Epoch
-the universe was filled homogeneously with a high-energy density,
pressure and temperature was incredibly high that the random motions of
particles occurred at very fast which eventually gave rise to a very rapid
expansion and cooling. After inflation stopped, the universe consisted of a
quark–gluon plasma, as well as all other elementary particles. From this point
onward, the Universe began to cool and matter coalesced and formed.

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 Cooling Epoch:
➢ As the universe continued to decrease in density and temperature, the
energy of each particle began to decrease and phase transitions continued
until the fundamental forces of physics and elementary particles changed
into their present form. Since particle energies would have dropped to
values that can be obtained by particle physics experiments, this period
onward is subject to less speculation.
Structure Epoch:
➢ Over the course of the several billion years that followed, the slightly denser
regions of the almost uniformly distributed matter of the Universe began to
become gravitationally attracted to each other. They therefore grew even
denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical
structures that we regularly observe today.
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 Cosmic Inflation Theory
A period of extremely rapid expansion
during which the energy density of the
universe was dominated by cosmological
constant-type of vacuum energy that later
decayed to produce the matter and radiation
that fill the universe today
Faster-Than-Light
Expansion
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 Steady State Theory

Universe is always expanding

but maintaining a constant
average density

No Beginning,
No End
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 Oscillating Universe Theory
➢ Universe passes through successive cycles of
expansion and contraction
➢ the universe will reach a maximum point of expansion
and that once this happens, it will then collapse into
itself but it will not return to a point of singularity.
Instead, because of repulsive forces brought about by
quantum effects of gravity, the Universe will bounce
back to an expanding one and this is referred to as the
Big Bounce.
Big Bounce- marks the end of the
https://fineartamerica.com/featured previous universe and the beginning of the
/oscillating-universe-theory-artwork-
claus-lunau
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 ▪ Solar System consists of a
central star (the Sun), the nine
planets orbiting the sun,
moons, asteroids, comets,
How did the Solar System
come about?
meteors, interplanetary gas,
dust, and all the “space” in
between them.

▪ The eight planets of the Solar

System are named for Greek
and Roman Gods and Inspired by Mission,

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•The sun and another invading star formed
the solar system.
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gaseous mass of materials.
 ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
➢ a rogue star passes close to the sun
about 5 billion years ago. Material in the
form of hot gas, is tidally stripped from
the sun and the rogue star. This material
fragments formed into smaller lumps
which form the planets.
➢ This hypothesis has the advantage of
explaining why the planets all revolve in
the same direction. Italso provides an
explanation for why the inner worlds are
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