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Barlow
 Observe and practice the spirit of camaraderie and determine the

FILIPINO IDENTITY
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01
 Discuss the role of the family, school, and church in the
development of political self;
#d4b57b #ffffff
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
#feaea7 #8d6c37#182b2f
02
THE POLITICAL
Discuss the concepts of digital citizenship and how its use THE DIGITAL
enables one to become a digital citizen; and,
ASPECT OF #1d5d58 THE #085751 #177f77 #b27b2b
ASPECT OF
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SELFthe self.
impacts THE SELF
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OF
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THE SPIRITUAL
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
ASPECT OF
THE SELF
The Political Aspect of the Self
The Political Self explores how our social and economic context profoundly affects our mental
health and well-being and destroys the general notion that humans can separate themselves
from politics or that politics can’t affect the human psyche. As we acknowledge that the self is
not a separate entity, we begin to understand ourselves and find the entities that makeup who
we are. Just as our gender and religion affect our self, politics likewise affect our values, beliefs,
and traits as well.

What makes a Filipino a Filipino? An American, American? As we look into the traits that make
us unique and trace them back in history, we are able to see how these traits have been greatly
influenced by politics. What about us as individuals? As a mirror image of the world, it seals the
understanding that individuals can’t separate themselves from politics. What we do has an effect
on the world just as the state of the world has an effect on us. It is no hidden fact that the world
we live in is unwell- economically and politically.

This module aims to teach us about the influence of politics in the society and individuals and
vice versa. It will teach you what your political self is and how it influences traits and
personalities in the grand scheme of things. It aims to destroy the misconstrued ideas that we
are not influenced by politics and that our decisions do not influence society. Thus, you will
realize that our actions do have a direct effect on the world and that we can’t live a life detached
from politics or society.
 The Political Self
The Self is a dynamic construct in that it is shaped by external forces and personal factors. Active citizenship
embraces one’s individuality through the choices a person makes and the behaviors they manifest. Early
exposure to politics and political systems may augment adolescents’ development of themselves. It fosters
critical thinking, the formation of advocacies, comprehension, and understanding, and genuine concerns for the
environment and communities. Such exposure may lead to the successful adaptation of particular advocacy and
ensure everyone benefits in the long run.

Our political self is a result of various personal and environmental factors that impact the individual. Our political
identity doesn’t begin at the age of voting; together with active citizenship, our awareness of community
concerns may lead to the optimal development of strong, intelligent, and passionate community leaders and
youth participants. Thus, there is no such thing as a right time to start becoming involved; adolescent
participation in political activities can strengthen their standpoints, allowing them to be heard by the general
public, and ensuring a strong, stable state, shaped by a strong, stable citizenry. As adolescence is a time of
searching for identity, imbibing active citizenship, becoming aware of issues pervading society, engaging in
political discourse, and other similar behaviors that can shape you to become effective agents of change.

The political self makes an individual explore the political mindset of integration, interconnection, interaction,
and interrelatedness/interdependence to another individual or society in general. Politics is derived from the
Greek word Politika from Aristotle’s classic work which means “affairs of the cities”, Latin/Old French word polis
which means “city”, polites which means “citizen”. Synonymously, it can relate to assessment or government.
Man is by Nature a Political Animal
In his Politics, Aristotle believed that man was a "political animal" because he is a social
creature with the power of speech and moral reasoning. Aristotle’s statement that man is a
“political animal” can be taken in a number of ways. One reading is to say that man is
naturally sociable and that they are naturally drawn to various political associations in
order to satisfy their social needs. Another reading, which sees the word “political” in a less
charitable light, might state that, since politics is based upon violence and threats of
violence, the phrase emphasizes the “animal” side of human nature rather than its rational
and cooperative side. Those who turn their back on the violence inherent in politics, in his
view, also turn their back on society - they call themselves to be outlaws, without a “tribe”,
and without a heart.

Man is a Thinking Animal

The man is in the scheme of nature as a “thinking animal.” The spirit which distinguishes
man as a rational being is “incapable of being destroyed” It is a special part of the psyche
(soul), which in turn is the force that animates the body. The soul is the body “trained”, and
contrary to the spirit of Plato, does not have a separate existence from the body. Thus, it
does not survive the death of the body. However, the soul has both currency and potential.
In other words, the soul has a purpose and carries with it the means to achieve this end
 What is Politics?
Politics refers to the science and art of government or the political state of a government or country,
associated with governance in order to achieve power. As members of society, we are naturally obligated to
participate as social citizens in a political system. As citizens, we become aware of our duties and
responsibilities that should empower us to participate in state and political affairs. Politics refers to “the
actions or activities concerned with achieving and using power in a country or society.” It is also defined as
“the ways that power is shared in an organization and the ways it is affected by personal relationships
between people who work together.” Aristotle mentioned that “man is by nature a political animal.” This is
because man is a social being and that they are naturally drawn to various political associations to satisfy
their social needs.

•
Politics as imbibed by man implies several things:
First, politics is concerned with power. We observe power inequalities in within our societies. There are
those whose position ranks high in the social hierarchy and thus, wields much power compared to those in

• the lower class. The one who holds the power holds much influence.
Second, politics is about contexts. The nature of politics and political systems is dependent on the culture
of the state. The characteristics of people, cultural traditions they observe, value orientations, economics,
education, religion, and other similar institutions shape the political landscape of any country.

Political self is best exemplified by Filipino customs and traditions, pakikipagkapwa-tao or camaraderie
spirit, such as mourning for the dead, comforting the sick, etc. Servitude seems to be the typical example of
political self, “To serve and not to be served”, God-like Christian principle.
 Developing a Filipino Identity
• The Filipino culture is a mix of both eastern and western cultures. The beliefs and
traditions of the pre-colonial Philippines were mainly an indigenous Malay heritage. The
Malays made a large contribution to Philippine history. The Malay temperament is a basic
factor of a Filipino personality. It can be best described as “being nice and pleasant to
others.” Additionally, the important role of the family in Filipino culture stemmed from
the strength of the Malay family clan that served as a strong security unit.
• When the Spaniards colonized the islands, the Hispanic culture influenced the natives.
Christianity became the dominant religion, and a western-based social and political
organization was established in the Philippines.
• The Americans shaped the modern Filipino culture, and this is primarily manifested by
the widespread use of the English language in the Philippines today. It was these
influences that formed the Filipino character.

National Identity
In general, when discussing national identity, the focus tends to be on being a citizen of a
country. The role of culture on identity should never be underestimated. The Filipino identity
is not static. His self-image can be as varied as his or her background. It can be as varied as
his or her background. His consciousness of being a Filipino psychologically defines him as
one, no matter how he sees and defines the Filipino.(
.
Developing a Filipino Identity
Given the diversity of the Philippines, the unifying element of Filipino culture is a complex
matter. A sense of national identity emerged out of the long-standing struggle for
independence. In the contemporary Philippines, many Filipinos are acutely aware of the
colonial history of their country. For example, José Rizal, is a highly revered and well-known
figure whom many Filipinos look up to as a role model of a virtuous person.

• The sense of national identity is fragile, with loyalty residing firstly to their kin group,
province, or municipality. The Philippines is a collectivist society and individuals tend to
understand themselves as a part of a group. For Filipinos, the interests of the collective
often override the interests of the individual. Filipinos generally feel a strong sense of
pride towards their group and will celebrate their pride through sharing stories or facts
about their family, barangay (village), or town.

• The long history of contact with Spain and the United States continues to have a
significant impact on the Filipino identity. One example is the influence of American
standards of beauty, which are often measured in the Philippines by the possession of
Western physical traits – such as fair skin and curly hair. Another example is the
prominence of Christian ideology since the introduction of Christianity by the Spanish.
Compared to other Asian countries, we have one of the highest Christian populations.
 Who is Considered a Filipino?
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines tells us who the citizens of the Philippines are:

 Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this
Constitution;
 Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
 Those who are naturalized in accordance with the law.

Ways on How to Acquire Philippine Citizenship

There are two (2) generally recognized forms of acquiring Philippine citizenship:

• Jus soli (right of soil) is the legal principle that a person’s nationality at birth is
determined by the place of birth (e.g. the territory of a given state).
• Jus sanguinis (right of blood) is the legal principle that, at birth, an individual
acquires the nationality of his/her natural parent/s.

Naturalization is the judicial act of adopting a foreigner and clothing him with the
privileges of a native-born citizen. It implies the renunciation of a former nationality and
the fact of entrance into a similar relation towards a new body politic.

However, citizenship is not the only element we need to consider in identifying who a
Filipino is. History, culture, traits, and values are also part of what makes us a Filipino.
 Filipino Traits and Values
Any geographical unit has common traits and
values. For Filipinos, the following are what we are
most known for. Some of them are positive traits,
while some are negative. Can you tell which is
which?

1. The Filipino Hospitality

2. Respect for Elders
3. Cheerful Personality (Joy and Humor)
4. Self-Sacrifice
5. The Spirit of Bayanihan
6. Bahala Na” Culture
7. Colonial Mentality
8. Manana Habit
9. Ningas Kugon
10. Pride
11. Crab Mentality
12. Filipino Time
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 Active Citizenship
• Active citizenship has been a popular topic for researches across several disciplines. It includes
“structured forms of engagement with political processes and everyday forms of participation in
society”.
• Active citizenship is anchored on our cognitive and behavioral engagement to participate in formal
political activities.
• Active citizenship enables democracy. Democracy should not only be thought of as a form of
government; it is a communal system that allows volitional freedom of citizens to make informed
choices that allows them to be heard.
• Active citizenship is a social construct. It fosters social relatedness and belongingness.

Most adolescents would say that “we do not have the power to inspire change” or that “we are not heard so
why should we speak up”. However, let us not forget that you are the future leaders of our country. The
advantage of youth is their zeal and optimism in effecting change for the country. Youth participation
should not be the exception, but rather the norm. In politics where cynical attitudes dominate among older
individuals, youth participation provides a breath of fresh air in raising issues and concerns that impact
society in general.

Active citizenship is also associated with a “sense of community.” People, including adolescents,
participate in communal activities because it is their way of “giving back”. The sense of community they feel
with their location also persuades adolescents to do something for their respective communities,
especially those community groups considered to be a minority. Active citizenship may facilitate ethnic
pride and provide a voice to the woes of their social group.
Developing Active Citizenship
Active citizenship means people getting involved in their local
communities and democracy at all levels, from towns to cities to
nationwide activity.

Active citizenship can be as small as a campaign to clean up your street

or as big as educating young people about democratic values, skills,
and participation. Active citizenship is one of the most important steps
towards healthy societies.

As we understand it, active citizenship is a combination of knowledge,

attitude, skills, and actions that aim to contribute to building and
maintaining a democratic society.

Active Citizenship supports democratic cooperation that is based on

the acceptance of universal human rights and the rule of law, values
diversity, and includes the whole community. Education towards
gaining this knowledge and developing and practicing the skills take
place in all levels of our shared social life, but schools play a very
important role in it.
What are Human Rights?
Human rights, according to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, refers to norms that
aim to protect people from political, legal, and social abuses. Human rights are a vital
component of most modern democracies. It allows a person to live with dignity and in
peace, away from the abuses that can be inflicted by abusive institutions or individuals,
even if the fact remains that there are rampant human rights violations around the world.
The United Nations (UN) defines human rights as universal and inalienable, interdependent
and indivisible, and, equal and non-discriminatory:

• It is universal and inalienable.

• Human rights belong to all and cannot be taken away unless specific situations call for it.
However, the deprivation of a person's right is subject to due process.
• It is Interdependent and indivisible
• Whatever happens to even one right – fulfillment or violation – can directly affect others.
• It is equal and non-discriminatory.

Human rights protect all people regardless of race, nationality, gender, religion, and
political leaning, among others. They should be respected without prejudice. Human rights
can also be classified under individual, collective, civil, political, economic and social, and
cultural. Human rights are both rights and obligations, according to the UN. The state is
obliged to “respect, protect, and fulfill” these rights. Protecting means that human rights
violations should be prevented and if they exist, immediate action should be made.
Political Rights of Filipinos
Political Rights -These are rights an individual enjoys as a consequence
of being a member of a body politics. The rights of Filipinos can be found
in Article III of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Also called the Bill of
Rights, it includes 22 sections that declare a Filipino citizen’s rights and
privileges that the Constitution has to protect, no matter what. Aside
from various local laws, human rights in the Philippines are also guided by
the UN's International Bill of Human Rights.

Why are rights important to citizens?

It is extremely important to know our legal and Constitutional rights.
These rights are the foundation of our legal system and are in place for
the protection of every citizen of this country. Failure to know and utilize
these rights leads to their erosion and possibly to you getting yourself
deeper into trouble. Human rights are the basic rights inherent to all
human beings from birth until death.

These rights include the right to life and liberty, personal security,
freedom from torture, freedom from discrimination, and freedom from
arbitrary arrest, among others. The political self, before combatting the
great challenges of modern times, need to be equipped with the
corresponding ethical standards of society.
 Rights and Duties of a Filipino Citizen
As to duties, every Filipino citizen is asked to uphold this Constitution, obey the laws
of the land, pay taxes, and cooperate with the duly constituted authorities in the
attainment and preservation of a just and orderly society. It shall be the duty of
every citizen to be loyal to the Republic of the Philippines, honor the Philippine Flag,
defend the State, contribute to its development and welfare, uphold the Constitution
and obey the laws, pay taxes, and cooperate with the duly constituted authorities in
the attainment and maintenance of the peace and order in the country.

As to rights, it includes the following: the right to use and dispose of his property,
the right to practice one's profession, and the right to make a living. In other words, a
Filipino citizen cannot be deprived of his life, liberty, or property and is given the
chance to defend himself.

Specifically, it is the duty of every Filipino:

• To be loyal and honor the Philippine flag
• To defend the State and contribute to its development
• To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws
• To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities in the attainment and
preservation of a just and humane society.
 Other Rights
Article III of the 1987 Constitution
My Statutory Rights
• Right to receive a minimum wage
• Right to preliminary investigation
• Right to information
• Right to a fair and speedy trial
• Right to remain silent and seek
counsel
• Right to bail
• Right to vote
• Right to privacy
• Freedom of opinion
The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
• Right to equality
• Freedom from discrimination
• Right to life, liberty, and
personal security
• Freedom from slavery
• Freedom from torture and
degrading treatment
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ASPECT OF
THESELF
THE SELF 02 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
THE SPIRITUAL
UNDERSTANDINGTHE
UNDERSTANDING THESELF
SELF
ASPECT OF
THE SELF
 Introduction
Have you ever wondered how your parents communicate with their loved ones
during their time? Or how do they manage to finish their studies by just plainly
using textbooks? Indeed, there are lots of differences if we are to compare
your generation with that of the olden days.

From generation to generation, we witness the ever-dynamic enhancement of

technology, as well as awesome innovations that drastically change the
lifestyle of the people. In the past, the only means of communication is through
writing, telegrams for emergency calls, and for those who can afford, the best
alternative is telephone calls.

As time goes by, the invention and emergence of pagers or beepers made
communication better as it receive and display alphanumeric or voice
messages. However, the entry of cellular phones and different social media
platforms totally changes the face of the earth. Modern technology rendered
the previous advancements null and void.
The advancement of modern technology dramatically affects our real self-concept or
and to some extent, the ideal self that we have developed based on what we have
experienced and learned. But in what ways does modern technology affect our real
The Digital Self
and ideal self-concept?

Let us examine this example: Margarita posts in her different social media platform
account everything that is happening to her. Social media serves as her outlet after
long days of work and provides her with relief. She shares everything - from her day-
day activities to her innermost feelings.

What Margarita portrays in her social media account is her digital self and when we say
digital self, we refer to the persona we use when we are online. Digital self spans
everything from text messages to fashion styles, our trips, previous and present job
statuses, and many other significant and insignificant points in between.

According to Hill (2018), our digital self can become the vivid representation of our
wants, needs, motivations, and insecurities. There are three elements of the digital
self:

• Your online behavior - the number of times you update your status on social
media
• Your online voice -the conversations you do with other people in your social
media account, and
• Your online presentation (create a social media profile to present yourself.
Digital natives, as coined by Mark Prensky (2001), refer to the individuals who were born
after the widespread adoption of digital technology. The individuals who have grown up
using technology such as the Internet, computer, and mobile devices are known to be the
The Digital
following:
Natives
• Millennial generation (born between 1981 and 1996),
• Generation Z (born between 1996 and 2020), and
• Generation Alpha (born between 2011 and 2025).

Since the enormous rise of digital technology happens during the millennial generation,
then it follows that not all individuals in this generation are digital natives. Some of the
characteristics in the era of digital natives are the following:

• Generation Z individuals are intuitive and participative learners, have a high capacity to
do multi-tasking tasks, speak tech, knows what they need to work on, and see the world
in less hierarchical terms; and,
• General Alpha individuals are more immersed in technology, can learn in visual and
interactive teaching methods, and are more inclusive and aware of their public image.

Digital immigrants, on the other hand, are individuals who were born before the
widespread use of digital technology. Generally, these are individuals who were born
before the Millennial generation. Since a vast array of modern digital technology arises, to
be in the digital native era has both its advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Life
Advantages
• It can link people to people, knowledge, education, and entertainment anywhere
globally at any time in an affordable, nearly frictionless manner.
• It can revolutionize civic, business, consumer, and personal logistics, opening
up a world of opportunity and options.
• It can empower people to improve, advance, or reinvent their lives, allowing
them to self-actualize, meet soul mates, and make a difference in the world.

Disadvantages
• People can become addicted to the usage of digital technology.
• The personal agency will be reduced and emotions such as shock, fear,
indignation, and outrage will be further weaponized online, driving divisions and
doubts.
• Information overload, trust issues in face-to-face skills, and poor interface
designs can lead to stress, anxiety, depression, inactivity, and sleeplessness.
• The structure of the internet and the pace of digital change invite ever-evolving
threats to human interaction, security, democracy, jobs, privacy, and more.

As we adapt to changes in our modern world, we must consider its implications to

our physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual aspects of well-being. We must be
careful of the information we post online, how to portray our behavior online, and the
way we communicate with other people online.
Nowadays, it is not merely tangible belongings that researchers consider as part of our The Socio-
extended self. Our digital possessions such as photos, videos, statuses, texts, and
emails are now considered to be significantly important in shaping our digital self. Our
digital self has become a vivid representation of our desires, needs, motivations, and
Digital Self
insecurities.

With the rise of technology, our way of socializing has significantly changed. Before,
when we wish to talk to a person, we really need to approach them personally. But now,
when we want to talk to a person, whether near or far, they are just a social network
away. One of the innovations that improved our socialization processes is the use of
social media. Sociological perspectives tell that people have “role identities”. These are
the characters and the roles an individual creates as a member of a particular social
position. The ‘self’, on the other hand, is the hierarchical ordering of identities by
salience. It is known that the greater the commitment to identity is, the greater the
salience of this identity. Hence, the salience of identity impacts behavioral choices in a
situation.

However, with the presence of the internet, our identity is affected. People separate
themselves from their physical body when engaged in social media, thus,
disembodiment. It is known that social media allows us to adopt identities
independent from our bodies.
Impact of Online Interactions on the Self
In 1998, one of the first studies of the effect of internet use revealed how it affects
relationships and participation in offline community life. These are its findings:

• The more time you spent online could cause a decline in communicating with family
members.
• The use of social networking sites (SNS) may possibly determine the subjective
perception of well-being and life satisfaction
• Social networking was also found to be addictive. Some chronic users who have
suddenly stopped online social networking may display signs and symptoms, like
anxiety, restlessness, irritability, insomnia, headaches, poor concentration, depression,
social Isolation.

What makes us so addicted?

• Communication occurs during interaction and our need to be connected and interact
with others is universal and unavoidable.
• Communication is necessary in our unending search for sense and meaning to our
world. The social world is socially constructed through interactions between people:
roles, rules, categorizations, stereotypes, and so on.
• Social validation is an important part of being human, that is why a simple Facebook
“like” or a Twitter “Favorite” makes us feel good and want to crave for more.
Online Disinhibition Effect
When we behave differently in virtual spaces than we would in face-to-face interactions,
we loosen up, we become less restrained and we tend to express ourselves more openly.
This phenomenon is known as online disinhibition.

There are two main categories of behavior that fall under the online disinhibition effect:

Benign disinhibition - that includes behavior in which people tend to self-disclose more
on the internet than they would in real life. Also, they tend to go out of their way to help
someone or show kindness.

Toxic disinhibition - which, on the other hand, includes behavior that in which people
tend to use rude language, threats, and visiting places of pornography, crime, and
violence on the internet. They may also go to places they might not have been to in real
life.

Even though there are people who exhibit online disinhibition, it should be noted that not
every person will be disinhibited in the same way or to the same level in virtual
interactions. Individuals can be predisposed to being more disinhibited based on
personality. The intensity of a person’s underlying feelings, needs, drives, and the likes
affect susceptibility to online disinhibition as well. Even though not all online
disinhibitions are bad, it is better and safer for us to create a digital footprint that is
worth looking at.
 Digital Citizenship
Karen Moss Berger in her book “Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation”
defined digital citizens as "Those who use the internet regularly and effectively with a full
understanding of digital citizenship, which is the appropriate and responsible behavior when
using technology.” Since digital citizenship evaluates the quality of an individual's response to
membership in a digital community, it often requires the participation of all community
members, both visible and those who are less visible. A large part of being a responsible digital
citizen encompasses digital literacy, etiquette, online safety, and an acknowledgment of
private versus public information.

Digital citizenship is anchored on three general principles: respecting oneself and others,
educating oneself and others, and protecting oneself and others. Technology is both a bane
and a boon. On one hand, our way of life has been uplifted due to the convenience that
technology brings. Everything is faster, access is made easier, and the outputs are enhanced.
With the rapidly changing environments we live in, people are likely to be engulfed in
technology. Digital citizenship serves the purpose of regulating human behavior in a highly-
technological and digital world.

A major concern of this digital era is how technology shapes our self and identity. There is no
doubt that the beliefs, value orientation, and behavior of individuals, especially the millennial
generation, are heavily influenced by technology. One concept that is related to one’s digital
self is online disinhibition. It is defined as “the lack of restraint one feels when communicating
online in comparison to communicating in-person.”
 Digital Citizenship Themes
The permeating nature of technology has also influenced the various technological and
online behaviors we manifest. Within the concept of digital citizenship, there are nine (9)
themes that cover these behaviors based on the general principle, namely:

A. Respecting Oneself and Others

 Digital Access – full electronic participation in society
 Digital Etiquette - Electronic standards of conduct or procedure.
 Digital Law - electronic responsibility for actions and deeds, especially with ethics of
technology

B. Educating Oneself and Others

 Digital Commerce - Electronic buying and selling of goods.
 Digital Communication - Electronic exchange of information.
 Digital Literacy - Process of teaching and learning technology and the use of
technology.

C. Protecting Oneself and Others

 Digital Rights and Responsibilities - Those freedoms extended to everyone in the
digital world.
 Digital Health and Wellness - Physical and psychological well-being in a digital
technology world.
 Digital Security - electronic precautions to guarantee safety
 Locations

1,200,000+
Clients over
the world
Earth is the third planet from
the Sun and the only one that
harbors life in the Solar
System. This is where we all
live on
Thanks!
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

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