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Sas3 Mee 098
Sas3 Mee 098
Sas3 Mee 098
Productivity Tip:
”Absorb what is useful, reject what is useless, add what is specifically your own.” (Bruce Lee)
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
From the previous module, it was stated how important for a designer to identify different material
properties in order to come up into a good engineering design. Most of the material properties couldn’t be identified
by merely looking on the material with our bare eyes nor by using our senses as it is. Material Testing is a method
used in order to identify these properties. In this module, we will be discussing about different material testing
procedures that we could use in identifying different properties of material.
B. MAIN LESSON
1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)
Material testing is a respected and established technique which is used to ascertain both the physical and
mechanical properties of raw materials and components. It can be used to examine almost anything from human
hair to steel, ceramics or composite materials. From definition, material testing is the measurement of the
characteristics and behaviour of such substances as metals, ceramics, or plastics under various conditions. Some of
the material testing procedures used these days was listed below.
Tension Test
Tension (tensile) tests are used to determine how materials will behave under tension load. In a simple
tensile test, a sample is typically pulled to its breaking point to determine the ultimate tensile strength of the material.
The amount of force (F) applied to the sample and the elongation (∆L) of the sample are measured throughout the
test. Material properties are often expressed in terms of stress (force per unit area, σ) and strain (percent change in
length, ε). These values are then presented on an XY plot called a stress-strain curve. Testing and measuring
procedures vary based on the material being tested and its intended application.
Tensile testing is most often carried out at a material testing laboratory. The most common testing machine
used in tensile testing is the universal testing machine (UTM). This type of machine has two crossheads; one is
adjusted for the length of the specimen and the other is driven to apply tension to the test specimen. There are two
types: hydraulic powered and electromagnetically powered machines. Tension test is performed on mild steel, tor
steel and high tensile steel to determine the properties like Young’s modulus, ultimate strength, and the percentage
elongation.
Compression Test
Compression tests are used to determine a material's behavior under applied crushing loads, and are
typically conducted by applying compressive pressure to a test specimen (usually of either a cuboid or cylindrical
geometry) using platens or specialized fixtures on a universal testing machine. The test sample is generally placed
in between two plates that distribute the applied load across the entire surface area of two opposite faces of the test
sample and then the plates are pushed together by a universal test machine causing the sample to flatten. A
compressed sample is usually shortened in the direction of the applied forces and expands in the direction
perpendicular to the force. A compression test is essentially the opposite of the more common tension test.
The goal of a compression test is to determine the behavior or response of a material while it experiences
a compressive load by measuring fundamental variables, such as, strain, stress, and deformation. By testing a
material in compression the compressive strength, yield strength, ultimate strength, elastic limit, and the elastic
modulus among other parameters may all be determined. With the understanding of these different parameters and
the values associated with a specific material it may be determined whether or not the material is suited for specific
applications or if it will fail under the specified stresses.
Linear Thermal Expansion is used to determine the rate at which a material expands as a function of
temperature. This test can be used for design purposes and to determine if failure by thermal stress may occur.
Linear Thermal Expansion (LTE) testing helps determine if thermal stress failures can occur in products and
materials.
Instruments for measuring linear and volumetric thermal expansion coefficients are also known as
“dilatometers”. Solid material test-samples are tested by directly inserting them into the cylindrical test chamber.
They can be cylindrical or polygonal with maximum cross sectional dimension of 0.5 inches (12.5 mm) to fit into
the test chamber. The nominal recommended sample length is 2 inches (50 mm) although this length is not critical
and shorter samples can be used.
Bending test is performed on beam by using the three point loading system. The bending fixture is supported
on the platform of hydraulic cylinder of the UTM. The loading is held in the middle cross head. At a particular load
the deflection at the center of the beam is determined by using a dial gauge.
Shear/Torsion Test
Torsion testing is a type of mechanical testing that evaluates the properties of materials or devices while
under stress from angular displacement. Torsion testing can be split into two distinct categories: testing raw
materials like metal wires or plastic tubing to determine properties such as shear strength and modulus, or functional
testing of finished products subjected to torsion, such as screws, pharmaceutical bottles, and sheathed cables. The
most common mechanical properties measured by torsion testing are: modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear
strength, ultimate shear strength, modulus of rupture in shear and ductility. The purpose of a torsion test is to
determine the behaviour a material or test sample exhibits when twisted or under torsional forces as a result of
applied moments that cause shear stress about the axis.
Torsion tests can be performed by applying only a rotational motion or by applying both axial (tension or
compression) and torsional forces. Types of torsion testing vary from product to product but can usually be
classified as failure, proof, or product operation testing. Torsion testing can be performed on specialized torsion-
only equipment or, more commonly, on biaxial test equipment such as universal testing machines capable of
applying both linear force and torque.
2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
LET'S DO THIS!!!
Answer the following activities. Write your answers on the space provided.
“For the following activities, check your answers against the Key to
Corrections found at the end of this module. Write your score on your paper.”
A3-1: Complete the table below according to what you have learned during the discussion. Write your answer on
the space provided.
Tension Test
Compression Test
Coefficient of
Thermal Expansion
Analysis
Beam Deflection Test
Torsion/Shear Test
C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)
How is your learning experience? Which part of the lessons do you find to be difficult?
FAQs
Why is material testing important?
The quality of a material going into a manufactured product is as important as the reliability of the
production process. Material testing helps us to understand and quantify whether a specific material or
treatment is suitable for a particular application.