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Septiya Agestin Cahyaningrum - Nosocomial Infection - Word
Septiya Agestin Cahyaningrum - Nosocomial Infection - Word
NIM : 6411421006
Specific Epidemiology
Nosocomial Infection
a. Definition
Nosocomial infections are infections that develop while a person is receiving medical
attention. Examples include pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and
gastrointestinal (GI) infections.
b. Causes
The causes of nosocomial infections vary. They depend on the type or source of
infection, the pathogen that caused it, and whether the infection is viral, fungal, or
bacterial.
c. Types
central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
Symptoms
The symptoms of a CLABSI vary depending on the type of infection that has
entered through the catheter. Someone showing signs of infection requires
immediate medical intervention. These include:
at the site of the catheter:
o pain
- discomfort
- redness
- discharge
o fever and chills
o signs of inflammation
Diagnosis and treatment
To diagnose CLABSI, a doctor will perform blood tests and check for signs of
infection at the site of the catheter insertion and inflammation beyond the
insertion site.
Potential complications
CLABSI is serious and can beTrusted Source fatal. The infection can cause severe
sickness and increase a person’s time in the hospital.
CLABSI may also lead to sepsis, an extreme response by the immune system to
infection, which can damage organs and may be life threatening.
Symptoms
Symptoms of a UTI include:
fever
blood in urine
pain or burning in the lower abdomen
increased frequency of urination
a burning feeling during urination
Diagnosis and treatment
A doctor will diagnose CAUTI by administering a urine test. To treat it, they will
remove or change the catheter and administer antibiotics.
Potential complications
Possible complications of CAUTI include:Trusted Source
sepsis
bacteremia, a bacterial infection of the blood
upper urinary tract infection
Potential complications
SSIs can lead to life threatening conditions, such as sepsis, as well as:
delayed healing of wounds
abscesses
the rejection of medical devices or prosthetics
infections in body cavities
Symptoms
Symptoms of VAP include:
Potential complications
Complications of VAP include:
o multi-organ failure
o deep vein thrombosis
o stress ulcers
o sepsis
bacterial
A person may acquire a bacterial infection during healthcare. These include:
o Staphylococcus aureus:This bacterium, which people often call staph, is
typically present inside the nose and on the skin of about 30% of people. It
does not usually cause harm, and infections can appear as skin conditions.
o Streptococcus species: This bacterium can cause several infections,
including:
o sore throat
o toxic shock syndrome
o pneumonia
o Enterococcus species: This bacterium is the leading causeTrusted Source
of nosocomial infections in healthcare settings and is resistant to
antibiotics. It is most associated with the following types of infections:
o UTIs
o medical device infections
o soft tissue
Symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on the type of bacteria and infection that affect a
o a rash
o sore, red throat
o skin infection
o symptoms of pneumonia, such as cough, difficulty breathing, and rapid
heartbeat
o symptoms of UTI, such as a burning sensation when urinating or needing
to urinate more often
o symptoms of toxic shock syndrome, such as fever, diarrhea, and dizziness
Diagnosis and treatment
A doctor typically diagnoses bacterial infections by examining a person’s physical
symptoms and blood tests.
Potential complications
Complications of bacterial infections include:
o sepsis
o pneumonia
o endocarditis, a rare condition that involves inflammation of the heart’s
lining, muscles, and valves
o osteomyelitis, an infection and inflammation of the bone
o Other infections
Fungal: Mold infections and candidiasis are common causes of nosocomial
infections. They most often lead to UTIs and bloodstream infections. Experts
often associate them with:
o a contaminated environment
o immunosuppression
o unclean catheters
Viral: Viruses cause up to 5% of nosocomial infections. A person can acquire
them from respiratory, fecal, or hand-mouth routes. Viruses that may transfer
through healthcare settings include:
o hepatitis
o influenza
o rotavirus
Gastrointestinal: Some bacteria can pass through the intestinal walls and cause
infection in susceptible people.
Symptoms
Symptoms of other types of infection include:
o fever
o chills
o rash
o headache
o muscle ache
o nausea and vomiting
o cough
o confusion
o diarrhea
Diagnosis
A doctor will diagnose these infections by examining the physical symptoms and
performing laboratory tests, including blood tests, to reveal which pathogens
affect the patient.
Treatment
Treatments vary according to the type of infection.
o Fungal: A doctor will treat a fungal infection with traditional treatments,
such as antibiotics and antifungal medications.
o Viral: Antibiotics cannot treat viruses. In some cases, doctors can only
treat symptoms, and antiviral drugs are available to treat certain kinds of
viruses.
o Gastrointestinal: A doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat a
gastrointestinal infection.
Potential complications
Infection can lead to more severe infections and complications such as sepsis.
Risk factors
Some people are at higher risk than others of nosocomial infection. These risk
factors include:
o prolonged hospital stay
o being of older age
o working in a hospital or healthcare facility, although people should follow
hygiene best practices to help avoid infections
o catheter insertion
o recent or frequent antibiotic use
o receiving healthcare in a developing country
o having a compromised immune system
o having other chronic illnesses
o malnutrition
o obesity
o using tobacco
o using certain medications, such as gastric acid-suppressing medication
o Doctors will inform people of the potential risk of developing infections
when receiving care.
Preventions
Healthcare workers and patients can help prevent nosocomial infection. Preventive
measures include:
o healthcare workers practicing good hand hygiene
o personal protective equipment for healthcare workers, such as gloves and
masks
o proper cleaning of all surfaces and clearing away of hospital waste
o antibiotic control policies to prevent overusing antibiotics, which can lead
to resistance
o patients cleaning, not shaving, relevant areas before surgery
o healthcare workers educating patients on proper care of medical devices
o patients trying to quit smoking, if applicable
o patients practicing good hygiene during the healing process
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