Week 7 & 8: Measures of Central Even number of scores: 84, 77, 82, 86, Data Given: The following

a Given: The following test scores in

Tendency 78, 79, 60, 71, 75, 70, 59, 82 arithmetic: 25, 38, 41, 68, 71, 52, 64, 30,
45, 35, and 58.
The measures of central tendency give
concise information about the nature of the Mode
distribution of test scores. They serve as the
representatives of the entire distribution of The mode may be defined as the score
the set of test scores and present occurring the most number of times. It is the
appropriate ways of how the scores tend score with the highest frequency.
toward the center. There are three
Procedure:
commonly used measures of central
tendency: the mean, median, and the mode. 1. Arrange the scores in a descending
Mean order that is from the highest to the
Median lowest score.
The mean is the most frequently used 2. Look for the score that occurs the most
The median is a point in a scale which
measure of central tendency because it is number of times.
divides the scale into two equally. A scale is
easily understood and is based on all sets
a succession of numbers, steps, classes,
of test scores; hence, it summarizes a lot of Example 4:
degrees, gradations, or categories with a
information. It is also the most reliable
fixed interval. Data Given: The following test scores in
measure of central tendency, thus, it is
geometry: 25, 30, 37, 41, 37, 52, 52, 30,
Procedure: widely used in statistics.
37, and 42
1. Arrange the scores in a descending Procedure:
order that is from the highest to the
1. Use the formula:
lowest score.
2. If the number of scores is odd, the
middlemost score is the median.
3. If the number of scores is even, the
median is the average of the two middle
most scores.

Example 1 & 2:
o x = Mean Weighted Mean
Data Given: The following test scores in
o Σ = Symbol of Summation
arithmetic:
o N = Total number of scores The weighted mean is particularly useful
Odd number of scores: 56, 88, 90, 76, 72, o X = Individual Score when various classes or groups contribute
82, 73, 63, 62, 75, 63 differently to the total. The weighted mean is
found by multiplying each value by its
corresponding weight and dividing by the
sum of the weights.
Example 5:
At the Mathematics Department of San
Sebastian College there are 18 instructors,
12 assistant professors, 7 associate
professors, and 3 professors. Their monthly
salaries are P 30, 500, P 33, 700, P 38,
600, and P 45, 000. What is the weighted
mean salary?
Measures of Dispersion
The measures of dispersion , also called
measure of variability, is a statistic
calculated from a set of observations or
scores and designed to show the extent to
which the individual observations or scores
are concentrated about or scattered from
the mean or other measures of central
tendency. The most commonly used
measures of dispersion are the range,
quartile deviation, average deviation, and
the standard deviation.
Range
The range is the simplest and easiest
measure of dispersion. It simply measures
how far the highest score is from lowest
score.
Procedure
1. Look for the highest and the lowest
scores.
2. Subtract the lowest score from the
highest score. The difference is the
range.
Example 6:
Determine the range of the test scores of
nine (9) students in a Community
Development course test.
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation (S.D.) is the
measure of dispersion that involves all
scores in the distribution rather than through
extreme scores. It may be referred to as the
root-mean-square of the deviation from the
mean. It is considered the most important
measure of dispersion.
Procedure
1. Find the mean from the raw scores
2. Subtract the mean from the individual
scores to get the deviation.
3. Square the deviations and then, get the
sum of the squared deviations.
4. Divide the sum of the squares deviations
by n-1, where n is the total number of
scores.
5. Extract the square root of step 4. The
answer is the standard deviation.
Example 7:
Calculate the standard deviation of the two
sets of test scores in Community
development and Community Immersion.
Compare also the distributions of these test
scores.
Measures of Relative Location
Sometimes it is helpful to group subjects
into several equal parts when presenting or
analyzing data set. In such cases, we are
using the measures of relative location such
as quartiles, deciles, and percentiles.
1. Quartile – when the data set is divided variable. The known characteristics of the 𝑥−𝜇
into 4 equal parts. normal curve make it possible to estimate
𝑧=
𝜎
2. Deciles – when the data set is divided the probability of occurrence of any value of
into 10 equal parts. a normally distributed variable. Where:
3. Percentiles – when the data set is
Properties of a Normal Distribution z = z value
divided into 100 equal parts.
The following are the properties of a normal X = the value of any particular observation
Example:
distribution: or measurement
Given the ages of 9 irregular students of a
1. The distribution is bell-shaped. 𝜇 = the mean of the distribution
University. The ages are: 21, 19, 21, 20, 25,
23, 18, 29, and 26. 2. The mean, median, and mode are equal 𝜎 = standard deviation of the distribution
Find the following: (a) Q3 (b) D7 (c) and are located at the center of the
Finding the Area under the Normal Curve
P31 distribution.
Example 1: Find the area under the
3. The normal distribution is unimodal.
standard normal distribution curve between
4. The normal distribution curve is z = 0 and z = 1.25
symmetric about the mean (the shape are
same on both sides).

5. The normal distribution is continuous

6. The normal curve is asymptotic (it never

touches the x- axis)

7. The total area under the normal

Week 9: Probabilities and Normal
distribution curve is 1.00 or 100%.
Distribution
Describing Normal Distribution
Finding the Area Under the Normal Curve
A normal can be converted into a standard
Finding the z-value
normal distribution by obtaining the z value.
𝑥−𝜇 A z value is the signed distance between a
𝑧= selected value, designated X, and the mean
𝜎
𝜇, divided by the standard deviation .It is
Describing Normal Distribution also called as z scores, the z statistics, the Example 2: Find the area under the
standard normal deviates, or the standard standard normal distribution curve between
A normal distribution is a continuous,
normal values. In terms of formula: z = 0 and z = -2.13
symmetric, bell-shaped distribution of a
Example 3: Find the area under the
Finding the value of z
standard normal distribution curve to the
Example 5: Find the area under the
right of z = 0.96 Example 1: Find the value of z value given
standard normal distribution curve between
z = 0.34 and z = 1.05. that the average score is 230, standard
deviation is 250 and the one of the scores is
245.

Given: X = 245, 𝜇= 230 and 𝜎= 250

𝑋−𝜇
𝑍=
𝜎
245 − 230
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔
250

Example 2: What is the value of z if X =

5500, 𝜇 = 6250 and 𝜎 = 500?

𝑋−𝜇
𝑍=
𝜎
Example 4: Find the area under the Example 6: Find the area under the 5500 − 6250
= = −𝟏. 𝟓
standard normal distribution curve to the left standard normal distribution curve between 500
of z = 1.08. z = -1.11 and z = 2.75.
 Step 2: Compute for the values of x.

Solution for x1:

𝑥1 − 42
−1.25 =
5
-6.25 = x1 -42

2 − 6.25 = 𝑥1

𝑥1=35.75

Solution for x2:

Finding the values of z and X
𝑥2 − 42
1.25 =
Example 1: Given that the mean is 42 and 5
the standard deviation is 5, find the value/s
6.25 = 𝑥2 – 42
of z and the value/s of x if the probability
(area) between 0 and z is 0.3944. 42 + 6.25 = 𝑥2
Step1: Find the value/s of z given that the
𝑥2 = 48.25
probability is 0.3944.
Example 2: Given that the mean is 42 and
the standard deviation is 5, find the value/s
of z and the value/s of x if the probability
(area) to the right of z is 0.0485.

Look for the value/s of z corresponding to

the area 0.3944. Since both-1.25 and 1.25
correspond to the area 0.3944, then both of
them are values of z.
Step 1: Analyze what “to the right of z
means”

The corresponding z value is 1.66

Step 3: Compute for the value of x..

Think at which part of the normal curve z
can be located given that the area at its Solution for 𝑥:
right is only 0.0485 or 4.85%
𝑥 − 42
1.66 =
Step 2: Find the value/s of z 5

In order to find z, determine first the area 8.3 = 𝑥−42

between 0 and z. To find its area, subtract
0.0485 from 0.5. The area between 0 and z
is 0.4515. Look for the value of z
corresponding to the area 0.4515 using the
z-table.
42 + 8.3 = 𝑥
𝑥 = 50.3
Since z is situated at the right of zero, only
the positive value of 1.66 is considered in
computing for the value of x. This also
implies that there is only one value of x.
Thus, x=50.3.