Subject: MAT060.

Calculus with Analytic Geometry I

Chapter: 7

Chapter Title: Methods of Integration

Time Frame: 14 hrs

Chapter Objectives:

1. To use substitution in the expression where the integral contains some function and its
derivative
Z Z
2. To integrate certain trigonometric integrals of the form sinm u cosn u du, tanm u secn u du,
Z
and cotm u cscn u du

3. √
To use trigonometric
√ substitution
√ in integrating the integrands that contain expressions like
2 2 2 2
a − x , a + x , and x − a 2 2

4. To integrate expressions containing quadratic functions

5. To use integration by parts in an expressions where the product cannot be simplified and
substitution is not applicable
Z
P (x)
6. To integrate expressions of the form
Q(x)
p
7. To integrate an integrand that contains a single rational expression of the form (ax + b) q ,
where p and q are integers

8. To integrate an integrand that contains a single irrational expression of the form

√
(a) xq a2 − x2 , where q is an odd positive integer
√
(b) xq x2 − a2 , where q is an odd positive integer
√
(c) xq x2 + a2 , where q is an odd positive integer

9. To integrate an integrand that contains rational functions of trigonometric functions.

1
 1 Method of Substitution
Fundamental Formulas

un+1
Z
1. un du = + c, n 6= −1
n+1
Z
du
2. = ln u + c
u
Z
3. eu = eu + c

au
Z
4. au du = +c
ln a
Z
5. sin u du = − cos u + c
Z
6. cos u du = sin u + x
Z
7. sec2 u du = tan u + c
Z
8. csc2 u du = − cot u + c
Z
9. sec u tan u du = sec u + c
Z
10. csc u cot u du = − csc u + c
Z
11. sec u du = ln | sec u + tan u| + c
Z
12. csc u du = − ln | csc u + cot u| + c
Z
du u
13. √ = arcsin + c
a2−u2 a
Z
du 1 u
14. = arctan + c
a2 + u2 a a
Z
du 1 u
15. √ = arcsec + c
2
u u −a 2 a a
Z
du p
16. √ = ln u + u2 + a2 + c
u2 + a2
Z
du p
17. √ = ln u + u2 − a2 + c
u2 − a2
Z  
du 1 u+a
18. = ln + c if |u| > a
a2 −u2 2a
 u−a
1 a+u
= ln + c if |u| < a
2a a−u
√
1 |a + a2 − u2 |
Z
du
19. √ = ln + c for 0 < |u| < a
u a2 − u2 a u

2
 √
1 |a + a2 + u2 |
Z
du
20. √ = − ln + c for u 6= 0
u a2 + u2 a u

Example 1.1 Perform the following integration.

Z
1. ecos x sin x dx
Solution:
Let
Z u = cos x Z = − sin x dx
du
ecos x sin x dx = eu (−du) = −eu + c = −ecos x + c

e2x dx
Z
2.
1 + e2x
Solution:
du
Let u = 1 + e2x du = 2e2x dx = e2x dx
2
Z 2x Z du Z
e dx 2 =1 du 1
2x
= ln(1 + e2x ) + c
1+e u 2 u 2

e2x dx
Z
3.
1 + e4x
Solution:
du
Let u = e2x du = 2e2x dx = e2x dx
2
Z 2x Z du Z
e dx 2 1 du 1
4x
= 2
= 2
= arctan(e2x ) + c
1+e 1+u 2 1+u 2

e2x dx
Z
4.
(1 + e2x )2
Solution:
du
Let u = 1 + e2x du = 2e2x dx = e2x dx
2
Z du
e2x dx 1 u−1 −1 −1
Z Z
2 1 −2

−1
2x 2
= 2
= u du = +c= 1 + e2x +c= +c
(1 + e ) u 2 2 −1 2 2(1 + ex )
Z
cos x dx
5.
1 + sin x
Solution:
Let
Z u = 1 + sinZx du = cos x dx
cos x dx du
= = ln u + c = ln(1 + sin x) + c
1 + sin x u
Z
arcsin x dx
6. √
1 − x2
Solution:
dx
Let u = arc sin x du = √
1 − x2
Z
arcsin x dx
Z
u 2 (arcsin x)2
√ = u du = +c= +c
1 − x2 2 2

3
 (3x − 6)
Z
7. √ dx
4 − 9x2
(3x − 6)
Z Z Z
3x dx 6 dx
√ dx = √ − √
4 − 9x2 4 − 9x2 4 − 9x2
Solution:
Let
u = 4 − 9x2 v 2 = 9x2 , v = 3x a2 = 4
du = −18x dx dv = 3 dx a=2
−du dv
= dx = dx
18 3
Z −du dv
−1
Z Z Z Z Z
3x dx 6 dx 18 3 −1 dv
√ − √ =3 1 −6 √ = u du − 2 √
2
4 − 9x 2 4 − 9x 2
u2 2
a −v 2 6 a − v2
2
1
−1 √
 
1 u2 v 3x
=− 1 − 2 arcsin + c = 4 − 9x2 − 2 arcsin +c
6 2 a 3 2
1√
 
3x
=− 4 − 9x2 − 2 arcsin +c
3 2
Z 1
4
8. x3 25x dx
0
Solution:
du
u = 5x4 du = 20x3 dx = x3 dx
Let 20
u(0) = 0 u(1) = 5
Z 1 1 Z 5 Z 5 5
1 2u 25 20
Z  
4 5x4 3 u du 1
x3 25x dx = 2 x dx = 2 = u
2 du = = −
0 0 0 20 20 0 20 20 ln 2 0 20 ln 2 20 ln 2
32 − 1 31
= =
20 ln 2 20 ln 2

Exercises
Z 1.2 Integrate Z
3x+1
1. e dx 2. 45x−3 dx
x2 dx
Z Z
sec x dx
3. √ 4. 3 √
3 2x3 − 4 4 + tan x
Z Z
x+1 dx
5. 2
dx 6.
x + 2x + 5 x ln x
x3 csc2 x
Z Z
7. 4+9
dx 8. 2 x dx
4x 1 + cot
ex
Z Z
dx
9. √ dx 10. √
− 2x 2
5 e Z x 4x − 9
sec2 x dx
Z
dx
11. 12. (ln x)5
4 + tan x x
Z 3
x + 3x2 + 5x + 6
Z 3
x − 2x2 + 4x − 5
13. dx 14. dx
x+1 x2 + 1
(2x − 3) dx (3x2 + 5) dx
Z Z
15. √ 16. √
2 x2 − 8
Z 3x 6 − x2x x
e + 5e − 4ex (arctan x)3
Z
17. dx 18. dx
ex (1 + x2 )
Z √
1 + e4x
Z
cos x
19. dx 20. dx
sin3 x e−6x

4
2 Certain Trigonometric Integrals
Z
2.1 Type 1. sinm u cosn u du

Case I. If the exponent of sin u is an odd positive integer, factor out sin u du and transform the
remaining sin u into cos u.

Example 2.1 Perform the following integration.

Z
1. sin3 x cos−5 x dx
Solution:
Since
Z the exponent of Zsin x is an odd positive integer
Z factor out sin x dx
sin3 x cos−5 x dx = sin2 x cos−5 x sin x dx = (1 − cos2 x) cos−5 x sin x dx
Z Z
= cos x sin x dx − cos−3 x sin x dx
−5

Let u = cos x du = − sin x dx.

u−4 u−2
Z Z Z Z
−5 −3 −5
Then u (−du) − u (−du) = − u du + u−3 du = − + +c
−4 −2
1 1 1 1
= cos−4 x − cos−2 x + c = sec4 x − sec2 x + c
4 2 4 2
Z
1
2. sin5 x cos 2 x dx
Solution:
Since the exponent of sin x is odd we factor out sin x dx.
Z Z Z
1 1 1
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x sin x dx = (1 − cos2 x)2 cos 2 x sin x dx
5 2
4 2
Z
1
= (1 − 2 cos2 x + cos4 x) cos 2 x sin x dx
Z Z Z
1 5 9
= cos x sin x dx − 2 cos x sin x dx + cos 2 x sin x dx
2 2

Let u = cos x du = − sin x dx.

Then we have Z
Z Z
1 5 9
u 2 (−du) − 2 u 2 (−du) + u 2 (−du)
Z Z Z
1 5 9
= − u 2 du + 2 u 2 du − u 2 (−du)
3 7 11
u2 u2 u2
=− 3 +2 7 − 11 +c
2 2 2
2 3 4 7 2 11
= − cos 2 x + cos 2 x − cos 2 x + c
3 7 11

5
Case II. If the exponent of cos u is an odd positive exponent, factor out cos u du and transform
the remaining cos u into sin u.

Example 2.2 Perform the following integration.

Z
1. sin2 x cos3 x dx
Solution:
Since the exponent of cos x is an odd positive integer factor out cos x dx.
Z Z Z
2 3 2 2
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x cos x dx = sin2 x(1 − sin2 x) cos x dx
Z Z
= sin x cos x dx − sin4 x cos x dx
2 3

Let
Z u = sinZ x du = cos x dx
2 4 u3 u5 sin3 x sin5 x
u du − u du = − +c= − +c
3 5 3 5
Z
2
2. sin− 3 x cos5 dx
Solution:
Since
Z the exponent of Z
cos x is an odd positive integer
Z factor out cos x dx,
− 32 − 23 2
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x cos x dx = sin− 3 x(1 − sin2 x)2 cos x dx
5 4
Z Z Z Z
− 32 2 4 − 23 4 10
sin x(1−2 sin x+sin x) cos x dx = sin x cos x dx−2 sin x cos x dx+ sin 3 x cos x dx
3

Let
Z u = sin x Z du = Zcos x dx 1 7 13
2 4 10 u3 u3 u 3 1 6 7 3 13
u− 3 du − 2 u 3 du + u 3 du = 1 − 2 7 + 13 + c = 3 sin 3 x − sin 3 x + sin 3 x + c.
3 3 3
7 13

Case III. If the exponents of sin u and cos u are both even positive integers or zero use the half
angle formulas.
Z
Example 2.3 Integrate sin2 x cos2 x dx.
Solution:
Using the half angle Zformulas,
  
1 − cos 2x
Z Z
2 2 1 + cos 2x 1
sin x cos x dx = dx = [1 − cos2 (2x)]dx
Z Z 2 Z Z2 4
1 1 1 1 1 + cos 4x
= dx − cos2 (2x)dx = dx − dx
4Z Z4 Z 4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 sin 4x 1 1
= dx − dx − cos 4x dx = x − x − +c= x− sin(4x) + c
4 8 8 4 8 8 4 8 32

Z
2.2 Type B. tanm u secn u du

Case I. If the exponent of sec u is an even positive integer factor out sec2 u du and transform the
remaining sec u into tan u.

6
 sec4 x dx
Example 2.4 Integrate .
tan4 x
Solution:
sec4 x dx
Z Z Z Z
−4 −4
4x = tan x sec 4
x dx = tan x sec 2
x sec 2
x dx = tan−4 (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx
Z tan Z
= tan−4 x sec2 x dx + tan−2 x sec2 x dx

Let u = tan x du = sec2 x dx.

u−3 u−1 −1 −1
Z Z
u−4 du + u−2 du = + +c= tan−3 x − tan−1 x + c = cot3 x − cot x + c
−3 −1 3 3

Case II. If the exponent of tan u is a positive integer factor out tan u sec udu and transform the
remaining tan u into sec u.

Z
Example 2.5 Integrate tan3 x sec5 x dx.
Solution:
Z Z Z
tan x sec x dx = tan x sec x tan x sec x dx = (sec2 x − 1) sec4 x tan x sec x dx
3 5 2 4
Z Z
= sec6 x tan x sec x dx − sec4 x tan x sec x dx

Let u = sec x du = sec x tan x dx.

u7 u5 sec7 x sec5 x
Z Z
u du − u4 du =
6
− +c= − + c.
7 5 7 5
Z
2.3 Type C cotm u cscn u du

Case I. If the exponent of csc u is an even positive integer factor out csc2 u du and transform the
remaining csc u into cot u.
Z
Example 2.6 Integrate cot−3 x csc4 x dx.
Solution:
Z Z Z
cot−3 x csc4 x dx = cot−3 x csc2 xcsc2 x dx = cot−3 x (1 + cot2 x)cscx dx
Z Z
= cot x csc x dx + cot−1 x csc2 x dx
−3 2

Let u = cot x du = csc2 x dx.

u−2 cot−2 x
Z Z Z Z
du
− u−3 du − u−1 du = − u−3 du − =− − ln u + c = − ln(cot x) + c
u −2 2

Case II. If the exponent of cot u is an odd positive integer factor out cot u csc u du and transform
the remaining cot u into csc u.
Z
Example 2.7 Integrate cot3 x csc−5 x dx.
Solution:
Z Z Z
cot xcsc x dx = cot x csc x cot x csc x dx = (csc2 x − 1)csc−6 x csc x cot x dx
3 −5 2 −6
Z Z
= csc−4 x csc x cot x dx − csc−6 x csc x cot x dx

7
 Let u = csc x du = − csc x cot x dx.

u−3 u−5
Z Z Z Z
u−4 (−du) − u−6 (−du) = − u−4 du + u−6 du = − + +c
−3 −5
−1 1
= csc−3 x − csc−5 x + c
3 5
Exercises 2.8 Integrate the following:
Z Z
1. cos2 x sin x dx 2. sin(3x)dx
Z Z
3. sin3 x cos−1 x dx 4. cos2 x sin4 x dx
Z Z
5. sin6 x dx 6. sin4 x cos2 x dx
Z Z    
4x 4x
7. tan(3x) sec2 (3x)dx 8. cot csc2 dx
Z Z 3 3
9. tan5 x sec2 dx 10. tan5 x sec3 x dx
Z Z
11. cot7 x csc2 x dx 12. csc4 x dx
Z Z
13. cot4 x dx 14. tan4 x dx
Z Z
cot x tan x
15. 5
dx 16. 5
dx
Z csc2 x Z sec x
cos x dx
17. 4 18. tan2 x cos2 x dx
Z sin 4
x Z
cos x
19. dx 20. cot x sin4 x dx
sin2 x

3 Trigonometric Substitution
√
Case I. If the integrand contains the expression a2 − x2 , use the substitution
x
x = a sin θ where θ = arc sin
a
From the reference triangle we have
x
x = a sin θ θ = arcsin
√ a
dx = a cos θdθ a2 − x2 = a cos θ

x3
Z
Example 3.1 Integrate √ dx.
16 − x2
Solution:
x
x = 4 sin θ θ = arcsin
√ 4
dx = 4 cos θdθ 16 − x2 = 4 cos θ

x3 (4 sin θ)3 4 cos θdθ

Z Z Z Z
√ dx = = 64 sin3 θdθ = 64 sin2 θ sin θdθ
Z 16 − x2 Z 4 cos θ Z
= (1 − cos2 θ) sin θdθ = sin θdθ − cos2 θ sin θdθ

8
 Let u = cos θ du = − sin θdθ

u3
Z Z Z Z
64 (−du) − 64 u2 (−du) = −64 du + 64 u2 du = −64u + 64 + c
3
64 cos3 θ √ 1 √
= −64 cos θ + + c = −16 16 − x2 + ( 16 − x2 )3 + c
3 3
√
Case II. If the integrand contains the expression a2 + x2 , use the substitution
x
x = a tan θ where θ = arctan
a
From the reference triangle we have
x
x = a tan θ θ = arctan
√ a
dx = a sec2 θdθ a2 + x2 = a sec θ

x3
Z
Example 3.2 Integrate √ .
x2 + 16
Solution:
x
x = 4 tan θ θ = arctan
√ 4
dx = 4 sec2 θdθ 16 + x2 = 4 sec θ
x3 (4 tan θ)3 4 sec2 θdθ
Z Z Z Z
√ dx = = 64 tan θ sec θdθ = 64 tan2 θ sec θ tan θdθ
3
Z x2 + 16 4 sec θ Z Z
= 64 (sec2 θ − 1) sec θ tan θdθ = 64 sec2 θ sec θ tan θdθ − 64 sec θ tan θdθ

Let u = sec θ du = sec θ tan θdθ.

u3
Z Z
2 64
64 u du − 64 du = 64 − 64u + c = sec3 θ − 64 sec θ + c
3 3
1 p √
= ( 16 + x2 )3 − 16 16 + x2 + c
3
√
Case III. If the integrand contains the expression x2 − a2 , use the substitution
x
x = a sec θ where θ = arc sec
a
From the reference triangle we have
x
x = a sec θ θ = arc sec
√ a
dx = a sec θ tan θdθ x2 − a2 = a tan θ

x3
Z
Example 3.3 Integrate √ .
16 − x2
Solution:
x
u = 2 sec θ θ = arc sec
√ 2
dx = 2 sec θ tan θdθ x2 − 4 = 2 tan θ

9
 x3 (2 sec θ)3 sec θ tan θdθ
Z Z
√ dx =
Z x2 − 4 Z 2 tan θ
4 2
= 8 sec θdθ = 8 sec θdθ
Z Z Z
= 8 (1 + tan θ) sec θdθ = 8 sec θdθ + 8 tan2 θ sec2 θdθ
2 2 2

Let u = tan θ du = sec2 θdθ.

u3
Z Z
8
8 du + 8 u2 du = 8u + 8 + c = 8 sec θ + sec3 θ + c
3 3
√ 1 p
= 4 x2 − 4 + ( x2 − 4) + c
3
Exercises 3.4 Integrate the following.
Z Z
dx x dx
1. √ 2. √
9 − x2 9 + x2
x3 dx
Z Z
dx
3. √ 4. √
Z x √ x2 − 4 Z 4 −3 x
2
x2 − 5 x dx
5. dx 6. √
Z x Z 3x2 + 5
p p
7. x3 x2 − 9dx 8. x3 x2 + 25dx
Z √ 2
x − 36
Z p
9. x3 36 − x2 dx 10. dx
Z Z x
dx dx
11. √ 12. √
2 2 2 2
Z x x + 49 Z x 25 − x
dx dx
13. 3 14.
(25 − x2 ) 2 (25 + x2 )2

Exercises
Z 2 3.5 Evaluate the definite integral. Z 2
dx dx
1. 3 2. 3
0 (x2 + 4) 2 √2 (x2 − 1) 2
Z 1 Z 36
x2 dx x3 dx
3. 3 4. √ 3
0 (4 − x2 ) 2 2 3 (x2 − 1) 2

4 Integrations involving Quadratic Functions

When the integral contains a quadratic function, usually in the denominator, which is not factorable
we use completing the squares so the integral can be transformed to one of the forms in the previous
methods.

Example 4.1 Perform the following integration.

Z
dx
1. 2
x + 6x + 10
Solution:
x2 + 6x + 10 = x2 + 6x + 9 + 1 = (x + 3)3 + 1
Let y = x + 3, dy = dx
x 2 + 6x + 10 = y 2 + 1
Z Z
dx dy
= = arctan y + c = arctan(x + 3) + c
x2 + 6x + 10 y2 + 1

10
 Z
(3x + 8)dx
2. √
2x + x2
Solution:
2x + x2 = x2 + 2x + 1 − 1 = (x + 1)2 − 1
Let y = x + 1, x = y − 1, dx = dy
2 2
Z + x = y − 1Z
2x
[3(y − 1) + 8]dy
Z
(3x + 8)dx (3y + 5)dy
√ = p = p
2x + x 2 y 2 − 1 y2 − 1
Z Z
3y dy 5 dy
= p + p
2
y −1 y2 − 1
Let u = y 2 − 1, du = 2ydy
 
du
Z 3 Z Z Z
2 dy 3 −1 dy
1 =5
p = u 2 du + 5 p
u2 y2 − 1 2 y2 − 1
1
3 u2 p 1 √
= 1 + 5 ln |y + y 2 − 1| + c = 3(y 2 − 1) 2 + 5 ln |(x + 1) + 2x + x2 | + c
2 2
1 √
= 3(2x + x2 ) 2 + 5 ln |x + 1 + 2x + x2 | + c

(2x − 5)dx
Z
3. √
4x − x2
Solution:
4x − x2 = −(x2 − 4x + 4) + 4 = 4 − (x − 2)2
Let y = x − 2, x = y + 2, dx = dy
2 2
Z −x =4−y Z
4x
(2x − 5)dx [2(y + 2) − 5]dy (2y − 1)dy
Z
√ = p = p
4x − x 2 4 − y 2 4 − y2
Z Z
2y dy dy
= p − p
4−y 2 4 − y2
Let u = 4 − y 2

Z = −2y Zdy
du
−du
Z Z
dy − 21 dy
1 − p = − u du − p
u2 4 − y2 4 − y2
Z 1
u2 y 1 y
= 1 − arcsin 2 + c = −2u − arcsin 2 + c
2

2
p x−2
= −2 4 − y 2 − arcsin +c
2
√ x−2
= −2 4x − x2 − arcsin +c
2
Z
(4x + 3)dx
4.
(x2 − 2x + 5)2
Solution:
x2 − 2x + 5 = x2 − 2x + 1 + 4 = (x − 1)2 + 4
Let y = x − 1, x = y + 1, dx = dy
2 2
Z − 2x + 5 = y + 4Z
x Z
(4x + 3)dx [4(y + 1) + 3]dy (4y + 7)dy
2 − 2x + 5)2
= 2 + 4)2
=
(x
Z Z (y (y 2 + 4)2
4y dy 7 dy
= 2 2
+ 2 2
Z (y + 4) Z (y + 4)
4y dy 7 dy
= + p
(y 2 + 4)2 (y 2 + 4)4

11
 Let
u = y2 + 4 y = 2 tan θ
du = 2ydy dy 2
p = 2 sec θdθ
y 2 + 4 = 2 sec θ
 
du
2 sec2 θdθ
Z Z Z Z
2 −2 7 dθ
4 2
+ 7 4
= 2 u du + 2θ
Z u Z(2 sec θ) 8 sec
7
= 2 u−2 du + cos2 θdθ
Z 8 Z
7 1 + cos 2θ
= 2 u−2 du + dθ
Z 8 Z 2 Z
7 7
= 2 u−2 du + dθ + cos 2θdθ
16 16
u−1 7 7 sin 2θ
=2 + θ+ +c
−1 16 16 2
7 y 7
= −2(y 2 + 4)−1 + arctan + sin θ cos θ + c
16 2 16
−2 7 x−1 7 y 2
= 2 + arctan + ·p ·p
x − 2x + 5 16 2 16 y2 + 4 y2 + 4
−2 7 x−1 7 (x − 1)
= 2 + arctan + +c
x − 2x + 5 16 2 8 (x2 − 2x + 5)
7 x − 1 −2(8) + 7(x − 1)
= arctan + +c
16 2 8(x2 − 2x + 5)
7 x−1 7x − 23
= arctan + +c
16 2 8(x2 − 2x + 5)

Exercises
Z 4.2 Integrate the following Z
dx dx
1. 2
2. √
x + 2x + 2 5 − 2x − x2
x2 dx x3 dx
Z Z
3. 4.
x2 + 6x + 10 x2 + 2x + 2
Z Z
dx dx
5. √ 6. √
(x + 3) x2 + 6x + 13 10 − 6x + x2
(2x − 3)dx
Z Z
(3x + 4)dx
7. √ 8. √
6x − x2 10x + x2
Z √ 2
x − 4x dx (5x − 6)dx
Z
9. 10.
x+3 (x − 4x + 13)2
2

(7x − 2)dx (x − 3)dx

Z Z
11. 12. 3
(x2 − 6x + 13)2 2
(x − 4x + 5) 2
(2x − 3)dx
Z Z
(7x + 2)dx
13. 3 14. 3
(5 − 4x − x2 ) 2 (x2 + 4x − 5) 2
(3x − 5)dx
Z Z
(x + 3)dx
15. 3 16.
(5 + 2x − x2 ) 2 (x + 2x + 5)2
2

4x − 7
Z Z
dx
17. 3 18. dx
2
(4x − 24x + 27) 2 (2x + 3x + 4)2
2
Z Z
(3x + 2)dx 3x + 5
19. 20. dx
(2x2 − 5x + 8)2 (2x − 4x + 3)2
2

12
Exercises
Z 2 4.3 Evaluate the definite integral. Z 3
dx x2 dx
1. 2
2. 2
Z1 5x + x + 1 Z1 1 x + 10x + 29
dx dx
3. √ 4. 3
4 10x − x2 2
0 (x + 4x + 5) 2

5 INTEGRATION BY PARTS
The formula for differential of a product is Zd(uv) = uZdv + v du.
By integrating both sides, we obtain uv = u dv + v du or
Z Z
u dv = uv − v du.

This is the formula for integration by parts.

Example 5.1 Perform the following integration.

Z
1. arcsin 2x dx
Solution:
Z
arcsin 2x dx

Let
u = arcsin 2x dv = dx
2dx
du = √ v=x
1 − 4x2
Z Z
2x dx
arcsin 2x dx = x arcsin 2x − √
1 − 4x2

Let
y = 1 − 4x2 dy = −8xdx
−1
dy = 2x dx
4
Z Z
1 dy
arcsin 2x dx = x arcsin 2x + √
4 y
Z
1 −1
= x arcsin 2x + y 2 dy
4
1
1 y2
= x arcsin 2x + 1 + c
4 2
1 1
= x arcsin 2x + y 2 + c
2
1p
= x arcsin 2x + 1 − 4x2 + c
2
p
= x arcsin 2x + 1 − 4x2 + C.

13
 Z
2. x ln x dx
Solution:
Let
u = ln x dv = x dx
dx x2
du = v=
x 2

x2
Z Z 2
x dx
x ln x dx = ln x − .
2 2 x
x2
Z
1
= ln x − x dx
2 2
x2 1 x2
= ln x − . + C
2 2 2
x2 x2
= ln x − +C
2 4
x2 x2
= ln x − + C.
2 4
Z
3. x3 arctan(x2 )dx
Solution:
Let
u = arctan(x2 ) dv = x3 dx
2x x4
du = dx v =
1 + x4 4

x4
Z Z 4
x 2x
x3 arctan(x2 )dx = arctan(x2 ) − . dx
4 4 1 + x4
x4 x5
Z
2 1
= arctan(x ) − dx
4 2 1 + x4
x
Dividing x5 by 1 + x4 , we get x − .
1 +x4
x5 x2
Z Z  Z
x x dx
Hence, dx = x − dx = −
1 + x4 1 + x4 2 1 + (x2 )2
1
Let y = x2 , dy = 2x dx, dy = x dx
2

x5 x2 1
Z Z
dy
4
dx = −
1+x 2 2 1 + y2
x2 1
= − arctan y + C.
2 2
Therefore,

x4 x5
Z Z
3 2 2 1
x arctan(x )dx = arctan(x ) − dx
4 2 1 + x4
x4 1 x2 1
 
2 2
= arctan(x ) − − arctan(x ) + C
4 2 2 2
x 4 x 2 1
= arctan(x2 ) − + arctan(x2 ) + C
4 4 4
1 4 1
= (x + 1) arctan(x ) − x2 + C.
2
4 4

14
 Z
4. e4x cos 5x dx
Solution:
Let
u = e4x dv = cos 5x dx
1
du = 4e4x dx v = sin 5x
Z 5Z
4x 1 4x 4
e cos 5xdx = e sin 5x − e4x sin 5x dx
5 5

Let
u1 = e4x dv1 = sin 5x dx
1
du1 = 4e4x dx v1 = − cos 5x
5
Z  Z 
4x 1 4x 4 1 4x 4 4x
e cos 5xdx = e sin 5x − − e cos 5x + e cos 5x dx
5 5 5 5
Z Z
1 4x 4 16
e4x cos 5xdx = e sin 5x + e4x cos 5x − e4x cos 5x dx
5 25 25
Z Z
4x 16 1 4x 4
e cos 5x dx + e4x cos 5x dx = e sin 5x + e4x cos 5x + C
25 5 25
Z
25 1 4x
e4x cos 5x dx = . e (5 sin 5x + 4 cos 5x) + C
41 25
Z
1 4x
e4x cos 5x dx = e (5 sin 5x + 4 cos 5x) + C.
41

Exercises
Z 5.2 Integrate the following. Z
1. x ln x dx 2. x cos x dx
Z Z
3. (ln x)3 dx 4. arctan 2x dx
Z
5. x arcsin x dx 6. e3x sin 2x dx
Z Z
2x ln x
7. cosn x dx 8. √
Z Z x− 9
1
9. sec3 x dx 10. x csc2 x dx
Z Z 2
2x
11. dx 12. 9x tan2 3x dx
Z cos2 2x Z
x arcsin x
13. √ dx 14. e3x sin 4x dx
Z 1 − x2 Z
15. cos x sin 3x dx 16. 6x2 arcsin 2x dx
Z Z √
17. eax cos bx dx 18. arcsin 3x dx
Z π/3 Z (1/2)π 2 √
19. x arctan 2x dx 20. cos 2x dx
0 0

6 INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FUNCTIONS

If P and and Q are polynomials, the integration of expressions in the form
Z
P (x)
dx
Q(x)
can, in theory, always be performed. However, the actual calculation of the integral depends on
whether or not Q(x) can be factored.

15
Theorem 6.1 Every polynomial (with real coefficients) may be decomposed into product of linear
and quadratic factors in such a way that each of the factors has real coefficients.

Remark : If the degree of P is larger than or equal to the degree of Q, apply long
divisions.

The decomposition of a rational function into the sum of simpler expressions is known as the
method of partial fractions. This method is divided into four cases depending on the way the
denominator factors.

Case 1. The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear factors, all different.

2x2 + 3x − 1
Z
Example 6.2 Integrate .
(x + 3
Solution:

We Zcan decompose the given fraction

Z into partial fractions
2x2 + 3x − 1
Z Z
A dx B dx C dx
dx = + +
(x + 3)(x + 2)(x − 1) x+3 x+2 x−1
2x2 + 3x − 1 A B C
= + +
(x + 3)(x + 2)(x − 1) x+3 x+2 x−1
2x2 + 3x − 1 = A(x + 2)(x − 1) + B(x + 3)(x − 1) + C(x + 3)(x + 2)

Assigning of values for x is arbitrary.

1
if x = 1 : 2(1)2 + 3(1) − 1 = C(1 + 3)(1 + 2) ⇒ 4 = 12C hence, C =
3
−1
if x = −2 : 2(−2)2 + 3(−2) − 1 = B(−2 + 3)(−2 − 1) ⇒ 1 = 3B hence, B =
3
ifx = −3 : 2(−3)2 + 3(−3) − 1 = A(−3 + 2)(−3 + 1) ⇒ 8 = 4A hence, A = 2

2x2 + 3x − 1
Z Z Z Z
dx 1 dx 1 C dx
dx = 2 − +
(x + 3)(x + 2)(x − 1) x+3 3 x+2 3 x−1
1 1
= 2 ln |x + 3| − ln | − ln |x − 1| + C.
3 3
Case 2: The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear factors, some of which are
repeated.
Z
2x + 3
Example 6.3 Integrate dx.
(x + 2)(x − 1)
Solution:
Z Z Z Z
2x + 3 A dx B dx C dx
dx = + +
(x + 2)(x − 1) x+2 x−1 (x − 1)2
2x + 3 = A(x − 1)2 + B(x + 2)(x − 1) + C(x + 2)
5
x = 1; 5 = 3c ⇒ C =
3
−1
x = −2; −1 = 9A ⇒ A =
9

16
 −1 5 1
x = 0; 3 = A − 2B + 2C with A = and C = , B =
9 3 9

−1
Z Z Z Z
2x + 3 dx 1 dx 5 dx
2
dx = + +
(x + 2)(x − 1) 9 x+2 9 x−1 3 (x − 1)2
−1 1 5 (x − 1)−1
= ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 1| + +C
9 9 3 −1
−1 1 5
= ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 1| − .
9 9 3(x − 1)

Case 3: The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear and quadratic factors, and
none of the quadratic factors is repeated

x2 − 2x − 3
Z
Example 6.4 Integrate .
(x − 1)(x2 + 2x + 2)
Solution:

x2 − 2x − 3
Z Z Z
A dx Bx + C
dx = + dx
(x − 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) x−1 x2+ 2x + 2
x2 − 2x − 3 = A(x2 + 2x + 2) + (Bx + C)(x − 1)
−4
x = 1; −4 = 5A ⇒ A =
5
 
−4 7
x = 0; −3 = 2A − C ⇒ C = 2 +3=
5 5
x = 2; −3 = 10A + 2B + C
 
−4 7 9
−3 = 10 + 2B + ⇒ B =
5 5 5

9 7
Z
x2 − 2x − 3 −4
Z
dx
Z x+
dx = + 5 5 dx
(x − 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) 5 x−1 x2 + 2x + 2
−4
Z
1 9x + 7
= ln |x − 1| + dx
5 5 x2 + 2x + 2

Z
9x + 7
Integrating dx,
x2 + 2x + 2
Let

u = x2 + 2x + 2
du = (2x + 2) dx
9
9x + 7 = (2x + 2) − 2
2
Z Z Z
9x + 7 9 (2x + 2) dx dx
2
dx = 2
−2 2
x + 2x + 2 2 x + 2x + 2 x + 2x + 2
Now, x2 + 2x + 2 = (x2 + 2x + 1) + 1 = (x + 1)2 + 1

17
 Let y = (x + 1) dy = dx

Z Z Z
9x + 7 9 (2x + 2) dx dx
2
dx = 2
−2 2
x + 2x + 2 2 x + 2x + 2 x + 2x + 2
Z Z
9 du dy
= −2
2 u y2 + 1
9
= ln |u| − 2 arctan y + C
2
9
= ln |x2 + 2x + 2| − 2 arctan(x − 1) + C.
2
Therefore,

x2 − 2x − 3
Z  
4 1 9 2
dx = ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 2x + 2| − 2 arctan(x + 1) +C
(x − 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) 5 5 2
4 9 2
= ln |x − 1| + ln |x2 + 2x + 2| − arctan(x + 1) + C.
5 10 5
Case 4: The denominator Q(x) can be factored into linear and quadratic factors, and
some of the quadratic factors are repeated.
x2 + 3
Z
Example 6.5 Integrate dx.
(x2 + 1)2
Solution:

x2 + 3
Z Z Z
Ax + B Cx + D
2 2
dx = 2
dx + dx
(x + 1) x +1 (x2 + 1)2
x2 + 3 = (Ax + B)(x2 + 1) + (Cx + D)

0x3 + x2 + 0x + 3 = Ax3 + Bx2 + Ax + B + Cx + D = Ax3 + Bx2 + (A + C)x + (B + D)

Thus,
A = 0, B = 1, A + C = 0 and B + D = 3

C=0D=2

x2 + 3
Z Z Z
1 2
2 2
dx = 2
dx dx
(x + 1) x +1 (x + 1)2
2
√
Let x = tan θ, dx = sec2 θdθ, x2 + 1 = sec θ

Now,
sec2 θdθ
Z Z
dx
=
(x + 1)2
2 (sec θ)4
Z
= cos2 θdθ
Z
1 + cos 2θ
= dθ
2
θ sin 2θ
= + +C
2 4
θ 2 sin θ cos θ
= + +C
2 4
arctan x 1 x 1
= + √ ·√ +C
2 2 x2 + 1 2
x +1

18
 Therefore,

x2 + 3
Z  
1 x
dx = arctan x + 2 arctan x + +C
(x2 + 1)2 2 2(x2 + 1)
x
= 2 arctan x + 2 + C.
(x + 1)

Exercises 6.6 Integrate the following.

(x2 + 3) dx
Z Z
3x + 4
1. dx 11.
x2 + 5x + 6 (x + 2)(x2 + 1)
(y 3 + 2)dy
Z Z
dy
2. 12.
y3 − y y3 − 2y 2+ 9y − 18
3x2 + 8x − 12 (x2 − x − 8) dx
Z Z
3. dx 13.
x3 + 7x2 = 12x (2x − 3)(x2 + 2x + 2)
(x2 + 9x + 9) dx
Z Z
(z + 13)dz
4. 14.
(z + 3)(z − 2)(z + 1) (x − 4)(x2 + 2x + 3)
x2 dx x2 + 3x + 5
Z Z
5. 15. dx
(x + 2)(x − 2)(x + 1)(x − 1) x3 + 8
2x2 + 3
Z Z
(2x + 1) dx
6. dx 16.
x2 (x − 1) (3x + 1)(x2 + 1)2
x4 + 1
Z Z
x
7. dx 17. dx
(x2 − 4)2 (x2 + 1)3
2x2 + 3
Z Z
3x + 5
8. dx 18. dx
(x + 4)2 (x − 1) x4 + 8x2 + 16
(x3 + 2x2 + 1) dx
Z Z
9(x + 2) dx
9. 2 2
19. 2 − 2x + 5)2
Z x (x2 − 9) Z (x
x −3+5 (x − x2 + 1) dx
3
10. dx 20.
x4 − 8x2 + 16 (x2 + 2x + 10)3

7 TWO RATIONALIZING SUBSTITUTION

p
Case 1. Whenever an integral contains a single rational expression of the form (ax + b) where p
q
and q are integers, use the substitution
1 uq − b q
u = (ax + b) q then x = and dx = uq−1 du.
a a
Z
(2x + 3)
Example 7.1 Integrate 4 dx.
(x + 1) 3
1
Solution: Let u = (x + 1) 3 then x = u3 − 1, and dx = 3u2 du.

19
 2(u3 − 1) + 3 2
Z Z
(2x + 3)
4 dx = 3u du
(x + 1) 3 u4
2u3 + 1
Z
= du
3
Z
= (6u + 3u−2 )du

6u2 u−1
= +3 +c
2 −1
= 3u2 − 3u−1 + c
2 −1
= 3(x + 1) 3 − 3(x + 1) 3 +c
2 −1
= 3(x + 1) − 3(x + 1)
3 3 + c.
√
Case 2.1. If the integral contains a single irrational expression of the form xq a2 − x2 , where q is
an odd positive integer, use the substitution
p
u = a2 − x2 , then x2 = a2 − u2 and 2x dx = −2u du.

x3 dx
Z
Example 7.2 Integrate √ .
9 − x2
1
Solution: Let u = (9 − x2 ) 2 , x2 = 9 − u2 , 2x dx = −2u du, x dx = −u du.

x3 dx x2 x dx
Z Z
√ = √
9 − x2 9 − x2
(9 − u2 )(−u du)
Z
=
u
Z Z
= − 9du + u2 du

u3
= −9u + +c
3
p 1 p
= −9 9 − x2 + ( 9 − x2 )3 + c
3
p 1 p
= 9 9 − x + ( 9 − x2 )3 + c.
2
3
√
Case 2.2. If the integral contains a single irrational expression of the form xq x2 − a2 , where q is
an odd positive integer, use the substitution
p
u = x2 − a2 , then x2 = u2 + a2 and 2x dx = 2u du
Z √ 2
x −9
Example 7.3 Integrate dx.
x
1
Solution: Let u = (x2 − 9) 2 , x2 = u2 + 9, 2x dx = 2u du

20
 Z √ Z √
x2 − 9 x2 − 9 · x dx
dx =
x x2
u · u du
Z
= du
(u2 + 9)
u2 du
Z
=
(u2 + 9)
9
Dividing u2 by (u2 + 9) we get 1 − .
u2 +9
Hence,

Z √
x2 − 9 u2 du
Z
dx =
x (u2 + 9)
Z  
9
= 1− du
u2 + 9
Z Z
du
= du − 9 2
u +9
9 u
= u − arctan + c
3 3 √
p
2
x2 − 9
= x − 9 − 3 arctan + c.
3
√
Case 2.3. If the integral contains a single irrational expression of the form xq x2 + a2 , where q is
an odd positive integer, use the substitution
p
u = x2 + a2 , then x2 = u2 − a2 and 2x dx = 2u du

Z
dx
Example 7.4 Integrate √ .
x x2 + 4
1
Solution: Let u = (x2 + 4) 2 , x2 = u2 − 4, 2xdx = 2udu, xdx = udu

Z Z
dx x dx
√ = √
x x2 + 4 Z x2 x2 + 4
u du
=
(u2 − 4)u
Z
du
= 2
u −4
Z
du
=
(u − 2)(u + 2)
Z Z
Adu Bdu
= +
u+2 u−2
Solving for the values of A and B
Z Z
1 Adu Bdu
= +
(u − 2)(u + 2) u+2 u−2

21
 1 = A(u − 2) + B(u + 2)

if u = 2 if u = −2
1 = B(2 + 2) 1 = A(−2 − 2)
1 = 4B 1 = −4A
1 1
B= A=−
4 4
Z −1 du Z 1 du
−1
Z Z Z Z
Adu Bdu 4 4 du 1 du
+ = + = +
u+2 u−2 u+2 u−2 4 u+2 4 u−2
√
−1 1 1 u−2 1 x2 + 4 − 2
= ln |u + 2| + ln |u − 2| + c = ln + c = ln √ +c
4 4 4 u+2 4 x2 + 4 + 2
Therefore,
√
x2 + 4 − 2
Z
dx 1
√ = ln √ + c.
x x2 + 4 4 x2 + 4 + 2

Case 3. If the integrand contains rational functions of trigonometric functions, use the substitution
 
θ
u = tan ·
2

From the reference triangle

θ u θ 1
sin = √ cos = √
2 2
u +1 2 2
u +1
θ θ u 1 2u
sin θ = 2 sin cos = 2 · √ ·√ = 2
2 2 u2 + 1 u2 + 1 u +1
2u
sin θ = 2
u +1
θ 2 θ 2
2  2
1 − u2
    
1 u
cos θ = cos − sin = √ − √ = 2
2 2 u2 + 1 u2 + 1 u +1
1−u 2
cos θ = 2
u +1
 
θ 2du
Since u = tan , then θ = 2 arctan u and dθ =
2 1 + u2

ExampleZ 7.5 Integrate the following.

dθ
1.
tan θ − sin θ
 
θ 2du
Solution: Let u = tan , then θ = 2 arctan u and dθ = .
2 1 + u2
2u 2u
Also, sin θ = 2 and tan θ = .
u +1 1 − u2

22
 2du
(1 − u2 )(1 + u2 )
Z Z
dθ 1 + u2
= ·
tan θ − sin θ 2u 2u (1 − u2 )(1 + u2 )
2
−
1−u 1 + u2
2du(1 − u2 ) (2 − 2u2 )du
Z Z
= =
2u(1 + u2 ) − 2u(1 − u2 ) 2u + 2u3 − 2u + 2u3
Z 2
(2 − 2u )du 1
Z
1
Z
du
−3
= 3
= u du −
4u 2 2 u
1u −2 1
= − ln u + c
2 −2 2
θ −2
   
−1 θ
= tan − ln tan +c
4 2 2
 
−1 θ
=   − ln tan +c
θ 2 2
4 tan
2
 
−1 θ
=  − ln tan + c.
θ 2 2

4 tan
2
Z
dx
2.
3 cos x + 4 sin x
x 2du
Solution: Let u = tan , then x = 2 arctan u and dx = .
2 1 + u2
2u 1 − u2
Also, sin x = and cos x = .
u2 + 1 u2 + 1

2du
(1 + u2 )
Z Z
dx 1+ u2
= ·
1 − u2 (1 + u2 )

3 cos x + 4 sin x 2u
3 2
+4
1+u 1 + u2
Z
2du
=
3(1 − u2 ) + 8u
Z
2du
=
3 − 3u2 + 8u
Z
2du
=
(3u + 1)(−u + 3)
Z Z
Adu Bdu
= +
3u + 1 −u + 3
Solving for the values of A and B

2 A B
= +
(3u + 1)(−u + 3) 3u + 1 −u + 3
2 = A(−u + 3) + B(3u + 1)
−1
if u = 3 if u =
3
 
1
2 = B[3(3) + 1] 2=A +3
3

23
 10
2 = 10B 2= A
3
1 3
B= A=
5 5

3 1
Z
Adu
Z
Bdu
Z du du
+ = 5 + 5
3u + 1 −u + 3 −u + 3 −u + 3
Z Z
3 du 1 du
= +
5 3u + 1 5 −u + 3
1 1
= ln |3u + 1| − ln | − u + 3| + c
5 5
1 3u + 1
= ln +c
5 −u + 3
x
1 3 tan +1
= ln 2x  +c
5 − tan +3
2
x
Z
dx 1 3 tan +1
Therefore, = ln 2x  +c
3 cos x + 4 sin x 5 − tan +3
2

24
Exercises 7.6 Integrate the following.
3x − 2 √
Z Z
1. √ dx 2. x x + 2 dx
2x − 5
x2 dx
Z Z
x+3
3. 2 dx 4. √
(3x + 2) 3 3 2x + 1
Z √ Z √
x+5 3 x+2−5
5. √ dx 6. √ dx
x−2 2 x+2−6
Z √
x3 dx
Z
x+9
7. dx 8. √
x x2 − 16
x3 dx
Z Z p
9. √ 10. x3 x2 + 4 dx
x2 + 4
Z p Z p
11. x3 4 − x2 dx 12. x2 x2 − 25 dx
Z Z
dx dx
13. √ 14. √
x 36 − x2 x x2 + 16
√ Z √
25 − x2 25 + x2
Z
15. dx 16. dx
x x
Z √ 2
x − 25
Z
dx
17. dx 18. 1 2
x x2 − x3
x3 x3
Z Z
19. √ dx 20. √ dx
16 − x2 x2 + 16
Z √
9 − x2
Z
dx
21. √ 22. dx
x3 x2 + 4 x3
Z Z
dθ dx
23. 24.
1 + cos θ 1 + sin x − cos x
Z Z
dθ dx
25. 26.
3 − 2 cos θ 2 − sin x
Z Z
dθ dx
27. 28.
5 + 4 sin θ 4 + 5 cos x
Z Z
dx cot x dx
29. 30.
sin x + cos x + 3 1 − cos x
Z Z
31. sec x dx 32. csc x dx

25