:ation

9.13
9.5 BEAM FORMING
t the
9.5.1 lntroduction
'-user
& Beam
forming techniques can be used in any antenna system, panicurarry in
MIM7 systems in order to create a certainrequired antenna airrrrip
cates
' to give the required performance ooor*
Itrple under the given conditiow.
;rom S Beamforming is the combination of radio signals from a set of small non-
i can
directional anteirnas in order to simulate a large directional
antenna. I

Aligning the transmit signal in the direction of the transrnit rl

antenna array
i,
pattern is called transmit beamforming.
& It takes advantages of an inte.rference to change the directionality of the
I

antenna. Beam former controls theptrase and relative

amplitude of the signals
ling at TX.
ver

,,,r),

ler
Ier
lal

Interferece User
Fig.9. I 3. Beam forming in MIMO
& smart anfunnas are normally used because it can be conholled
automatically
according to the required performance and the prevailing
conditions. It is
divided into two groups namely,
 9" 14
tiort
(i) Phased Array Systems (PAS): Phased array systems are
n4

switched and have a

number of pre-defined patterns
- the required one being switched
according to
the direction required.

(ii) Adaptive Arrray Systems (A{,S)..

This type of antenna uses an
infinite nurnber
of patterns and can be adjusted based on the
requirements in real time

teruas Active beeur Iargeted User

Antema
Amay
(t
"Antenna
Conyentional
,Swttcherl Array
Beamfrrming , Antennfl. Adaptive
At l.ay
Arra_y AntennnAmay
Fig.9.I4, Types of beamforming
& MIMo beam forming using phased
array systems re{uires the
overall system
to determine the direction of
arrivat of the incoming signal
and then switch in
the most appropriate beam- This
is something of a compromise
fixed beam is unrikely to exactly -- because
vvvs*sv the
match the required oo""i"r.
& Adaptive array systems are uor"
,o direct ;; in the exact directign
needed' and also move the beam
in real time. This is a particular
advantage in.
mobile terecommunications. However
the cost is the considerable exha
complexity required.

9.5.2 Working principle

xf'
db In MIMO, beam forming sends
the same symbor over each
transmit antenna
with different scale factor. t
V
db At the receiver, arr received signars are coherently
combined using different
scale factor.
ti,cation Mu hi le Antenna Techniques 9.15

V
have a czlo This produces a transmit/receiver diversity system, whose SNR can .be

ding to maximized by optimizing the scale factors (MRC).

1r
db Beam forming leads to a much higher SNR than on the individual channels in
the parallel channel decomposition.
tumber '!r
db Fbr beamforming CSI at the receiver is typically assumed since it is required
for coherent combining. A max 'p' is the SNR when H is known at the
recelver.
1r
oto When the channel is not known at the transmitter, the transmit antenna
weights are all equal, so the received. SNR equals 7 = llHu*ll, where the
normalized transmit vector 'u' is chosen to maximize y.
I[enna
trl
qlv Advantages:
Jra!'

(i) Inc.rease SINR, and

(ii) Support higher user densities.

i) stem
itch in
se the

ection
age in
extra

Itenxa

[erent