Personal Best C1 SB AmE GR and VC

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
1A T
he present: simple, continuous, and
perfect aspects 1 Choose the correct options to complete the
sentences.
1.5 1 They are living / live at Anna’s house for a few weeks.
Good weather cheers us up. 2 Jake’s having / has lunch in the cafeteria every other
I’m just walking out the door now. Wednesday.
I still haven’t received my exam results. 3 Our boss is always talking / always talks about
She’s been studying, so she turned off her phone. our sales figures. It’s so annoying!
4 The number of people in their sixties has been
Aspect adds meaning to the verb form. The continuous aspect can add meaning increasing / has increased by five percent since
about the duration of an action. The action is viewed at some point between its start last year.
and end, and can mean that it is in progress and temporary. The perfect aspect 5 She just sends / is just sending me the information,
can mean the action is completed, or has an effect on a later situation. The simple so we’ll have it soon.
aspect doesn’t usually add meaning, but can express facts. 6 I ’ve been saving / ‘ve saved money for a vacation,
but so far I’ve saved / been saving only $200.
Simple present 7 Where are you calling / do you call from? It’s hard
We use the simple present to talk about routines and facts. We often use the simple to hear you.
present with frequency adverbs and expressions. 8 Laura is still studying for her exam. In fact,
It snows frequently in the winter here. she ’s been studying / ‘s studied all night.
My younger brother annoys me most of the time. 2 Check ( ) the sentences if they are correct, or correct
any mistakes.
Present continuous
1 He’s working in a bank for the last ten years.
We use the present continuous to talk about actions that are in progress or
2 Have you finished your assignment for tomorrow?
temporary at the moment. We can use just to emphasize “now.”
3 I watch a series called Run! right now.
He’s living with his parents, but he’ll get his own place soon. 4 We’ve been painting the bedroom all morning.
I’m just putting dinner in the oven. 5 They live in Madrid since last month.
We can also use the present continuous with always to talk about things that happen 6 You’re always following celebrities on Instagram.
frequently, especially things that are annoying. 7 I wait ages to hear from you.
You’re always leaving the top off the toothpaste tube! 8 Evidence shows that the Earth’s climate changes in
recent years.
Some verbs, such as think, have, and feel, can be both action and state verbs, with
different meanings. When they are action verbs, we can use the present continuous, 3 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs in
but when they are state verbs, we can only use the simple present. parentheses. There may be more than one answer.
I’m having some doubts about my new boyfriend. (the action of having)
I have three really great teachers this semester. (the state of having) Languages 1 (always, change) and
evolving to adapt to speakers’ needs. Some
2 (evolve) more quickly than others.
Present perfect
In the case of English, older generations often
We use the present perfect to talk about past experiences or actions without
complain about the poor standard of young
specifying when they happened. The actions are usually complete.
people’s English, that we 3 (always,
We’ve won the championship many times. use) text-speak and incorrect grammar.
I’ve read that novel. Anyway, while any change is barely noticeable
We also use the present perfect to talk about actions or states that start in the past from year to year, it 4 (become)
and continue in the present, or past actions that have an effect on the present. more apparent in texts from decades or
How long have you belonged to this club? I’ve been a member for 15 years. centuries ago. I 5 (read) some of
She’s moved away. She’s now living in San Francisco. Shakespeare’s most famous works over the
past few weeks, and I 6 (find) the
Present perfect continuous English incomprehensible on many occasions!
We use the present perfect continuous to talk about longer, repeated actions that Also, my family and I 7 (discover)
are still taking place, or have recently finished. It can also show that the action has an my grandmother’s journals. It’s interesting to
effect on the present. see old-fashioned words, like “settee” instead
of “sofa” (By the way, my mom 8
I’ve been painting all morning. (I’m still painting, or I’ve recently completed it.)
(call) it a “couch”!).
I’m covered in paint because I’ve been painting. (effect of action: I’m covered in
paint.)
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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 94 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
1C Adding emphasis (1): cleft sentences

1 Match the two parts of the sentences.
1.8
1 What I wanted to say
It was my grandmother who was the most important influence in my life. 2 The main thing
It’s my biology teacher I really respect. 3 It was my best friend
What you need is a good vacation. 4 The person I really want to thank
What shocked him were the text messages he received. 5 What concerns me most
The person I really want to see is my old professor. 6 The reason I’m here
7 It was the final part of the story
Adding emphasis with It 8 What you need
We use cleft sentences to emphasize part of a sentence. We form a cleft sentence a that I didn’t really understand.
with It + a past or present form of be + the focus word + a who/that clause. b is some medicine and an early night.
c is that everyone tries to cooperate.
It was my father who/that inspired me to be a doctor. (My father is the subject of
d is that I am very grateful for everyone’s support.
the sentence.)
e is to explain the new sales strategy.
In a cleft sentence where we emphasize the subject, the relative pronoun who or f is the lack of safety equipment.
that cannot be omitted. g is my old math teacher.
It’s my sister who taught me how to think for myself. NOT It’s my sister taught me h who helped me find a new apartment.
how to think for myself.
2 Complete the second sentences so they have the
We can also emphasize the object of the sentence. The relative pronoun is optional.
same meaning as the first sentences.
The object may also be the object of a preposition.
1 I just need a few minutes to think about it.
It’s my history professor (who/that) I admire the most. (My history professor is the
All I .
object of the sentence.)
2 I wanted to speak to my brother and nobody else.
It was my older brother (who/that) I always did things with. (My older brother is the
The only .
object of the preposition with.)
3 The number of homeless children worries us.
Sometimes we use cleft sentences to correct information. What .
It wasn’t my father who gave me the money. It was my brother who lent it to me. 4 The IT specialist told me about the hacker stealing my
personal details.
Look! Even if the subject of the sentence is plural, we use It’s or It was. It the IT specialist .
It was our grandparents who raised us. 5 I really want to visit Venice next year.
The place .
6 Lynn forgot to buy the tickets.
Adding emphasis with What It Lynn .
We can also add emphasis by beginning a sentence with What. We can emphasize a 7 You have to start reviewing now before it’s too late.
noun, or we can emphasize a clause. The main you .
What interests me the most is art. = Art interests me the most. 8 How dirty our streets are bothers me.
What I really want is to run the marathon. = I really want to run the marathon. What .
We can use The (main) thing that instead of What. 9 I got tired of the third season of that series.
It .
What/The (main) thing that annoys me is the amount of traffic.
What/The (main) thing (that) I worry about is the increase in prices.
When the noun is plural, we use a plural form of be.
What I really like are the chocolate chips in the middle.
Adding emphasis with The person who, etc.

We can add emphasis by beginning a sentence with phrases such as The person
who/that, The thing that, The reason why, and The place that.
The person who helped me most was my sister.
The place (that) you really should visit is Vietnam.
The reason (why) I called her was to say good-bye.
We can also add emphasis with the phrases All (that) and The only thing (that).
All (that)/The only thing (that) I want is to speak freely.
All we need is love.
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GRAMMAR PRACTICE
2A Modal verbs (1) and modal-like forms

1 Choose the correct options to complete the
2.4 sentences.
You ought to ask Sophie what she thinks. 1 We have to be there for the start of the ceremony, so
He managed to complete the race despite his injury. you really ought to / can’t be late.
You should be back at work within a week or so. 2 You had better / have to see them in concert, Sam –
You’re not supposed to eat just before bedtime. they’re absolutely fantastic.
You need to return this form before the end of the month. 3 I don’t know why Sara’s not here today. She may /
should be sick, I suppose.
Advice and recommendation: had better, have to, 4 My grandfather is / isn’t supposed to drink coffee, but
ought to he does anyway.
We use had better (not) to express strong advice that can warn against a negative 5 I’m not willing working / to work twelve hours a day.
result. It’s too much.
6 If you’d like to contribute some money for Jack’s gift
You’d better go or you’ll be late.
you can, but you must not / don’t need to.
He’d better not forget my birthday this year!
7 I don’t know how we did it, but somehow we managed
We use have to (affirmative) and can’t (negative) to give strong advice about fitting / to fit everything in the back of the car.
something urgent. We use ought to to give advice or make a recommendation. 8 If you miss the seven o’clock train, the next train will
Tell James he can’t forget to bring his identity card. be too late, so you really can’t / don’t need to miss it.
We really ought to leave now. 9 I don’t know what’s causing the problem. It should /
We also use have to to recommend something very strongly to someone because might be that a pipe is blocked.
we are certain he/she will like it. 10 People who exercise regularly are less likely / ought
not to suffer from so many common colds.
Millie, you have to go to Café Espresso – you’ll absolutely love it!
2 Complete the second sentences so they have the
Ability and willingness: manage to, be prepared/ same meaning as the first sentences, using the correct
willing to form of the modals in the box.
We use manage to to say that we succeed in doing something difficult.
be allowed to be prepared to manage to
We actually manage to eat pretty well on thirty dollars a week. had better have to not need to supposed to
I didn’t manage to persuade Dan to pay for the trip.
1 Luckily, I succeeded in getting to the store just before
We can use be prepared to to say we are willing to do something challenging or
it closed.
requiring effort.
Luckily, I .
I’m (even) prepared to move if that’s what it takes to get a job. 2 This software is expensive, but I’m willing to try it out.
We generally use not willing to for things that we find unacceptable. This software is expensive, but I
I’m not willing to wait six months for an appointment. It’s just ridiculous. .
3 This milk doesn’t smell right. We should throw it away.
Possibility and speculation: be likely to, should, may This milk doesn’t smell right. We
We use be likely to to say that something will probably happen. .
He’s likely to be away for at least a week. 4 You can rent ski equipment at the resort, so taking it
with you isn’t necessary.
We use should to say that we think that something is true, or we expect that
You can rent ski equipment at the resort, so you
something will happen.
.
Emily should be there by now. 5 Can we take photographs inside the building?
His health should improve if he maintains the diet. Are we ?
We use may or might to speculate about what is possible. 6 I really think you should try my gym, Adam – it’s
She may have an allergy that we don’t know about. so good.
William might be perfectly happy to stay at home. You .
7 You should be studying, not chatting online!
Obligation and necessity: need to, be supposed to You’re .
We use need to to talk about something that is necessary.
She needs to work a little harder.
We use be supposed to to talk about expected obligation. We can also use it to talk
about something that rules or instructions tell us we should do.
You’re supposed to rest. You’re not supposed to exercise after eating.
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GRAMMAR PRACTICE
2C Modal verbs (2): advanced forms

1 Correct any mistakes in the form of the modal verbs
2.12 in italics.
Mira should be spending time with people her own age. 1 She certainly said she had the right qualifications for
Tom might not even be going to the party. the job, although I suppose she may have been lying.
They might have refused to lend Laura money. They didn’t say. 2 We could have invited George and Alfie to the party,
I needn’t have worried about Alex because he wasn’t upset. but we were trying to keep the numbers down.
Sophie can’t have been more than three in that photo. 3 Nicola only changed jobs last year. She can’t to be
Jack may have been trying to make me feel better! He said he liked my talk. looking for another job already!
I should have been studying at home, but I went to Isabel’s party. 4 Noah’s bike is still here. He must be walking to
the station.
Continuous 5 Oh no – there’s no cheese left. Laura must have been
eating it all.
We use modal verbs in the continuous form (modal + be + -ing form of the main
6 You shouldn’t be reviewing for a test right now. You’re
verb) to talk about what is happening now.
exhausted.
You shouldn’t be spending all your money on going out.
7 In the end, Julia got a ride to the airport with Ethan, so
Surely she can’t be studying at four o’clock in the morning!
she can’t have taken the bus.
Sometimes we can say the same sentence with a more general meaning using the 8 I wish I’d spoken to James. I should have been calling
simple form of the modal verb (modal + base form of the main verb). him last night and explained the problem.
You shouldn’t spend all your money on going out. (= in general)
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
Surely she can’t study at four o’clock in the morning! (= in general)
word in parentheses.
Perfect 1 They’re certainly not here now. They must
already. (leave)
We use modal verbs in the perfect form (modal + have + past participle form of the
2 I wonder why Luke didn’t hear the burglars enter his
main verb) to talk about the past.
apartment. I guess he could at the time.
We had tons of food. I needn’t have worried that we wouldn’t have enough. (sleep)
Jamie didn’t come to work yesterday. He must have been sick. 3 I’m not surprised you were angry with William. If I were
We also use modal verbs in the perfect form to talk about things that didn’t happen. you, I would furious. (be)
The portions were so small. I could have eaten twice that amount (but I didn’t). 4 I wonder where Olivia was going when we saw her.
I didn’t tell Zoe. She would have been really angry if she’d known (but she didn’t). She can’t home as she was headed east,
but lives on the other side of town. (go)
Look! We use needn’t have or didn’t need to when we want to talk about 5 Sarah and John are packing the car. They must
things that weren’t necessary. We often use actually or really before didn’t need ready to go on vacation. (get)
to when we realize this after we’ve already done something. Needn’t have is more 6 I didn’t tell Ryan it was my birthday. He would
formal than didn’t need to. me a present, and I know he can’t afford it.
My train was late. I needn’t have rushed to get to the station./My train was late. I (buy)
actually didn’t need to rush to get to the station. 7 I don’t know if Sophie will want any food this evening.
She might already. (eat)
8 You’re sick! Get inside where it’s warm! You shouldn’t
Perfect continuous in the cold and the rain! (walk)
We use modal verbs in the perfect continuous form (modal + have been + -ing form
of the main verb) to talk about things that were happening or true at a point in time
in the past.
I don’t know what she was doing in Lima. She may have been visiting a friend.
You should have been listening to your teacher instead of talking!
When she mentioned Mr. Taylor, she can’t have been referring to her son, could she?
The perfect continuous sometimes emphasizes the continuous nature of the action,
and it can also emphasize the meaning “at that point in time.”
You should have been listening to your teacher (during the whole class).
She can’t have been referring to her son (at that point in time).
In the perfect and perfect continuous forms, we do not change have or have been to
has or has been in the third person singular. It is always in the infinitive form.
He really shouldn’t have been driving if he was so tired. NOT He really shouldn’t
has been driving if he was so tired.
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GRAMMAR PRACTICE
3A Past time
3.4 sentences. Where both options are possible,
I was jogging along Green Lane when I saw her. circle both.
Jess and Mark had already left by the time we arrived. 1 The first thing I noticed when I stepped off the plane
Strangely enough, I’d been thinking about Lily when she called. was how green everywhere was. You could see it
My parents used to throw really big parties once or twice a year. rained / had been raining for weeks.
She didn’t use to wear her hair so short when she was younger. 2 The only thing I can remember about Zoe is that she
We would often see her on our way to school. was / would be crazy about horses.
I was always begging my mother for a pet. 3 By the time I met James, he was pretty lonely because
both of his sons had gone / went to live in Australia.
Past narration 4 Did you used to / use to see much of your
grandparents when you were little?
In a narrative, we often use a variety of tenses. We use the past continuous to
5 It was funny that Jacob mentioned working vacations.
describe background events, and to describe an action that was already in progress
I had been reading / read an article on the subject that
when another action happened.
day.
It was freezing cold and snowing, so we decided to stay in.
6 I drew / used to draw a lot when I was a child.
I was just having coffee when I got a call from Oscar.
7 My sister and I used to / would read to each other at
We often use when, while, and before to connect events. bedtime.
When I got on the train, I saw my old boyfriend out of the corner of my eye. 8 I saw a woman chasing a man down the street, yelling
While I was waiting for Thomas to arrive, I e-mailed my mom. “Thief!” I assumed that he stole / had stolen her bag.
We use the past perfect to describe an action that happened before another action 9 People didn’t use to / used to travel as much in
in the past. We often connect past events with before or by the time. those days.
10 Every morning, before class started, we would / used
We offered to help, but the problem had already been fixed.
to get coffee together.
By the time I got there, Dylan had already left.
We use the past perfect continuous to set the scene or to describe an action in 2 Correct the five mistakes in the text. Sometimes two
progress in the past before another action occurred. answers are possible.
I’d been thinking of changing jobs when I got this offer.
It had been snowing most of the day, and there was a foot of snow on the ground. My favorite childhood memories are of vacations
spent with my grandparents. My brother and
Habitual past
I loved staying with our grandparents in their
Past habitual forms often have similar meanings, and we vary them to avoid
repetition. We use used to, would, and the simple past to talk about states or habits old cottage. Winter vacations were especially
in the past. magical because they would live in a part of
I used to hate broccoli when I was a child, and I would hide it under the table and
the country where it snowed a lot. It was cold,
pretend I’d eaten it! It always drove my mom crazy!
When used to is in the negative or question form, we use use to without a d, like because my grandparents didn’t used to put
other simple past verbs. the central heating on, but my grandma would
She didn’t use to talk very much in class. NOT She didn’t used to talk very much
light a fire in the living room so that we could
in class.
Did Mom use to look like me when she was my age? NOT Did Mom used to look like gather around it and get warm. I remember one
me when she was my age? morning very vividly. We got up to find that it
We can’t use would to describe states. Instead, we use used to or the simple past.
was snowing all night. My grandpa couldn’t even
I used to be/was in a lot better shape when I was younger. NOT I would be in a lot
better shape when I was younger. open the back door because the wind blew the
We can also use the past continuous with always for describing things that snow against it, and it formed a thick, white wall.
happened repeatedly, especially when they were annoying. My brother and I were so excited, imagining that
Tom was never happy – he was always complaining about something.
we were trapped!
I never really liked Beth. She was always bossing us around.
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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 98 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
3C Comparison
1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
3.9 You will need one word twice.
The new treatment will be considerably more expensive than existing treatments.
nowhere easily slightly one little far
His new novel isn’t nearly as complex as his previous one.
more few deal
The more I see him, the less I like him, to be honest.
Her health’s just getting worse and worse. 1 There’s been a huge improvement in Sara’s work
this semester. It’s been better than last
semester.
Modifying comparisons
2 It’s certainly a good hotter today than it
We use far, (very) much, somewhat, and a good/great deal before comparative was yesterday.
adjectives or adverbs to express a moderate to big difference. 3 It’s getting more and difficult to find
This hotel is far more expensive than the last one we stayed in. somewhere to live in this city.
He runs a good deal faster than I do. 4 Lucy and I are about the same weight. She’s maybe
Some modifiers, such as way and a lot, are informal. We avoid them in formal lighter than me.
speech or writing, and use considerably or a great deal, instead. 5 There were a more guests at her last party.
She’s way smarter! She’s a great deal more intelligent. 6 The mixture wasn’t quite sweet enough, so I added a
Dan looks a lot older. Dan looks considerably older. more sugar.
7 The cathedral is ancient – city hall is near
We use slightly and a little before comparative adjectives or adverbs to express a
as old!
small difference. We can also use the more informal expression a bit.
8 We both agreed it was by the most
Her hair is slightly darker than yours. relaxing vacation we’ve ever had.
Thankfully, my computer is running a bit more quickly this morning. 9 Sam was a fantastic athlete. He was the
When we make comparisons with nouns, we can express a big difference by adding best athlete in his class.
much, far, or a lot for uncountable nouns and many, far, or a lot for countable nouns. 10 That was of the worst meals I’ve
I used to eat much more chocolate when I was younger. (= uncountable) ever eaten!
I get a lot more colds these days. (= countable) 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
We can express a small difference by using a little or a bit for uncountable nouns and words in parentheses, plus any other words you need.
a few for countable nouns. 1 It was terrible. It was concert I’ve ever
I think the sauce needs a little more salt. been to. (by far, bad)
We need a few more chairs for the extra people. 2 I wasn’t so impressed with the pianist. She was
the violinist. (not nearly, skillful)
Look! We modify a superlative adjective using one of, by far, easily, or nearly. 3 This variety of the rose is other varieties.
She’s one of the kindest people I’ve ever known. (somewhat, pretty)
This is easily her best book in years. 4 It was movies I’ve ever seen. (one of, good)
5 Walking is running. (nowhere near, tiring)
Modifying as (... as) comparisons 6 I’m exhausted! That was I’ve ever swum.
We modify as (… as) comparisons using just, almost, nearly, half, or twice. We express a (easily, far)
small difference with not quite and a big one with not nearly or nowhere near. 7 The more you study, . (easy, get)
8 The cupcakes that they sell are the ones
You’re just as smart as she is!
you can make yourself. (just, good)
When we run, I’m nowhere near as fast as Jack. = Jack is much faster than I am.
Double comparatives
We also use the structure the … the … to make comparisons. The comparisons may
include nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or entire clauses.
The less work I have, the happier I am.
The more excited she became, the louder she spoke.
Progressive comparatives
We can repeat a comparative adjective or adverb to emphasize that something is
becoming increasingly hard/expensive/quick, etc.
It was getting harder and harder to breathe.
She’s driving more and more dangerously.
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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 99 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
4A V
erb patterns (1): infinitives 4
and -ing forms 1 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
verbs in the box.
4.4
complete drive visit complain
We persuaded her to come with us. say
aim call make N
This enabled me to spend more time with my family. R
She was the youngest person to make this trip alone. 1 Could you remind John me? N
I have nothing to do. 2 Would you prefer me now or later? N
My mother made me apologize to him. 3 I remember Patrick that he was an T
I hate people being rude to servers. amazing cook. Is
It’s no use thinking about that now. 4 We all need targets at work. They give us something L
for.
5 It’s no use about the problem if you’re not
Infinitives going to do anything to fix it! In
We use the infinitive after: 6 The grant was fantastic because it enabled me We
• some reporting verbs followed by an object, e.g., advise, ask, beg, persuade, my studies. sen
remind, and warn. 7 The bumps in the road are supposed to discourage pre
He begged her not to tell his parents. people from too fast. I re
• verbs expressing a preference + object such as want, would like/hate, and prefer. 8 I can’t stand people noise when I’m trying hu
She’d like you to call her when you have a moment. to sleep. We
• verbs such as allow, cause, enable, and force. we
2 Choose the correct options to complete the e-mail.
They were forced to sign the documents. Wi
• indefinite pronouns such as someone, something, anybody, everywhere. sen
I couldn’t find anyone to help me with my homework. Hi Emily, no
• superlatives and expressions such as the first, the next, the last, the only. sel
I just wanted to let you 1to know / know
Jane was the only person to arrive on time.
that Jacob’s doing OK, though obviously Ra
• quantifiers and words expressing a degree such as too, too much, too many,
he’s very upset about breaking up with Sc
plenty of, too few, and not enough.
Isabel. I’ve called him every day this Se
We didn’t have enough time to fit everything in.
week because I want him 2knowing / to On
know that I’m here for him if he needs We
Infinitives vs. base forms
me. I tried to persuade him 3coming / to tha
We use the base form after: come over tomorrow, but he says he’s
No
• the verbs let, help, and make + object. busy. I’ve invited him to several events
No
The teacher made him stand outside the classroom all morning. recently, but, for now, I think he’d want
Could you help me move this table out of the way, please? us 4to leave / leaving him alone. I’m Wi
• after an object + and, or, but, except, and than. certainly going to stop calling him for a sen
He’s happy to do anything except study. while. There’s no point 5to keep / keeping (th
She does nothing but complain. It drives me crazy! on asking him if he’s just not interested. I No
can’t force him 6be / to be sociable if he On
-ing forms doesn’t want to! By the way, Jacob has We
We use the -ing form after: asked me not 7to tell / telling Daniel.
On
• some verbs frequently followed by an object such as love, hate, mind, stand, Anyway, we should get together
imagine, keep, remember, risk, and start. sometime soon! Why don’t you let me do
Do you mind him interrupting you like that? 8to cook / cook dinner for you? Also, I’ve
We
I remembered him waving good-bye. been decorating the apartment, and I’m Em
• expressions with It and There’s no. really happy with it. I’ve done everything Sh
There’s no point spending loads of money on something you won’t use. except 9to paint / paint the ceiling. You’ll Be
It’s no use worrying about the problem and then doing nothing about it. be the first person 10seeing / to see it! Id
It’s pointless talking to him. He never listens.
Speak soon, Do
Look! When an action is completed, we can use a perfect form: In

Love, Molly x
I really regret having said what I did. Ih
Iw

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863808_P094_113_Grammar rv.indd 100 22/11/2019 14:18

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
4C A
dding emphasis (2): inversion and
do/does/did 1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
rarely only do than until have
4.12
scarcely sooner was did
Never had she known such sadness.
Rarely had I seen her so excited about anything. 1 Not I looked at the receipt did I realize
Not only did we have a fantastic breakfast, but we also had a delicious dinner. how much we’d been charged.
Not until I graduated did I appreciate my education. 2 Not only he ten minutes late to the
The medicine didn’t cure him completely, but it did help with the symptoms. meeting, he also failed to bring his notes.
Isabel does want tickets for this Saturday after all. 3 No had I accepted the offer than I started
Lionel is planning to come to our party. to have doubts.
4 had I sat down when there was a knock on
the door.
Inversion after Never, Not until, etc. 5 She was pretty rude to us, but she at least
We invert the subject and verb after some adverbial expressions when they begin a apologize to us later.
sentence. It is a way to add emphasis and tends to be slightly formal. In the simple 6 Seldom I seen such a display of talent in
present and simple past, we add the auxiliaries do/does and did. such a young child.
I realized only then what a huge mistake I made. ⇨ Only then did I realize what a 7 James does most of the cooking, but I
huge mistake I made. make pizza now and then.
We had hardly arrived when the phone rang. ⇨ Hardly ever do we go out on 8 No sooner had we sat down on the beach
weeknights. it started to rain!
With some expressions we invert the subject and the verb in the first clause of the 9 Not did they let us stay with them, they
sentence. These expressions include hardly (ever), in no way, little, never, not only, also showed us around the city.
nowhere, only in this way, only later, only then, on no account, rarely, scarcely, 10 had I met anyone with such warmth
seldom, and under no circumstances. and charm.
Rarely have I been more excited by an exhibition. 2 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
Scarcely had she said the words than she regretted them. 1 had / never before / cruelty / witnessed / he / such /
Seldom had Sam experienced such kindness. terrible
On no account had we agreed to that!
We also invert the subject and verb after the expressions not only … but, hardly … 2 had / woken up / I / no sooner / rang / the phone /
than, and no sooner … than. when
Not only did he drive us to our hotel, but he also took our bags in for us.
No sooner had I given Sophie my umbrella than it started raining. 3 didn’t / did play / we / but / win / we / pretty well
With some expressions we invert the subject and verb in the second clause of the
4 did / that / only later / I reflect / had been / her
sentence. These include not since, not until, only after, only by + -ing, only now
behavior / quite bad
(that), and only when.
Not until I got home did it occur to me how stupid I’d been. 5 the hotel / not only / was also / room small / quite
Only now (that) I’m older do I fully appreciate everything my parents did for me. dirty / was / but it
We can also use an -ing form after not since, only after, and only when.
Only when getting off the bus did we realize we’d gone in the wrong direction. 6 his head / had / scarcely / the pillow / when he /
touched / fell asleep
do/does/did in affirmative sentences
We sometimes use do, does, or did in affirmative sentences to emphasize the verb. 7 started raining / gotten my / no sooner / umbrella
Emphatic do is only used in affirmative, imperative, and simple past sentences. out / had I / than it
She thought he wasn’t coming, but he did eventually turn up.
8 do like / I don’t / but I / like jazz / blues
Beth does help out with the cooking even if not very often.
I do love you. Really.
Do take your time to think things over.
In all other forms, the existing auxiliary is stressed for emphasis.
I have wished Tom a happy birthday!
I will pass this exam even if I have to study nonstop.

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 101 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
5A Ellipsis and substitution

1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
5.4
should
to haven’t one
He came in and went straight to bed.
hope don’t so (x2) not (x2)
Sarah didn’t go out, but we did.
I haven’t told David, but maybe I should. 1 “Did Patrick pass his exam?” “I’m afraid .”
Joe thought that Oscar was mad, but he wasn’t. 2 “Do you think Michael was upset by her comment?”
“So will the party be going ahead?” “I assume so.” “I don’t think .”
“You’re not going this evening, are you?” “I’m afraid not.” 3 “Would you like to play tennis with us?” “Yes, I’d love
.”
4 “Did Heather pass her exam?” “I imagine .
Ellipsis (omitting words)
She studied a lot.”
After and, but, or, and then, we can omit the subject or the subject + auxiliary/modal
5 Are you going to see Paul? If , I’ll give him
verb. When the verb is the same, we can omit the entire verb.
the message.
She got in the car and she drove off. 6 “Have you finished that essay, Hannah?” “No,
We could eat out or we could order food in. I , I’m afraid.”
After auxiliaries and modals, we can omit the part of the sentence that is understood. 7 I’ve never gone camping, but perhaps I .
The verb in the second clause may be different from the first clause. 8 “Will the trip be expensive?” “No, I think
I thought Max might pay for it, but apparently he won’t pay for it. so.”
We haven’t eaten there, but perhaps we should eat there. 9 “If the problem continues, she’ll have to close the
Mira doesn’t eat fish, but I do eat fish. restaurant.” “I really not.”
10 “Which jacket did you buy in the end?” “The gray
We can also omit adjectives that are understood.
.”
Tom was worried that he was rude to her, but he really wasn’t rude.
Molly thinks she isn’t smart, but she is smart. 2 Match the two parts of the sentences.
Finally, we can also omit the same verb or verb phrase in a second clause when it 1 She might refuse to help us, but I don’t
follows an infinitive. 2 Finn has been to Berlin, but I
3 I know I have to bring a coat for you, but I’m not sure
I asked Holly to go out with us this evening, but she didn’t want to go out.
4 You could spend a lot on a flight there, but you really
“Would you like to join us tonight?” “I’d love to join you tonight!”
5 I didn’t like the movie at all, but both people I saw
“Should we invite Linda, too?” “Yes, I’d really like to invite Linda, too.”
it with
6 Tom might be too sick to travel, but I
Substitution
7 I haven’t gone surfing, but I’d
We can substitute a countable noun with one if it is singular and ones if it is plural.
8 She didn’t come to the party even though she
“Which coat is yours?” “It’s the long, black one.” promised she
“Can you bring my sneakers, too?” “Which ones? The blue ones or the black ones?”
a haven’t. e would.
We can replace a negative clause with the word not. b shouldn’t. f which one.
“Are you going on vacation this summer?” “I’m afraid not.” c think so. g hope not.
Have you bought dinner? If not, I’ll go to the supermarket now. d love to. h did.
“Why isn’t Jon here? Isn’t he coming?” “I guess not.”
We can replace a clause with the word so. So is common after verbs of supposition, conversation.
such as believe, expect, guess, hope, imagine, presume, suppose, and think. We also
A Is it cold out today?
use so after the verbs afraid, appear, seem, and say.
B I imagine 1so / not. Take a coat.
“Will Jamie be there?” “I expect so.” A But wasn’t it supposed to be warmer?
“Is the party still on tonight?” “I assume so, unless we hear otherwise.” B 2I hope not. / I’m afraid not.
“How do you know this dish has no peanuts?” “It says so.” A But how do you know?
“What? Dad’s broken his leg?” “I’m afraid so.” B The forecast said 3so / not.
A Yeah, but it’s been unreliable recently.
Look! After the verbs believe, imagine, and think, we usually replace a negative B I 4imagine / guess so.
clause with a negative form of the auxiliary do and so. A It’ll warm up for the weekend, though, right?
“Does William play tennis?” “I don’t think so.” NOT “I think not.” B I 5appear / presume so.
“They won’t get here before dark, will they?” “I don’t imagine so.” A If it does, come to the beach with me.
NOT “I imagine not.” B I’d absolutely love 6to / so.

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 102 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
5C Noun phrases
5.8 sentences.
I lived in the apartment next to the park. 1 We have plans to go / going to Paris next year.
Jack was the guy waving from the other side of the street. 2 Was that our cowboy boots’ neighbor / neighbor with
We have a proposal to make driving safer. the cowboy boots?
These are some ideas that I thought of yesterday. 3 The chair’s leg / leg of the chair just fell off!
He gave me a beautiful blue sugar bowl. 4 It was a truly horrifying experience / horrifying
experience truly.
Information after the noun 5 Do you need a can opener / an opener of cans?
6 She’s the sister of the mayor in the next town / mayor
A noun phrase consists of a noun + other information, which can include phrases
with prepositions, -ing forms, infinitives, and clauses. in the next town’s sister.
7 She has an incredible talent for remembering
I preferred the pants in the first store we went to.
everything she learns / a talent for incredibly
We saw the woman watching us as we locked our door.
remembering everything she learns.
We have tickets to go to a Shakira concert with Andy.
8 I think I’m going to buy a ceiling fan / fan ceiling.
Was that the woman who sold you the bike?
9 Have you seen a child’s blue sweater / a blue sweater
of a child anywhere?
Information before the noun
10 I think that man might be Norwegian Airlines’s CEO /
Information before a noun can include determiners, articles, adjectives, and adverbs. the CEO of Norwegian Airlines.
Those earrings are really beautiful.
2 Rewrite the sentences with the adjectives in the
A river runs through the center of town.
correct order.
It was a thoroughly unpleasant experience.
That beautifully written book brought tears to my eyes!
When we use more than one adjective before a noun, opinion words usually come
before factual words, and we use the following order for other adjectives:
size + shape + age + color + origin + material + purpose.
She was wearing a gorgeous yellow dress.
It’s a big square metal box for keeping coins in.
Delicious freshly baked chocolate brownies are my weakness!
Look! Using noun phrases helps us express ourselves more concisely. We may
give several pieces of information in a noun phrase, both before and after the 1 We’ve bought a [gray / wool / long] sofa.
noun that we are describing:
I read an absolutely fascinating article in that magazine that James left behind. 2 She lived in a [little / stone / pretty] cottage.
3 He introduced me to a [Turkish / elderly / very nice]

With possessive ‘s or of woman.
The possessive ‘s and of express the general idea of “having” that links two nouns.
We usually use ’s for people, and a phrase with of for things and abstract nouns. We 4 We ate some [French / delicious / chocolate] cookies.
also usually use of to express possession in long phrases.
I never actually saw his parents’ house. 5 I noticed she was wearing a [small / nice / silver] watch.
She’s the daughter of the woman who was arrested for robbery.
6 He was with a [Swedish / slender / tall] woman.
With plural nouns the apostrophe follows the s, but with irregular plurals (women,
men, people, children) we use ‘s.
7 What’s the name of that [dark-haired / short / Irish]
The rugby players’ shorts were filthy. actor?
People’s opinions matter.
8 I remember they had a [wooden / old / beautiful] table.
Noun + noun compounds
Noun + noun compounds usually have a more specific meaning than the two
separate nouns. The first noun is always singular, and describes the second noun.
I’d like to stop at the guitar store.
He watches all the comedy shows.

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 103 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
6A The passive
1 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the
6.4 verbs in parentheses.
The thief finally got caught last week and got sent to prison. 1 I have no idea who this building by, but
This building has been renovated twice since it was built. I think it dates from 1879. (be, design)
I’ve just gotten my hair cut in a totally new style. 2 The police are confident that the robbers
Could I have the package delivered, please? soon. (get, catch)
I’m not used to being told what to do! 3 I think I need a new computer. Mine
Amy never expected to be chosen for the team. already twice this month. (be, fix)
4 This rental car is so dirty! It doesn’t very
get vs. be passive often, I don’t think. (get, wash)
We can form the passive with get or be. We use the get passive in more informal 5 When Martha her purse ,
situations. It is only used with action verbs. she was very upset. (get, steal)
6 A new bridge currently, so hopefully the
Can you believe it? I got fined for parking here! = I was fined for parking here.
traffic in this neighborhood will improve. (be, build)
Great news. I might get hired at the local library. = I might be hired at the local library.
Some common verbs used with the get passive include accept, catch, choose, elect, 2 Complete the second sentences so they have the
fire, hire, injure, kill, lay off, pay, promote, rob, search, and suspend. same meaning as the first sentences. Use the verb in
parentheses.
I can’t believe he got elected president!
Three of us got fired last month. 1 The company laid Mary off last month. (get)
Mary
We use the be passive in most other situations. It can be used with verbs that
2 Jeff’s car has been fixed by a mechanic. (have)
express states.
Jeff
The new mayor was disliked by everyone. NOT got disliked 3 Someone will rob us unless we get an alarm. (get)
Henry was needed at home, so he had to go. NOT got needed We
It can also be used in formal speech and writing. 4 I should really ask my eye doctor to test my eyes. (get)
The suspects were arrested at 9:30 p.m. and promptly taken to the courthouse. I
The documents have been delivered to the attorney’s office. 5 I’ll ask someone to wrap this for you. (have)
I
get vs. have causative
We use the causative to say that we have arranged for someone to do something for
us. It can also be used when someone does something to us. The get causative is
more informal than the have causative.
We got our windows cleaned. = We had our windows cleaned.
I’ll get this top dry-cleaned. = I’ll have this top dry-cleaned.
Bill got his suitcase stolen. = Bill had his suitcase stolen.
With -ing forms

We form -ing passives with being + a past participle. We usually use the -ing form as
the subject of a sentence, with verbs such as enjoy, mind, miss, and prefer, and after
a direct object or a preposition. 3 Complete the sentences with the correct be passive
Being admitted to this college changed my life! form of the verbs in the box.
Do you worry about being criticized by your boss?
ask
call
interrupt
promote teach
replace
I miss being taken care of by my family.
I’m excited about you being considered for this competition! 1 This is the third time the neighbor’s kids have broken
my window. They need a lesson!
With infinitives 2 These computers are outdated and are likely
We form passive infinitives with to be + a past participle. We usually use passive soon.
sentences with infinitives after adjectives, with verbs such as expect, forget, hope 3 My presentation didn’t go as planned because I kept
and need, and to give a reason. all the way through.
I’m likely to be called back for a second interview. 4 Bob expects to senior manager next year.
I hope to be sent to the conference in New York. 5 how old I am annoys me.
I’m waiting to be connected to the finance department. 6 My cousin insists on Bartholomew. He says
he hates “Bart.”

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 104 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
6C Using linkers
1 Complete the text with the words in the box.
6.10
although as due to however
The concert was canceled due to the fact that the singer was sick.
in order to or so therefore
We’d better leave now or we may miss our flight.
We had to raise more money. Consequently, we decided to try crowdfunding.
I sent my application immediately so as to be sure to be accepted. Have you ever considered funding a project
I still can’t play tennis in spite of the fact that I’ve taken lessons. on a crowdfunding platform? If so, ask
Unlike many people I know, I love living with my parents.
yourself these important questions:
1 Is it too good to be true?

Reason Trust your instincts 1 you might get
We use the linkers because, as, and since to express a reason. into trouble. New developers sometimes lack
Since I only read e-books, I’ve thrown out many of my paper books.
technical expertise. 2 , they may
come up with ideas that just aren’t feasible.
Before a noun, we use due to, because of, and owing to. When due to is followed by Other “inventors” may sound great.
a clause, we use due to the fact that. 3 , they have no intention of ever
Due to/Because of/As a result of sickness, we had to cancel the concert. launching their product. They start campaigns
The library closed due to the fact that it had no money. NOT due to it had no money 4 make money, and then disappear!
Result 2 Who are the people behind the product?

5 Kickstarter and Indiegogo have
We can use so or or to express the result or consequence of an action.
profile pages for new developers, you can
We left home too late, so we missed our flight.
learn more about them. And be sure to Google
Don’t text at the table or I’ll take away your phone.
their names, as well, 6 you can read
We can also use as a result, therefore, and consequently. They are more formal. about their background. Some projects fail
There are too many cars on the road. Consequently, pollution has increased. 7 poor planning, which means that
experience is important.
Purpose
3 When should I buy it?
We can use (in order) to, (in order) not to, and so (that) to express a purpose.
Finally, 8 it can be exciting to be the
I decided to invite Nick in order not to seem rude.
first person to own something you’ve helped
We can also use so as (not) to, which is a little more formal. create, it’s really better to wait until it reaches
She studied extra hard so as to improve her grades. the general market. That way, you’ll know any
problems have been corrected.
Contrast and comparison
We can use although, even though, though, however, nevertheless, in spite of, 2 Check ( ) the sentences if they are correct, or correct
despite, whereas, while, and unlike to express contrast and comparison. Although, any mistakes. Remember to check the punctuation.
even though, and though have the same meaning. Although is more formal.
1 Unlike most people in the office, I go to work by car.
Even though/Although I hate studying, I have to do it every evening. 2 As a result it was raining, the game was canceled.
I hated my apartment. I loved the neighborhood, though. 3 Tom made a lot of mistakes due to he didn’t have
However and nevertheless mean but, but are a little more formal. enough experience.
I didn’t do well in high school. Nevertheless/However, I went on to get a Ph.D. 4 I think Rosario is Mexican. I’m not sure, though.
In spite of and despite are often followed by a noun or the -ing form of a verb. After 5 Lucy won the game despite she was injured.
a clause, we use the fact that. 6 In spite of having all the necessary qualifications, they
didn’t offer Sue the job.
Despite taking singing lessons, I’ve never learned to sing in tune.
7 Harry did not go to college, nevertheless he made a
In spite of/Despite the fact that I hate large crowds, I went out on New Year’s Eve.
fortune later in life.
Whereas and while express contrast. We can also use unlike. 8 As a result the pilots’ strike, all flights had to
Most older people still watch TV, while younger people watch online. be canceled.
Unlike most people I know, I hate shopping. 9 Whereas the new system is extremely simple, the old
one was very complicated.
Look! Therefore, consequently, as a result, however, and nevertheless can’t be 10 I walked into the room quietly so as not waking her up.
preceded by a comma. Start a new sentence or use a semicolon.
There’s little money in the budget; consequently, we can’t hire new staff.
I don’t have the money for a vacation. However, I’ll probably take one anyway.

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 105 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
7A Verb patterns (2): reporting

1 Check ( ) the correct examples of reporting in italics
7.6 and correct any mistakes.
Eric told me that he wanted to move abroad.
She wondered if we were leaving on our trip soon.
Hi Brenda,
Phil urged me to talk to my teacher.
My parents say a college education opens doors. Remember 1I told you I’d been thinking
We demanded that she listen to us. of leaving my job, breaking up with Tom,
My teacher suggested that we go to the lecture. and starting a new life in Buenos Aires?
Well, I’ve made up my mind, and I’m
leaving next month!
Verb patterns
When we report what someone said, we can report a statement, a question, or a Yesterday I finally told Tom the news.
command. We usually use verbs such as say, tell, explain, admit, mention, and report. At first, he just laughed and 2said I
am joking, but when he realized our
In most cases, we change the tense of the verb in reported speech. relationship was really over, he 3begged
“I love to swim.” ⇨ He said (that) he loved to swim. me to don’t go. I didn’t know what to
“I’ve been reading a lot.” ⇨ Ann told me (that) she’d been reading a lot. say, so I 4asked him if could we still be
When the verb is a modal, we change the tense of can, will, and may. However, we friends, which made things worse. He
5refused to even listen to me and 6said
don’t change the tense of would, could, might, and should.
he never wanted to see me again.
“I can speak Hindi.” ⇨ Laura mentioned (that) she could speak Hindi.
“I might go to the movies.” ⇨ George said (that) he might go to the movies. Anyway, I’d never expected Tom to take
We report a Yes/No question with an affirmative form of the verb. When we report a the news well, but I was sure Mom and
Wh- question, we include the question word(s) instead of if/whether. Dad would be more supportive. I was
wrong! They made a list of all the things
“Do you want to read the paper?” ⇨ She asked (me) if I wanted to read the paper.
that could go wrong and 7urged me
“Where are you going?” ⇨ He asked (us) where we were going.
thinking it over. Dad even 8reminded me
We use an infinitive to report the verbs allow, permit, agree, persuade, urge, refuse, that I had a good job at ABC, and my
enable, encourage, threaten, beg, promise, want, and expect. parents 9say that good jobs were hard
“You really need to see a doctor.” ⇨ My friends persuaded me to see a doctor. to find.
“Don’t leave!” ⇨ They begged me not to leave. Text me! Love Ana
The present
We sometimes report what someone said very recently. In these cases, the tense 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
does not usually change. The reporting verb can also be in the present. verbs in parentheses.
“I want to talk to Jane after class.” ⇨ He says he wants to talk to you after class. 1 I suggest that Geoff a few more driving
We also use the present to report a fact or something that is relevant now. lessons before his test. (take)
2 “I didn’t catch that, dear.” “Mom you
“It’s cold up north in the winter!” ⇨ John said it’s cold up north in the winter!
a new hearing aid, Bill.” (say, need)
“You play the piano pretty well.” ⇨ Linda said I play the piano pretty well.
3 Mrs. Robinson demanded that her car
immediately as she would need it later that day.
Subjunctive uses
(be, repair)
Some reporting verbs are followed by the subjunctive form of the verb, particularly 4 The tour guide insisted that the tourists
in formal speech. We can use a subjunctive form after advise, ask, command, the sculptures at the museum. (not touch)
demand, desire, insist, prefer, recommend, request, suggest, and urge. 5 The scientist explained that water at 100°C
The subjunctive form of the verb is an infinitive without to. For a negative at sea level. (boil)
subjunctive, add “not” before the infinitive. 6 The doctor recommended that Peter his
They advised that she come 15 minutes early. daily fat intake. (reduce)
We suggested that the website be updated. 7 The sign at the pool recommended that young
I requested that the mailman not leave me junk mail. children by an adult. (be accompany)
8 My teacher mentioned that I really good at
In informal speech, we avoid using the subjunctive. Instead, we can use an infinitive
analytical thinking. (be)
or should.
They advised us to come early.
They recommended that we should come early.

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 106 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
7C Future time
1 Complete the conversations with the correct form
7.9 of the verbs in parentheses.
By the end of the year, I will be living in Los Angeles. 1 A Do you think Johnny will have trouble with Spanish
A year from now, we won’t have bought a house yet. when he goes to Chile?
By the time I see you, I will have been working at my new job for six months. B I’m sure he’ll get by. I mean, by next month, he
We won’t have been living here very long when school starts. Spanish for six months. (study)
The last time we talked, you were going to spend the summer in Mexico. 2 A Is Elsa going to pick us up at the station?
Tim was leaving the day after tomorrow, so I’m sure he’s still here. B She for us when our train arrives.
At least, that’s what she said. (wait)
Future continuous 3 A Sorry, I’m late! I got stuck in traffic. Can we still
We use the future continuous to predict events and plans that will be in progress at a make it to the party?
B I don’t think so. By the time we get there, everyone
certain point in the future.
. (already / leave)
A year from now, I’ll be living in New York.
4 A Juan has been to six different countries this year!
I won’t be able to call you at 3 p.m. since I’ll be driving.
B At this rate, he every country in the
world by the time he’s 40! (visit)
5 A Celine for lunch tomorrow? (you / see)
B Yes, probably. Why?
now
6 A Do you think you by the time you’re 65?
Future perfect (retire)
We use the future perfect to predict events that will be completed before a certain B I doubt it. I think I full time. (still / work)
point in the future. We can also use may or might to express a possibility. 7 A Can you believe this airline?
B I know! We for almost two hours when
By next year, we will have doubled our sales.
our plane finally arrives. (wait)
The package won’t have arrived by the weekend.
8 A When we arrive in New York, we’ll need to get
We might not have found a place to live by the time you come to visit.
some rest.
B I know. We almost 400 miles! (drive)
2 In each pair, check ( ) the sentence that uses the past
now continuous to talk about the future in the past.
1 a Barry was very nervous because he was getting
Future perfect continuous
married that morning.
We use the future perfect continuous to predict events that will be in progress at a b When I spoke to Luke this morning, he was getting
certain point in the future. The focus is on the period of time the event is in progress ready to go to work.
before the point in the future. 2 a I saw Tim, who was leaving the next day.
By January, we will have been trying this strategy for six months. b I was leaving home when the phone rang.
By December, I will have been working here for six months. 3 a Sorry, I completely forgot we were having
lunch today.
b We were having lunch when we heard the news.
now 3 Complete the sentences with the past continuous or

going to form of the words in the box. More than one
We use the future perfect continuous with How long … ? For … , and Since … , but we
answer may be possible.
may also use the future perfect. We don’t use the simple present/present continuous.
How long will you have been living/have lived here by the time you graduate? be buy call say study
I will have been living/lived here for six years. NOT I’m living/I live.
1 Sorry! I you today, but I forgot.
The future in the past 2 I just knew Mom the wrong thing and
embarrass me in front of my friends.
We use the past continuous or going to to say what plans, intentions, or predictions
3 I a new car the next day, so I gave away
we had at a certain point in the past.
my old one.
David was leaving the next day to see his mother. 4 I had a feeling the meeting a disaster.
Amy was going to start nursing school the last time I saw her. Turns out I was right.
5 The last time I talked to you, you German.
Did you do it?
now
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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 107 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
8A R
elative clauses with quantifiers and
prepositions 1 Rewrite the sentences, combining the two sentences
into one.
8.2 1 My classmates are all teenagers. Most of them are from
We’re going for dinner at Brannigans, which is a great restaurant near my house. Spain.
I read the instructions, all of which were in English.
She introduced me to her friends, none of whom I’d met before. 2 I have four jackets. None of them fits me now!
They’re the neighbors who we had the barbecue with.
The person to whom I owe the most is my grandmother. 3 I have two brothers. The oldest just started his own
business.
Non-defining relative clauses with quantifiers
4 There were 30 exam questions. The first was very
A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something in the main
difficult.
clause. We can use a quantifier with a non-defining relative clause to specify part of a
group. These relative clauses begin with, e.g., all, most, both, some, a few, none.
5 I spoke to the manager. She was apologetic.
Our sales representatives, a few of whom you know, are here to help.
He tells a lot of good stories, none of which are true.
2 Choose the correct options to complete the text.
A non-defining relative clause with a quantifier can follow either a countable or an
uncountable noun.
I’d like to introduce you to my cousins, a few of whom you’ve met before. (countable) We’ve all seen those websites 1 that / —
This medicine, a little of which will really help you, is pretty affordable. (uncountable) feature “the world’s most inspirational
places,” most of 2 them / which are hundreds
Look! We cannot use a direct object pronoun after the word of. of miles away. But I’ve found places 3 in I feel
Our professors, all of whom are very committed, work very long hours. at home / I feel at home in when I want to be
NOT Our professors, all of them are very committed, work very long hours. inspired, right near where I live. Here are just
three inspirational urban locations, 4 all / all
We can also use ordinal numbers and superlatives to quantify part of a group. of which are completely free to visit.
There are a number of rules here, the first of which is very important. 1 The library I am a member 5 — / of has
I have two sisters, the youngest of whom is starting school next week. over 100,000 books, 6 which / that makes
The fixed expressions in which case, by which time, and at which point can also be me feel very lucky to live here!
used to form non-defining relative clauses. 2 I live near the train station, 7 that / which
I think it’s going to rain tomorrow, in which case we should stay in. is a great place to watch people. My friend
We’re meeting at 6:00 p.m., by which time I will have finished work. Camille, who I often hang out 8 — / with,
The movie ended, at which point the audience all started to clap. likes drawing the people she sees there.
Relative clauses with prepositions 3 There are three parks in my city, the
biggest 9 of which / — has a lake and
If there is a verb in a relative clause that needs a preposition, the preposition is
gardens. I like to lie down, close my eyes,
usually at the end of the clause. This can happen in both defining and non-defining
and just smell the flowers!
relative clauses.
The man who I sold my car to called me yesterday. (defining)
John told me a good joke, which I had to laugh at. (non-defining)
In formal speech, the preposition comes before the relative pronoun. The relative
pronoun who changes to whom.
A few years ago, he had an accident, from which he never really recovered.
This house, for which we paid a good deal of money, has been very problematic.
The professor to whom I owe my scholarship is retiring next year.

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GRAMMAR PRACTICE
8C Mixed conditionals and alternatives to if

1 Rewrite the sentences, combining the two sentences
8.10 into one. Use if.
If you hadn’t woken me up, I’d still be asleep now! 1 I’m scared of insects. I didn’t catch the wasp.
If she was a better student, she would have done better on her exams. If I wasn’t scared of insects, I would have caught
Make sure you fill out this form. Otherwise, you won’t be paid. the wasp.
I’m not going to speak to Karl again, whether he apologizes or not! 2 This country is cold. We couldn’t camp outside
Provided we watch our expenses, we’ll be able to save money. last night.
Mixed conditionals 3 You stayed up late last night. You’re tired today.
We can use a mixed conditional to describe an unreal condition in the past and a
4 The government didn’t prepare for the financial crisis.
present consequence. We form the if clause with if + past perfect, and the main
clause with would + infinitive. The economy is in trouble.
If the car hadn’t broken down, we would be home now.

5 The kids were naughty. They’re not allowed to watch
If I’d been on time for my last interview, I’d have the job.
TV tonight.
We can describe a future consequence using would or could.
If Lucy hadn’t broken her leg, she could come skiing with us. 6 She failed her exams. She’s retaking them next week.
We can also use a mixed conditional to describe an unreal condition in the present
and a past consequence. We form the if clause with if + simple past, and the main 7 I live in a dangerous area. I was mugged.
clause with would have + past participle.
8 I wasn’t paying attention yesterday in the parking lot.
If you lived nearer, I would have walked here.
My car is scratched.
If I spoke French better, we wouldn’t have taken the wrong train in Paris.
Alternatives to if 2 Combine the sentences using the words in

We can use as long as, so long as, and provided as alternatives in first conditional parentheses. Make any other changes necessary.
sentences. 1 Call a taxi. If you don’t, we’ll have to walk. (otherwise)
As long as/So long as you’re home on time, I won’t worry. Call a taxi; otherwise, we’ll have to walk.
Provided you call me in advance, I’ll pick you up. 2 You can go out this afternoon. You have to be back in
We may use alternatives to if in perfect sentences to emphasize that one action time for dinner. (as long as)
occurs before another. Provided and so long as are more formal than as long as.
3 Phones may be brought into the building. They need
Students may leave the exam early provided (so long as/as long as) they have
to be switched to silent mode, though. (provided)
completed each section of the paper.
We can use suppose and supposing to imagine both possible and unlikely 4 I don’t know if my team will win. I always enjoy the
conditions. game, though. (whether or not)
Supposing they don’t arrive on time, what will you do?
Suppose we offered you more money, would you agree to stay? 5 Imagine that the world might end tomorrow. What
In more formal speech and writing, we can form a third conditional by removing if would you do with your final day? (supposing)
and inverting the subject and had.
6 We weren’t aware of the situation. As a result, we
Had there been more time, we could have visited the museum. = If there had been
couldn’t act differently. (had)
more time, he could have visited the museum.
We can use otherwise as an alternative to if not. 7 It’s supposed to be sunny tomorrow. If not, I don’t
You’ll have to lend me your laptop. Otherwise/If not, I won’t be able to finish my think I’ll go to the beach. (otherwise)
assignment.
We use whether … or not to refer to two possibilities at once. 8 It’s not impossible to have an earthquake here. What
I’m going to sell the car, whether you agree or not/whether or not you agree. precautions have you taken? (suppose)
(= either way, if you agree or if you don’t agree)

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 109 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
9A Participle clauses
9.2 sentences.
Looking over my shoulder, I noticed someone behind me. 1 Carrying the box downstairs, I suddenly dropped it /
The website selling tickets has stopped working. it suddenly fell to the floor.
While packing my bag, I realized I didn’t have my passport. 2 On the living room wall is a beautiful picture painting
The car belongs to a woman named Sarah Malone. by a local artist / painted by a local artist.
Translated into 20 languages, it’s one of the most popular books in the world. 3 We got lost soon after arriving in Paris, having never
Having introduced himself, Bill decided to sit next to me. been there before / having never being there before.
Being such a good student, Sarah doesn’t usually study much for her exams. 4 Taken care of properly, you’ll keep these plants / these
plants will live for a long time.
We use participle clauses to make our speech more efficient as they allow us to omit
5 She’s been in a really good mood since met him /
words. They are also used to add extra information.
meeting him.
6 While listening to music, I cleaned the house / the
Present participles to give extra information house was cleaned yesterday.
A present participle clause is sometimes a shortened or reduced relative clause.
2 Replace the phrases in bold with a participle clause.
Who is that man who is talking to my sister?
Combine the sentences when necessary.
I’d like a ticket for the movie which is starting at 7:30.
1 I’m from Nigeria. I’m used to hot weather.
Present participles can also work as adverbials. They express meanings such as
2 After they filled the car with gas, they drove to
manner, cause, result, or time.
Florida.
Listening carefully, I was able to understand what she said. 3 The community is very proud of its block parties,
Being quite shy, she didn’t talk much at first. which are held every year in June.
Present participles are often used after conjunctions and prepositions. 4 Do you recognize that woman who is crossing
While traveling across the country, she became sick. the street?
After paying the check, we left the restaurant and went for a walk. 5 He didn’t want to upset her. He agreed to meet at
the restaurant.
Look! A participle clause must have the same subject as the main clause. 6 They left the theater after they slept through the
Driving my daughter to school, I noticed she’d fallen asleep. NOT Driving my entire movie.
daughter to school, she fell asleep. 3 Complete the text using the words in the box.
embarrassed feeling frightened
Past participles to give extra information having bought having reached
Past participles are generally used to express a passive meaning. having worked hoping realizing
Built in 1974, this building is the tallest in the city. running thinking
Covered with melted chocolate, this fruit makes a delicious snack.
Praised by her teacher, Lucy felt really happy all day. 1 until very late, I was walking home
A past participle clause may also be a reduced relative clause. in the dark, 2 tired and hungry.
She was wearing the dress which was given to her by her father. I went into a little grocery, 3 to find
My English teacher, who is admired by all her students, is really fantastic. something to eat. 4 some snacks,
[p.112AW01: an image showing a ‘chase’. (istock
I left the474378385)]
store and continued walking home.
Perfect participles to show a sequence of events After a while, 5 a park, I suddenly
heard someone yelling. I turned around and
We can use a perfect participle to emphasize that one action happened
there was a guy 6 toward me and
before another.
yelling, “Your wallet!” 7 by him,
Having boarded the plane, we both fell asleep. I started running, too. But the man was faster
Having spoken to our teacher, I know I did well on the exam. than me and soon caught up. 8 I
If there are more than two actions in the sequence, only use the perfect participle was being mugged, I put my hand in my pocket
for the first action. to find my wallet. And that’s when the man
Having boarded the plane, we both fell asleep and didn’t wake up until landing. handed it to me! 9 I had left it in the
store, I took my wallet and apologized, utterly
10 by my behavior!

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 110 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
9C Past forms for unreal situations

1 Check ( ) the correct sentences and correct any
9.7 mistakes.
What if we asked Simon to come with us? 1 I wish I was rich! I would buy a sports car.
If only we’d known that yesterday! 2 If only I would play the guitar!
I wish you were a little more patient. 3 I’d rather you don’t have to leave.
I wish he wasn’t leaving so early. 4 It’s about time he listened to what his boss says.
It’s about time she apologized! 5 If only you came last weekend! It was so much fun.
We’d rather you didn’t mention this to anyone. 6 I’m exhausted! If only I had gone to bed earlier
last night.
what if/if only 7 It’s about time you had gotten ready! We’re already late.
We use what if to imagine a situation or to make a suggestion. To talk about the 8 I wish you wouldn’t play that loud music late at night!
present and future, we use what if + simple past. To talk about the past, we use what 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the
if + past perfect. verbs in parentheses.
What if we met at 6:30 instead of at 7:00? 1 I wish you here yesterday. You’d have
What if you’d fallen and broken your leg? loved it! (be)
We use if only to express a strong desire for change in the present or future, or to 2 If only you to see things from my point of
express regret about something that didn’t happen in the past. view. (try)
If only we had a car! 3 My parents would rather I so lazy, but it’s
If only you’d told me earlier! just the way I am. (not be)
4 It’s high time the government this mess.
wish (straighten out)
Wish has the same meaning as if only but is a little less strong. To talk about the 5 I can’t believe you cheated on the exam! What if
present and future, we use wish + simple past. To talk about the past, we use wish + someone you? (see)
past perfect. 6 What if you the chance to go to the
moon? Would you take it? (have)
I wish it wasn’t so cold today!
I wish I hadn’t left the party early! 3 Rewrite the sentences to express the same ideas
We can also use would after wish and if only. We use would to complain about using the words in parentheses. Make any changes
things we find annoying. necessary.
If only you would clean up sometimes! = If only you cleaned up sometimes! 1 Let’s go out for dinner tomorrow. We haven’t done
I wish you wouldn’t yell so often! = I wish you didn’t yell so often! that in a while. (what if)
2 I want my daughter to listen to me, but she doesn’t!
Look! Don’t use would with wish or if only to talk about yourself. Instead, (wish)
use could. 3 That’s a little late. I’d prefer for you to come at 6:30.
I wish/If only I could speak Spanish! NOT I wish/If only I would speak Spanish! (would rather)
4 I didn’t study for my exam. What a mistake! (wish)
5 My teacher said she wanted me to repeat French again
would rather this summer. (would rather)
We use would rather + simple past to talk about preference, now or in the future. To 6 Look at what the puppy’s done! We shouldn’t have
express regret about something that didn’t happen, we use the past perfect. forgotten to close the living room door. (if only)
My teacher would rather we tried to answer questions, even if we get them wrong.
Patricia wants to go to the movies tonight, but I’d rather she stayed at home.
I’d rather you had checked with me beforehand.
It’s (about) time

We use It’s time + simple past to express a wish for something to happen in the
present or future, which hasn’t happened yet or isn’t happening now. We use It’s
about time or It’s high time for added emphasis.
It’s time you learned to drive.
It’s about time/It’s high time you left!

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 111 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
10A Distancing language

1 Rewrite each sentence with distancing language,
10.3 beginning with the word(s) given. In passive
It has been announced that there will be a new library built next year. sentences, use a form of the same verbs as in the first
The dollar is expected to fall against the euro. sentence.
My suitcase is believed to have been misplaced. 1 Paul says we have a meeting in five minutes.
According to the news, there’s going to be a storm tomorrow. According .
Lucy and Roger broke up last week, apparently. 2 I heard he didn’t go out last night because he was at
It seems that there has been a mistake. Christina’s house.
The company appears to be having financial problems. Apparently .
3 Gloria suggested she had something better to do.
We use distancing language when we report information we are not entirely certain
It appears .
of, or to say it is from another source.
4 They think the weather is a little warmer today.
The weather .
Passive structures 5 The report says that the war ended last year.
We can use the following passive structures to distance ourselves from the The war .
information: 6 The government believes that the economy is
• It + passive verb + that + clause stronger than ever.
Verbs commonly used with this structure include think, report, announce, The economy .
suggest, believe, expect, and say. 7 People think there are only five different types of
It is said that Chinese is a difficult language to learn. personalities.
It has been reported that the Prime Minister will resign soon. There are .
• subject + passive verb + to + infinitive 8 Statistics have suggested that crime is lower this year.
Verbs commonly used with this structure include think, report, believe, It has .
understand, expect, and say.
2 Complete the text with the words in the box.
That species of whale was thought to be extinct until last year.
The actor is believed to be away filming in Panama. according apparently appear estimated
• There + passive verb + to + infinitive have is reported there to
There are said to be many more species at risk of extinction.
There is expected to be another election before the end of the year.
It has been 1
Distancing expressions that a farmer in the
We use the expressions according to and apparently to report information. We use north of the country has
according to to specify a source, but we may not be sure if the information is true. made a very important
We use apparently to report information without specifying a source. discovery. There
2 to be
Louise is going to leave her job, according to what Sam says.
coins and items of
According to Spanish television, a new midfielder will join Real Madrid next summer.
jewelry from over
Apparently, there are more stars in the galaxy than people in the world.
a thousand years ago.
Bus drivers are going on strike tomorrow, apparently.
The discovery
3 understood to have taken place
appear/seem
while the farmer was digging a well. According
We can also use seem and appear to distance ourselves from the information. 4 historians, it is one of the most
Jan seems to be upset. significant finds of recent years, and the jewelry
It appears that his car has been stolen. is 5 by experts to be worth more
To further distance ourselves from the information, we can use It would seem that than a million dollars. The discovery seems to
and It would appear that. These are both more formal. 6 caused a great deal of excitement,
It would seem that Jan is upset. and 7 is believed to be a lot of
It would appear that his car has been stolen. interest from both the national museum and
private collectors. 8 to his family, the
Look! We use a perfect infinitive to talk about the past. farmer is extremely happy with his discovery,
The thieves are believed to have robbed at least three banks. but 9 has chosen to remain
There appears to have been a problem with your credit card. anonymous.

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 112 27/02/2019 16:17

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
10C Adverbs and adverbial phrases

1 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.
10.11
1 a She hard / hardly ever goes out any more.
It’s highly likely that it will rain. b I try hard / hardly, but I always fail.
We finished work late. 2 a I haven’t seen John late / lately.
We visit my grandmother every other weekend. b They arrived late / lately and missed the show.
To everyone’s amazement, Jenny refused to stand up and speak! 3 a Everything is going wrong / wrongly today.
I haven’t been well lately. b I was wrong / wrongly accused of lying.
That band is incredibly successful. 4 a Do you live near / nearly here?
b Are you near / nearly finished?
Common adverb collocations 5 a Chop the garlic fine / finely before you fry it.
b We get along fine / finely, despite having a few
Adverbs frequently collocate with certain adjectives or verbs. Deeply often collocates
with emotions, strongly with opinions or beliefs, and highly with probability. arguments.
6 a Citizens of both countries are allowed to move
He was deeply ashamed when he was caught cheating.
free / freely across the border.
I strongly believe that everyone should be given a second chance.
b Students can get into the museum free / freely.
It’s highly unlikely that we’ll win the game.
7 a The thing she loved most / mostly about him was
his sense of humor.
Adverbs with two forms
b The course is most / mostly about finance, but we
Some adverbs have two forms: one with -ly and the other with the adjective form. also study history.
Sometimes the two forms have similar meanings (first, firstly; tight, tightly), but most 8 a I opened the door wide / widely, but I still couldn’t
have different meanings: see anyone.
b Opinions vary wide / widely on how the economy
hard = a lot of effort hardly = almost not at all
is doing.
fair = according to the rules fairly = moderately
9 a The kite was flying high / highly above the rooftops.
fine = quite well finely = in small pieces b I can high / highly recommend my driving
free = with no charge freely = with no restriction instructor.
high = far above the ground highly = very, to a great extent 10 a We get along fair / fairly well, but we’re not that
late = after the expected time lately = recently close.
b The team didn’t deserve to win since they didn’t
most = out of all things mostly = generally
play fair / fairly.
near = close nearly = almost
2 Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in
wide = fully, from side to side widely = a lot
parentheses in the correct position. There may be
wrong = incorrectly wrongly = unfairly, unjustly
more than one answer.
1 I check personal e-mails. (very rarely / at work)
Adverb position 2 The classroom is a mess because students forget to
Different types of adverbs go in different positions: at the beginning of a clause; in clean their desks. (unfortunately / nearly always)
the middle (before the main verb but after to be); or at the end of the clause. 3 The issue has been dealt with efficiently.
(fairly / until now)
type of adverb common positions examples
4 I had forgotten to turn off the heat.
comment beginning or middle To my surprise, they are still together. (stupidly / in the living room)
We obviously cannot continue in 5 The thief distracted her victim.
this way. (obviously / intentionally)
time end Let’s meet on Tuesday at eight thirty. 6 She has dealt with the criticism.
We’ll deliver it as soon as possible. (to my surprise / reasonably well)
frequency middle or end He almost always brings a present. 7 The lead guitarist of the band we saw is talented.
I get angry every time I see him. (clearly / awfully)
place end They’re waiting in the car behind us. 8 Was that you I saw? (in the last row of the movie
I saw her in the corner of the room. theater / the night before last)
9 I drove. (really / quickly / here)
manner middle or end Jan cleverly chose the biggest room.
10 The train has arrived. (fortunately / at last)
She argued her case persuasively.
degree middle She was incredibly amusing.
I’d really like to say something to her.

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863808_P094_113_Grammar.indd 113 27/02/2019 16:17

VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1A Attitudes and emotions

1 1.1 Match verbs 1–6 with definitions a–f. Then match idioms 7–12 with definitions g–l. Listen and check.
1 throw yourself into (something) a appear to have a certain characteristic
2 cheer up b get excited or feel too much emotion
3 feel down c be depressed or unhappy
4 get carried away d quickly and enthusiastically start a task
5 come across as e develop a new hobby or interest
6 get into (something) f become (or make someone) happier when sad
7 be over the moon g stay calm in dangerous or emotional situations
8 look on the bright side h have a positive approach to life
9 be on the ball i be practical, sensible, and friendly
10 keep your cool j feel very jealous
11 be green with envy k be quick to respond to new ideas and information
12 be down to earth l feel extremely happy
2 Complete the sentences with a form of a verb or idiom from exercise 1.
1 During his speech the best man and talked for over an hour.
2 My neighbor’s really nice, not at all like her husband, who’s a little pretentious. She’s very .
3 Stock market traders have to the whole time – quick to react to changes in the market
and make decisions.
4 Even when life gets really tough, my mom always . She’s never negative.
5 My new boss being really impatient, but, actually, she’s not.
6 James tends to a project without thinking. He needs to plan ahead more.
7 I’ve never seen her panic. She always manages to .
8 I was with my test grades – I got all ”A”s!
9 When Irina moved to a new city, she and really lonely since she didn’t know anyone.
10 Ian had been feeling a little down, but he when his girlfriend called.
11 Our next-door neighbors bought a Porsche. My husband wants one – he’s .
12 I slowly playing the guitar after a friend taught me a few chords, and now I’m in a band.
3 1.2 Match adjectives 1–7 with definitions a–g. Listen and check.
1 open-minded a very surprised
2 courageous b pleased, grateful, and relieved
3 conscientious c brave or unafraid
4 sarcastic d feeling strong unhappiness or disapproval
5 astonished e willing to consider new ideas
6 thankful f hard-working and thorough
7 disgusted g ironic, often when being critical
4 Complete the sentences with an adjective from exercise 3.
1 I was that my teenage brother had cleaned his room without being asked to!
2 The instructors were very during the course. They took notes, gave feedback, and
helped all the students as much as possible.
3 Being is about actively overcoming your fears.
4 He said my haircut was “amazing,” but he sounded a little .
5 We’re the weather is getting better because we’re going to the beach tomorrow.
6 He was to read about several robberies in his area in the news.
7 My manager is very and listens to everyone’s opinion before she makes a decision.

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863808_P114_129_Vocab.indd 114 27/02/2019 16:17

VOCABULARY PRACTICE
1C Abstract nouns
1 1.7 Make nouns from the words in the box below and write them in the correct column of the chart. Listen and check.
annoy inconvenient aware kind bored member curious relation hate reliable honest wise
-ity -ness -ship

sensitivity fairness friendship
generosity selfishness leadership
-ance / -ence -dom others

tolerance freedom pride
patience kingdom loyalty
2 Complete the sentences. Use abstract nouns for the verbs or adjectives in bold.
1 Bill is annoyed because he is short of money. It’s obvious.
Bill’s because he is short of money is obvious.
2 My roommate hates pets, which is surprising. It’s selfish and it bothers me.
My roomate’s of pets is surprising. Her bothers me.
3 My boyfriend was so sensitive when I lost my job. It was wonderful.
My boyfriend’s when I lost my job was wonderful.
4 A good boss is reliable, fair, and patient.
A good boss displays , , and .
5 Open-minded people are aware and tolerant.
Open-minded people show and .
3 Complete the text with abstract nouns from the chart in exercise 1.
Southam
University
Life in college: read what one of our new students has to say
I love my new life as a student! I 6 of living in my own place –

have a good 1 with all my I can do what I want whenever I feel like
teachers, and I take 2 in it. 7 used to be a problem I
my work. And can you believe I’ve had at my parents’ home since there
signed up for a 3 course? wasn’t much to do in the area, but now
I’m hoping to become a manager I spend my time exploring my new
some day. neighborhood.
I’ve met lots of new people, and I admit things are a little tight
I’m now sharing an apartment with financially. The 8 fee for the
someone I’ve developed a close local sports club was way beyond
4 with. While it’s pretty far my budget. But the 9 of
from school, the 5 of living others amazes me. A neighbor
off-campus is balanced by the offered to pay the fee for me!

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863808_P114_129_Vocab.indd 115 27/02/2019 16:17

VOCABULARY PRACTICE
2A Health and medical treatment

1 2.1 Match words 1–10 with pictures a–j. Listen and check.
a b
1 bruise 6 kidneys
2 lungs 7 liver
3 Band-Aid 8 blister
4 bandage 9 ribs
5 spine 10 cast
2 Complete the sentences with words from the box. Use each item once.
heart disease high blood pressure injection scan side effects

splitting headache stitches upset stomach X-ray
c d
1 I try to avoid salt in my diet because I have .
2 He had an at the hospital and discovered that he’d
broken his wrist.
3 My sister cut her hand pretty badly and had to have .
4 The doctor says I can have an in my knee to reduce the
swelling.
5 Some people don’t even know they have until they
have chest pain.
6 I once had an after eating in that restaurant, and I haven’t
been back since. e f
7 I’m going to take a pill – I have a from all this noise.
8 Some people taking the medicine have , including
headaches, mild fever, and problems sleeping.
9 He had a brain after his fall to check that there
was no damage.
3 2.2 Read sentences 1–7. Match the words and phrases in bold with
definitions a–g. Listen and check.
1 If you don’t warm up properly before you exercise, you can pull a muscle.
2 I thought if I jumped and landed badly, I might sprain my ankle. g h
3 If you work closely with other people in an office, it’s very easy to pick up
a bug.
4 You might have to take antibiotics to get rid of the infection.
5 If my grandma stands up too quickly, she can feel dizzy.
6 My sister can’t eat nuts because she’s allergic to them.
7 My doctor has arranged for me to see a specialist about my foot
problem.
a have a meeting with a doctor who is an expert in one particular

medical problem i j
b have a sudden reaction and become sick if you eat, touch, or breathe
a particular substance
c stretch and injure an organ surrounded by soft tissue that produces
movement
d feel that you might fall because everything around you seems to be
moving
e get some type of sickness from a place or another person
f take a medicine that kills bacteria in the body and, therefore, cures
sickness
g injure a hand, wrist, or ankle by twisting it or moving it suddenly

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
2B Life skills and well-being

1 2.7 Match the bold words and phrases 1–6 with definitions a–f. Then match 7–11 with definitions g–k. Listen and check.
1 I wanted to stop my driving lessons, but my friend encouraged me to persevere with them.
2 I’m going to ask two other artists to collaborate with me on an exhibit.
3 Some people are good at handling stressful situations, but others get very stressed.
4 I try to manage my stress by playing a lot of sports.
5 You need to prioritize your workload so that you meet all your deadlines.
6 The intern has shown initiative identifying problems in our computer system and fixing them.
7 Governments should cooperate more with each other to ensure peace.
8 Every year I set goals for myself, like trying a new sport or eating healthier food.
9 If you have a problem, it’s better to deal with it rather than ignore it.
10 There was so much pressure at work that we found it hard to cope.
11 I decided to take the initiative and start a meditation group at work.
a work with others on a project or toward the same goal

b continue doing something, even though it’s difficult
c decide which tasks are the most important and do them first
d take action or respond successfully to a difficult feeling or situation
e develop strategies to be on top of something difficult
f demonstrate a willingness to get things done and take responsibility
g take the first action in a situation
h create aims
i work with others in a helpful and communicative way
j develop a way to address a problem
k successfully navigate a difficult situation
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2C Verbs and nouns with the same form

1 2.10 Complete each pair of sentences with the correct form 2 2.11 Rewrite the sentences, replacing the underlined words
of the words in the box. Listen and check. with the verb form of the noun. Make any other necessary changes.
1 The earthquakes have had a negative impact on the economy.
balance concern envy harm panic regret The earthquakes have impacted the economy negatively.
2 Could you give me an update on how the project is going?
1 a It me that, at twenty-two, she’s never had a job. I find it
worrying.
3 The prisoners made their escape by digging a tunnel.
b I’m afraid I have a number of relating to his health.
2 a I really not having spent more time with my
4 Top tennis players make a lot of sacrifices for their careers.
grandparents when I was younger.
b My biggest is that I never learned another language.
5 She studied hard and kept her focus on passing her exams.
3 a I’ve always people who have the confidence to speak
in public. I find it impossible.
6 Living in a small town has great benefits for older people.
b I watched with as Lara and Sophie drove off to the
beach.
4 a I have a full-time job and two small children. It’s a struggle to
my work and family commitments.
b There are too few female politicians. We need a better gender
.
5 a There was a loud bang, and quickly spread through the
crowd.
b I suddenly noticed that my bag was gone, and I .
6 a As a public figure, he didn’t want the facts to become known in
case it his reputation.
b A bad night’s sleep once in a while won’t do you any .

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
3A Change and time

1 3.1 Match words and phrases in bold 1–12 with definitions a–l. Listen and check.
1 It’s not a modern movie – it’s set in the post-war era.
2 This was a style that was fashionable at the turn of the century.
3 The task requires you to put various inventions in chronological order.
4 I’ve given up eating meat and fish for good.
‘
5 A leap year occurs every four years.
6 Some of the world’s exotic animals will soon die out. Time flies
7 When Emma’s clothes go out of fashion, she stops wearing them. when you’re
8 Tim decided to switch from glasses to contact lenses.
’
9 We need to modify the website to make it easier to navigate. having fun
10 I could scarcely recognize the city. It had undergone a total transformation.
11 Although property prices have gone up, they will probably stabilize soon.
12 When I lost my job, I had to make a major adjustment to my lifestyle.
a adapt or become used to a very different situation

b stop changing; become firmly established
c make partial changes to something
d a long period of history
e one that has an extra day in February
f change from something to; exchange something for something else
g the beginning of a period of 100 years
h put events one after the other, based on when they happened
i end; become completely extinct
j become unpopular; no longer considered smart or stylish
k a very noticeable change in form, nature, or appearance
l forever; definitively
2 3.2 Complete the text with words and phrases from the box. Listen and check.
adapt to become obsolete decade evolve for the time being

in those days in the long term in your lifetime millennium transition
My birthday’s coming, and I’m approaching the big two-oh! For many
people, this 1 is the ten years when big things happen!
2 I’m in college, but in a few years, I’ll have finished my
education, and I’ll get a job. I may even find my life partner. (Just as
an aside, my own parents got married at 19! 3 , that was
common.) Anyway, an online life coach describes our twenties as
“the period in which our characters 4 , and we make the
5 to adulthood.” That’s a lot of change ahead! Yet haven’t
you seen a lot of change already 6 ? Since the start of the
7 , just after I was born, there has been huge technological
change. Even the phone I bought two years ago is old and has almost
8 . We’re a flexible generation. We can 9
anything. Still, I can’t help wondering what I’ll be doing in ten years. I
guess 10 , it will become clear!

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
3C Expressions with come and go

1 3.7 Match sentences 1–8 with pictures a–h. Listen and check.
1 We’ve been discussing this issue for hours without finding a solution. We’re just going around in circles.
2 Oscar felt guilty about having a new girlfriend and decided to come clean.
3 We won’t have lunch for two or three hours. Here, have this to keep you going.
4 For Angela, work always comes first.
5 Wow, what a busy day! I’ve been on the go since dawn.
6 Something is always going wrong with this PC!
7 Our neighbor James told us about his vacation plans, but he didn’t go into detail.
8 We’ve done well this month, but we still have a long way to go to reach our target.
a b c d
e f g h
2 3.8 Replace the underlined phrases with the correct form of a phrase in the box. Listen and check.
come to light come easily come up come up against go according to plan go from strength to strength
go missing how come it goes without saying still / yet to come when it comes to
1 It’s been a really difficult project from start to finish. We’ve had to deal with so many problems.
2 Jack studies hard in class, but, when the situation involves homework, he’s incredibly lazy.
3 It is very obvious that children need encouragement from their teachers.
4 I’m sure everything will happen in the way that is wanted, and the party will be a huge success.
5 Evidence may yet be discovered which proves us wrong.
6 We’ve made three payments, but the biggest bill is expected soon.
7 What is the reason you are home so early? I thought you were working late tonight.
8 Ellen has never struggled with math or science and says they really take no effort.
9 He already had two successful restaurants, and now he’s opened a third. He’s becoming more and more successful.
10 When people disappear, or seem to disappear, their pictures are often posted on social media.
11 I’m sure I’ll be at the party unless something happens that I wasn’t expecting.

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
4A Success and failure

1 4.2 Read the text. Match the phrases in bold 1–10 with definitions a–j. Listen and check.
a keep someone from getting ahead or

Success has always come easily to my brother. He 1 thrived at school, 2 passing with flying developing
colors and then he got a degree from a top-rate university. When he b become known/popular (an item,
told the family he was setting up a business to sell a new children’s trend, etc.)
toy he’d invented, we all knew he’d make a success of it. And sure c achieve; be successful at a task
enough, within a year, his product had 3 caught on, and he’d d be not just a little unsuccessful, but
4 met the ambitious targets that he’d set himself financially. extremely unsuccessful
e do well and prosper in general
And what was I up to all this time? I was 5 failing miserably
f get a very high grade on a test
at everything. Or so I thought. Was I 6 messing up on my studies
g fail to do something by the necessary date
or 7 falling short of my expectations at work? No, I was working
h achieve a specific objective decided in
hard and never 8 missed a deadline. The truth is, I was failing in my
head. I was comparing myself with my brother and, as a consequence, advance
nothing that I 9 accomplished was ever enough. It was this feeling of not being as good i make mistakes; spoil things
that was 10 holding me back. j complete something, but not manage
to meet a required goal
2 4.3 Complete the expressions in bold with the words in the box. Listen and check.
ambition balloon blame fell go expectations lacking made success triumph
1 So the question is, who was to for this terrible war?

2 He never really it as an actor and, instead, earned a living doing a variety of jobs.
3 The course itself was fantastic, far exceeding my .
4 Kumar was very motivated. After years of training, he was finally able to fulfill his to become a doctor.
5 Her skincare company did well. Indeed, it was one of the stories of the decade.
6 Yes, there were difficulties, but Taylor managed to over them and build a hugely successful brand.
7 My attempt to tell an amusing story on the subject flat. Nobody laughed – not one person!
8 So how does a multimillion dollar company bankrupt?
9 They clearly didn’t like my suggestion. It went over like a lead !
10 He’s very practical, but he’s totally in imagination.
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4B Expressions with make and take

1 4.6 Complete the expressions in bold with the correct form of make or take. Listen and check.
1 I need to more time for my family because I have such a full schedule at work.
2 I asked the salesclerk if she could hurry up as I had a train to catch. She it the wrong way and was pretty offended.
3 Because Ana’s rent’s gone up, she’s taken a second job in order to ends meet.
4 It really Daniel’s day to hear that he’d been accepted into law school!
5 Adam’s girlfriend’s broken up with him. I thought he would it well, but he’s actually it really badly.
6 Molly was very sick a few years ago, so she never her health for granted now.
7 I don’t recognize this street. Do you think we’ve a wrong turn?
8 We’d planned to go to the beach this weekend, but rain was forecast. We decided to a chance and go anyway.
9 I bought tickets for my brother’s favorite band to it up to him for damaging his car.
10 Our week away didn’t start well because our flight was canceled, but we the best of the situation and had a great week at home.
11 My grandmother always tells me to the most of my youth, as it doesn’t last forever.

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
4C Idioms
1 4.10 Match the idioms in bold 1–8 with definitions a–h. Listen and check.
a decide or agree to stop doing something
b with no warning that something would
I have a new job! I’d been unhappy at work for a while. Basically, happen
one of my colleagues was incredibly lazy and for over a year, I’d been doing her c be very expensive
work, as well as my own. For some reason, my boss just 1 turned a blind eye to d something that seems bad when it happens,
the problem. In March, I was asked to take on another project, and it but that brings benefits later
2 was the last straw. I decided to 3 call it a day, and the very next day I
e a situation where you get the benefits of
resigned. Anyway, during my last week at work and completely 4 out of the two very different things
blue, an ex-colleague got in touch. To make a long story short, she asked me to f have a lot of knowledge of a subject
come and set up the design software at her company since I 5 know it inside g ignore something bad so you don‘t have to
out! I work in the office three days a week (the other two at home), so it’s 6 the deal with it
best of both worlds, really. The commute to work is a lot further – the train fare h a problem, after many other problems,
7 costs an arm and a leg! – but I’m happy. So, a tough start to the year, but I
which makes you finally take action
guess it was all 8 a blessing in disguise!
2 4.11 Match the underlined part of sentences 1–8 with idioms a–h. Listen and check.
1 You’ll have no trouble passing the exam, Olivia. I took it last month, and a hit the nail on the head
it’s really easy! b let your hair down
2 If I were you, I wouldn’t add any more projects this year. You don’t want c cross that bridge when you come to it
to take on too much work. d pull your leg
3 There’s the question of how you actually pay for the service once it’s set e fight a losing battle
up, but you can deal with that problem when it happens. f food for thought
4 That was a fascinating talk, Daniel. You’ve certainly given us plenty of g a piece of cake
ideas to think about. h bite off more than you can chew
5 Millie’s not going to change her mind on this. My suggestion is not to try
to do something that is impossible here.
6 After working so hard for so long, it’s nice to be able to relax and enjoy
yourself without worrying what people think.
7 I think you’re absolutely right about Anna being jealous. You’ve
described the true cause of the problem.
8 Amy doesn’t really own a castle – she just loves to joke by telling you
something false!
3 Write captions for pictures 1–4 using the idioms.
1 These sneakers . 2 I know this topic . 3 It looks hard. Actually, . 4 I think Grandpa was .

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
5A Tastes and opinions

1 5.1 Complete the conversation with the words in the box. Listen and check.
adores appalling appeal desire despise fabulous face fan inadequate mediocre
A So what was the food like when you were away?

B A little disappointing, to be honest. It was fairly 1 – you know, just not very
good, and a little overpriced.
A I know what you mean. I have no 2 to spend all my money on bad food.
B One meal that sticks in my mind was 3 – not only was the food completely
cold, but the waiter was rude, too. I really can’t 4 even one more rude waiter.
A I know what you mean! I really 5 bad service!
B Actually, we did have some good seafood on our last night. I’m not a huge
6 of fish – it doesn’t really 7 to me – but my friend
8 it, and she’d heard there was a 9 seafood restaurant nearby.
A That’s great. At least your last night was memorable.
B Yes, but the amount of food was 10 . The appetizer was one tiny shrimp!
2 Match the words and phrases that have a similar meaning.

1 detest a not be wild about
2 just average b sensational
3 not be a huge fan of c exceptional
4 spectacular d mediocre
5 outstanding e despise
3 5.2 Match the underlined part of sentences 1–10 with a–j. Listen and check.
1 The show isn’t great. I don’t know why everyone loves it so much. a promising
2 Klara loves that singer. She’s always thinking and talking about him. b gets on my nerves
3 I’m not crazy about camping, but I think it’s better than a cheap hotel. c have a strong desire to
4 If I’m honest, I found the movie somewhat boring and too long. d detests
5 The products sold in that store are low quality. e inferior
6 She talks all the time, and it really irritates me! f tedious
7 It was a fantastic show – really exciting and impressive. g obsessed with
8 I’ve seen the trailer for the movie and it looks likely to be good. h is wild about it
9 Molly is so impatient – she hates waiting for anything. i find it preferable to
10 I’ll come shopping with you if you’d like, but I don’t really want to go. j sensational
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5C Verb suffixes
1 5.7 Make verbs from the words in the box below and write them 2 Choose the correct options to complete the sentences.
in the correct column of the chart. Listen and check. 1 Her hair is naturally curly, but she straightens / brightens it every day.
2 After much discussion, a deal has been exaggerated / negotiated.
anticipation association bright clarification deterioration
3 The cereal is sugar-free, but you can sweeten / soften it if you like.
emphasis exaggeration generalization justification
4 Let the grapefruit weaken / ripen before eating it.
minimization negotiation notification ripe simplification
5 After walking uphill, I could feel my legs starting to soften / weaken.
soft specification straight summary sweet sympathy
6 It wasn’t that bad, María! You’re deteriorating / exaggerating!
weak
7 She summarized / generalized the talk in sixty seconds.
-ate -en -ize -ify 8 After missing the meeting, she tried to justify / sympathize her absence.
exaggerate straighten generalize justify

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
6A Neighbors and community

1 6.1 Complete the conversation with words and phrases from the box. 2 6.2 Complete the bold expressions in the quotations 1–7
Listen and check. with the correct form of the verbs in the box. Listen and check.
community association close-knit homeowner break come keep lend look reach strengthen

on a first-name basis sense of (x2) tenants
“If a natural disaster strikes your community, 1 out
to your friends, neighbors, and complete strangers.
I love my new neighborhood. I live in an 2 a helping hand.”
incredibly 1 community, where Marsha Blackburn, politician
people actually look out for each other.
Yeah? Like how? “This is the moment when we must 3 together
to save this planet.”
There’s a 2 community here. For example, Barack Obama, former U.S. president
on our block, there’s a 3 where residents “We have to 4 an eye on the future with a sense of
help each other and keep the neighborhood safe. the past in every passing moment of the present.”
Amanda Harlech, writer
And you can get to know people, too, right?
“I’ve had faith my whole life that there was someone
5 out for me, a spirit guide, a soul guide.”
Exactly. This is actually the first time I’ve ever had neighbors
Lady Gaga, singer
who know me 4 ! We do all kinds of things
together, and this creates a true 5 belonging. “The easiest time to be funny is during a fairly serious situation.
That way, you can 6 the ice.”
Sounds as if you’re really happy there. Adam McKay, movie director
“Establishing family rituals and traditions is one effective way to
I am. Before I lived in an apartment building and 7 family ties.”
didn’t even know the other 6 . So Irene Swerdlow-Freed, psychologist
that’s why I decided to become a 7 .
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6B Word pairs
1 6.6 Match 1–10 with a–j. Listen and check.
1 If you do something time after time, a you do it gradually or a little at a time.
2 If you see a situation as black and white, b you’re willing to compromise and do things for another person.
3 If you talk to somebody one to one, c you do it many times or repeatedly.
4 If something will make or break a relationship, d you speak only to that person.
5 If you’re prepared to give and take, e it has both good parts and bad parts.
6 If you’re safe and sound, f you see it as clear and simple, although others may see it as complicated.
7 If an experience is short and sweet, g you like that thing, but you don’t love it or really need it.
8 If you say you can take it or leave it, h it will either lead to its success or failure.
9 If you do something bit by bit, i it doesn’t last long, but is enjoyable.
10 If something has highs and lows, j you are well and unhurt after being in a dangerous situation.
2 Complete sentences 1–10 with the phrases in bold in exercise 1.

1 I couldn’t cook at all when I left home, but I learned the basic techniques.
2 There were a few scary moments on our hike, but we all got back .
3 I enjoy talking to my friends more than talking to them in groups.
4 The course has had its , but, overall, I’ve enjoyed it.
5 She has a view of the situation and doesn’t see that many factors are involved.
6 The speech was . It was over in minutes!
7 You need a lot of in any relationship, but especially in marriage.
8 I have told him my name , but he always forgets it.
9 The new online retail system will our company. We’ve invested so much money in it.
10 My husband is crazy about soccer, but I can .

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
7A Technology
1 7.1 Match the words in the box with pictures a–h. Listen and check.
attachment charge a battery cursor plug in scroll up / down swipe right / left unplug wireless network
a b c d
e f g h
2 7.2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box. Listen and check.
broadband browser bug database device install log in / out undo
1 Today, fast and reliable connectivity for your home is as important as electricity itself.
2 I’ve never understood why all electronic have to be turned off during takeoff and landing.
3 If you press Control + Z in Windows (Command + Z on a Mac), you can your last action, which is useful if you make a mistake.
4 My company has new software to keep its client up-to-date.
5 I don’t understand why I’m having trouble . My password is correct, so it’s probably some kind of .
6 I have several to connect to the Internet, but I prefer Firefox.
3 7.3 Match the words in bold with definitions a–f. Listen and check.
1 I wouldn’t want to work remotely. I think I’d miss interacting face to face with my manager and coworkers.
2 The hospital uses state-of-the-art technology to treat patients with high-quality care.
3 I’m the only computer-literate person in the family, so everyone is always asking me for help.
4 Videos and high definition images consume more bandwidth than text does.
5 I get mad at myself when I lose work because I’ve forgotten to back it up.
6 If you open too many programs at the same time, the computer might run out of memory and crash.
a familiar with the operation of computers

b the transmission capacity for data transfer on a computer network
c make a copy of computer data to protect against accidental damage or loss
d the most modern available
e carry out job responsibilities from a distance
f suddenly stop working or fail

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
7C Expressions with world and place

1 7.8 Complete the conversations with the expressions in the boxes. Listen and check.
fall into place in first place thinks the world of

all over the place takes place it’s a small world
it’s not the end of the world
A So, did you enjoy the book?

A I was let go this morning.
B Yes, the plot was great. There were some old
B Oh, no! I’m sorry to hear that. Losing
words I had to look up, though.
your job is hard, I know, but 4 .
A I’m not surprised. The story 1 in the
I mean, I’m sure you’ll find something.
18th century, remember? Did you see the movie?
A I guess so. Things will 5
B No. Was it any good?
eventually, I hope.
A Not really. I hated the acting, and visually it was
2
B I’m sure they will. Don’t forget to ask
. It’s as if the director tried to mix two
Julie for a letter of recommendation.
different centuries. But I did run into Jo from high
She 6 you, so I’m sure she’ll be
school at the theater!
3
happy to write one.
B !
A I saw Julie the other day at the tennis
tournament. She was 7 when
I saw her. I’m not sure if she won in the
in the first place out of this world worlds apart end, though.
A Hey, welcome back! Did you have a good time?

B Thanks. Yeah, but the hotel was such a disappointment
–8 from the place where we stayed last year.
Now, that was a good hotel. And the food was
9 , too.
A So why did you choose a different hotel 10 ?
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8A Science and discovery: word families

1 8.1 Complete the chart with the correct form of each word. 2 Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the words in the
Listen and check. chart in exercise 1. The first letter is given for you.
noun adjective verb 1 Scientists usually break down problems into smaller parts. They are
a thinkers.
evidence evidence (formal)
2 The reference books are in a row and are c by subject:
hypothetical hypothesize chemistry, physics, or biology.
experiment experimental 3 In order to convince the scientific community, Dr. Gargav must
analysis analyze p that his results were not accidental.
proven prove
4 My chemistry teacher is the reason I became fascinated by science.
She was such an i to me.
conclusion conclusive
5 The universe is even bigger than we previously thought, according to
influence influence new e from a scientific study.
theoretical theorize 6 We will have to perform more tests in order to be certain because the
evaluation evaluative results of the laboratory tests were not c .
7 Rather than using traditional methods, biologists are finding
inspiration inspire
i ways to discover how these animals survive.
innovative innovate 8 For every new technological discovery, we must e the
classification classified costs against the potential usefulness of the item.

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
8B Nouns from phrasal verbs

1 8.5 Replace the underlined parts of sentences 1–10 with the words in the box. Listen and check.
backup breakdown breakup catch-up giveaway
let-down mix-up outbreak takeoff workout
1 I have very little free time, so I’m always playing a game trying to keep up with the housework.
2 There was a mistake with our tickets, so we got the wrong ones.
3 The link to a free download of her album was a great free gift after the concert.
4 I sometimes feel pretty lonely after a relationship ends.
5 His first novel was fantastic, but his second was a disappointment.
6 We’re having an outdoor wedding, but if it rains, we’ve rented a huge tent as a replacement if our main plans go wrong.
7 This detailed list of tasks says that the next thing to do is get a report from our attorney.
8 After the sudden start of war, thousands of people left their homes in search of safety.
9 We boarded the plane on time, but then the plane’s departure was delayed for an hour.
10 I like having a period of physical exercise after a whole day sitting at a desk.
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9A Friendship and love
1 9.1 Match phrases 1–14 with definitions a–n. Listen and check.
1 bond (over something) a immediately get along well with someone new
2 date someone b agree or have the same opinion on a topic
3 drift apart c gradually become less connected with a friend
4 get along like a house on fire d have a strong romantic interest in someone
5 go back a long way e fall in love when you first see or meet someone
6 hang out (with someone) f establish a link with someone as a result of shared interests
7 have a crush (on someone) g have known someone for a long time
8 have someone’s back h go out with someone you are romantically interested in
9 love at first sight i a friendship with no romantic involvement
10 platonic relationship j be ready and willing to support someone if necessary
11 see eye to eye k spend time with someone, relaxing and enjoying yourself
12 settle down l a person perfectly suited as a close friend or romantic partner
13 soulmate m get along really well with someone
14 hit it off n to start living in a place where you intend to stay for a long time, usually to start a family
2 Complete the text with the correct form of the phrases in exercise 1. The first letter is given for you.
Janice and I have known each other for over 10 better, she felt the same way! So we started
years, so we 1g . We met in college and 8d , and it went incredibly well. We still
immediately 2h , partly because we 9g , joking and laughing all the time, but,
3b over our love for the same TV of course, our relationship is so much more
shows! We 4h a lot, just watching than that now. She’s my 10s !
TV or cooking dinner, but there was We don’t 11s on everything, in
never any romance, at first – it was a fact, we argue pretty often, but I know
completely 5p . After college that she always 12h , and that
I moved to a different city, and we support is really important. Things are
6d , but two years ago, Janice going so well that we’re thinking about
sent me a message, and we made plans 13s and having children. And
to get together. Something was different when our children ask me, “Daddy, was it
when we saw each other again. I realized I 14l with you and Mommy?” I’ll say,
7h on her! And even “No, we were just friends for years!”

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE
9C Commonly confused words

1 9.6 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. Listen and check.
1 a Some people like working in groups, but I prefer to work lonely / 6 a You need to calm down. You’re not being rational / rationale!
alone. b I know what you think the company should do, but I don’t
b You live by yourself, don’t you? Don’t you ever feel lonely / alone? understand your rational / rationale.
2 a I feel uncomfortable when someone pays me a compliment / 7 a I’m starting college next week, and I need some notebooks, pencils,
complement. I just don’t know what to say! and other stationery / stationary.
b You should paint this wall green. It would really compliment / b The woman whose car I crashed into said her car was stationery /
complement the blue carpet. stationary at the moment of impact, but, in fact, she was moving
3 a There was a car parked beside / besides the road. I think it must have at about 10 km./h.
broken down. 8 a There is a meeting tomorrow at 9 a.m., and everyone will assist /
b I didn’t call you because I didn’t have your number. Beside / Besides attend.
you wouldn’t have come anyway! b Please let me know if I can assist / attend you in any way.
4 a The president could have ignored the criticism or reacted to it. He 9 a I really benefitted / profited from my investment, as the stock market
seems to have chosen the later / latter option. continued to rise.
b We’ve missed the start of the movie, so let’s try to see a later / latter b To be honest, I think you would both benefit / profit from some time
show. apart from each other.
5 a There’s been a slight rise / raise in the level of violent crime this year. 10 a The two sides need to reach a compromise / commitment
b The guard heard a noise and decided to rise / raise the alarm. eventually, but they are currently a long way from finding any area
of agreement.
b We made a compromise / commitment to support our business
during difficult times, and we are going to honor that.
2 Complete the e-mail with the words in the box.
attend benefit besides complement compromise later raise rational
To: Mariella Mendham

From: Birgit Tandon
Subject: Sinton project
Dear Mariella,
Have you had a chance to consider who you would like to work with on the Sinton project? I plan
to 1 the issue 2 with senior management, and it would be good to know your
thoughts. Have you considered Martin? I think your people skills would really 3 his
knowledge of the field, and you would certainly 4 from his experience. 5 , I know
you work well together, and so it would be a very 6 decision. However, you may have
someone else in mind. If we don’t agree on who would be the best partner for you, I’m sure we can
find some sort of 7 . Anyhow, let me know what you think, and please confirm whether or
not you plan to 8 the meeting this afternoon?
Thanks very much, and I look forward to hearing from you.
Birgit

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863808_P114_129_Vocab.indd 127 27/02/2019 16:17

VOCABULARY PRACTICE
10A Humans and self

1 10.1 Match words and phrases 1–8 with definitions a–h. Listen and check.
1 humane a cruel and without sympathy
2 human nature b the things every person is entitled to by law
3 human rights c the department of a business involved in hiring and training of staff
4 human beings d having or showing compassion and sympathy
5 inhumane e the feelings and behavior shared by all people
6 humankind f concerned with or seeking to promote the welfare of people
7 humanitarian g men, women, and children of the species Homo sapiens
8 human resources h all people considered as a group
2 Complete the text with the correct form of the words and phrases from exercise 1.
Change is a charity that has been doing 1 work around

the world since 1978. At Change we believe that:
every 2 on Earth should be treated in a 3 If you share these beliefs and are interested
way. Too often, we identify unacceptable, 4 in working for Change, just send an e-mail
treatment of people. to our 7 department. Let’s work
every single person’s 5 must be protected. together for the good of 8 .
it is not 6 to be unkind. People are naturally caring
and sympathetic. HANGE
3 10.2 Complete the self diagram with the words in the box. Listen and check.
employed discipline pity conscious
6 7self-defense
nouns
1selfless 2
self 8self-esteem
9
5self-
sufficient adjectives
3self-
4 centered
4 Use the self- words and expressions to complete the sentences.

1 Sam works so hard for her family and never rests. She’s completely .
2 My brother always worries about what people think of what he does or the way he looks. He’s very .
3 I worry about my safety outside, so I’m taking a course in .
4 Tim’s full of . He’s always talking about his awful life and how unlucky he is.
5 Alan has no confidence in his own abilities. He has very low .
6 Unfortunately, my uncle doesn’t care about other people. He’s completely .
7 I haven’t bought anything in ages because I’m saving money. I have pretty good .
8 I’m not surprised Ana’s become . She always hated having a boss!
9 Annie is only five, but she gets dressed by herself. She’s very .

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863808_P114_129_Vocab.indd 128 27/02/2019 16:17

VOCABULARY PRACTICE
10B Verbs with re-, over-, mis-

1 10.5 Match the verbs in bold with definitions a–f. Listen and check.
1 If you mistreat someone, he/she will probably feel hurt and angry. a make something look or feel young again
2 I overheard their conversation. They were speaking very loudly. b ask somebody for too much money for a product or service
3 This cream is supposed to rejuvenate your skin, but it didn’t work! c act toward someone in a way that isn’t acceptable or appropriate
4 Check your bills carefully as sometimes companies overcharge you. d return to a former condition or state
5 We’re working to restore the theater after the fire that damaged it. e behave badly
6 I used to misbehave, and my teachers would tell me off. f hear a conversation between people who aren’t talking to you
2 10.6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. Listen and check.
misunderstand misinterpret overcome overestimate recharge recreate
1 He had a lot of challenges as a teenager, but he them and made a good life for himself.
2 After my exams, I by taking a couple of weeks’ vacation.
3 I what Leanne said, so I thought her party was this Saturday, not the following one.
4 We the time it would take to drive there, so we arrived an hour early.
5 Even when two people speak the same language, they can still what the other says.
6 The artist has many famous works of art in a modern style.
Go back to page 86
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10C Adverb collocations
1 10.10 Complete the chart with the words in the box. 2 Complete the sentences with an adverb from the chart.
Listen and check. 1 I thought the movie was just amusing, but everyone else
thought it was hilarious.
highly strongly bitterly
widely 2 It’s pointless trying to get a driver’s license. I know I’ll fail
the test again.
adverb + adjective / verb 3 The restaurant was dirty, and the food was disgusting. It’s
1 disappointed, regret, resent unlikely that we’ll go back.
4 A mosquito bite can be dangerous and even fatal.
deeply ashamed, embarrassed, concerned, touched 5 I believe that most government programs are designed to
help us.
downright rude, unpleasant
6 I hope Dan will be OK. He was injured in a motorcycle
2 (un)likely, probable, successful, impressed accident.
7 We all resent having to work every weekend.
incredibly, unbelievably expensive, cheap, long, short, early, late 8 I’m familiar with what’s going on in the world, but I don’t
read the newspaper very often.
mildly offensive, amusing, irritated, surprised
potentially fatal, damaging, harmful
seriously, severely wounded, damaged, injured, criticized
3 believe, oppose, support
utterly astonishing, (un)believable, pointless
vaguely familiar, aware, remember
4 believed, known, used

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863808_P114_129_Vocab.indd 129 27/02/2019 16:17

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GRAMMAR PRACTICE

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1C Adding emphasis (1): cleft sentences

Adding emphasis with The person who, etc.

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2A Modal verbs (1) and modal-like forms

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2C Modal verbs (2): advanced forms

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Look! When an action is completed, we can use a perfect form: In

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5A Ellipsis and substitution

102 Go back to page 41

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3 He introduced me to a [Turkish / elderly / very nice]

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With -ing forms

104 Go back to page 49

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1 Is it too good to be true?

Result 2 Who are the people behind the product?

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7A Verb patterns (2): reporting

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now 3 Complete the sentences with the past continuous or

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108 Go back to page 67

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8C Mixed conditionals and alternatives to if

If the car hadn’t broken down, we would be home now.

Alternatives to if 2 Combine the sentences using the words in

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110 Go back to page 77

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9C Past forms for unreal situations

It’s (about) time

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10A Distancing language

112 Go back to page 85

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10C Adverbs and adverbial phrases

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1A Attitudes and emotions

114 Go back to page 4

863808_P114_129_Vocab.indd 114 27/02/2019 16:17

-ity -ness -ship

heart disease high blood pressure injection scan side effects

adapt to become obsolete decade evolve for the time being

community association close-knit homeowner break come keep lend look reach strengthen

attachment charge a battery cursor plug in scroll up / down swipe right / left unplug wireless network

fall into place in first place thinks the world of

A So, did you enjoy the book?

A Hey, welcome back! Did you have a good time?