United Church of Canada

The United Church of Canada (French: Église unie du Canada)

United Church of Canada
is a mainline Protestant denomination[2] that is the largest
Protestant Christian denomination in Canada and the second Église unie du Canada
largest Canadian Christian denomination after the Catholic Church
in Canada.[3]

The United Church was founded in 1925 as a merger of four

Protestant denominations with a total combined membership of
about 600,000 members:[4] the Methodist Church, Canada, the
Congregational Union of Ontario and Quebec, two-thirds of the
congregations of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, and the
Association of Local Union Churches, a movement predominantly
of the Canadian Prairie provinces. The Canadian Conference of
the Evangelical United Brethren Church joined the United Church
of Canada on January 1, 1968.[5]

Membership peaked in 1964 at 1.1 million and has declined since The official seal of the United
that time.[4] From 1991 to 2001, the number of people claiming an Church of Canada
affiliation with the United Church decreased by 8%, the third Classification Mainline
largest decrease in mainstream Christian denominations in Protestant
Canada.[6] In 2011, Statistics Canada reported approximately 2
Orientation Methodist and
million people identifying as adherents.[1] The 2021 Canadian
Reformed
census found that more than 1 million Canadians (3.3% of the
population) self-identified with the church, remaining the second- Polity Presbyterian
largest Christian denomination in Canada.[7] Church statistics for General secretary Michael Blair
the end of 2018 showed 388,363 members in 317,051 households
Moderator Carmen
under pastoral care, of whom 120,986 attend services regularly[1]
Lansdowne
in 2,119 communities of faith representing 2,774 congregations.[8]
Associations Canadian
The United Church has a "council-based" structure, where each Council of
council (congregational, regional, or denominational) has specific Churches;
responsibilities. In some areas, each of these councils has sole World
authority, while in others, approval of other councils is required Communion of
before action is taken. (For example, a congregation requires
Reformed
regional council approval before a minister can be called or
Churches;
appointed to the congregation.) The policies of the church are
inclusive and liberal: there are no restrictions of gender, sexual World Council
orientation or marital status for a person considering entering the of Churches;
ministry; interfaith marriages are recognized; communion is offered World
to all Christian adults and children, regardless of denomination or Methodist
age.[9] Council
Region Canada (plus
History Bermuda)
In the early 20th century, the main Evangelical Protestant Origin June 10, 1925
denominations in Canada were the Presbyterian, Methodist and Mutual Street
Congregational churches. Many small towns and villages across Arena, Toronto,
Canada had all three, with the town's population divided among Ontario
them. Especially on the prairies, it was difficult to find clergy to
serve all these charges, and there were several instances where one Merger of Methodist
minister would serve his congregation, but would also perform Church; the
pastoral care for the other congregations that lacked a minister. On Congregational
the prairies, a movement to unite all three major Protestant Union of
denominations began, resulting in the Association of Local Union Ontario and
Churches.[10] Quebec; and
two-thirds of
Facing a de facto union in the western provinces, the three
the
denominations began a slow process of union talks that eventually
Presbyterian
produced a Basis for Union.[11]
Church in
However, not all elements of the churches involved were happy Canada in
with the idea of uniting under one roof; a substantial minority of 1925. The
Presbyterians remained unconvinced of the virtues of church Canadian
union. Their threat to the entire project was resolved by giving conference of
individual Presbyterian congregations the right to vote on whether the Evangelical
to enter or remain outside the United Church. In the end, 302
United
(6.7%) out of 4,509 congregations of the Presbyterian Church (211
Brethren
from southern Ontario)[12] chose to reconstitute themselves as a
"continuing" Presbyterian Church in Canada. Church joined
in 1968.
Congregations 2,711[1]
Inauguration
Members 388,363
The United Church of Canada is an amalgamation of the Union of registered
Methodist, Presbyterian and Congregational churches. [13] (baptized)
members[1]
With the three denominations now in agreement about uniting, the
Official website Official website
church leaders approached the government of Canada to pass
(https://united-
legislation concerning transfer of property rights. The legislation
church.ca/)
passed, June 27, 1924, and was effective June 10, 1925.[14]

The United Church of Canada was inaugurated at a large worship

service at Toronto's Mutual Street Arena on June 10, 1925.
Participants were handed a 38-page order of service containing the
full text of the liturgy, prayers, hymns, and music.[15] Hymns from
all three churches were sung: "All people that on earth do dwell"
from the Scottish Presbyterian psalm tradition; the Methodist
favourite "O for a thousand tongues to sing" by Charles Wesley;
the Congregationalist "O God of Bethel"; and "When I survey the
Example of a United Church in a
wondrous cross" by the British Nonconformist, Isaac Watts.[15]
small community (West Montrose,
The ecumenical tone of the new church was set at this first General Ontario; built c. 1907)
Council. The former Methodist General Superintendent, Samuel
Dwight Chown, was considered the leading candidate to become
the first Moderator because the Methodist Church made up the largest segment of the new United Church.
However, in a surprise move, Dr. Chown graciously stepped aside in favour of George C. Pidgeon, the
moderator of the Presbyterian Church and principal spokesperson
for the uniting Presbyterians, in the hopes that this would
strengthen the resolve of the Presbyterians who had chosen to join
the new Church.[16] Dr. S.D. Chown, United Church / l'Église unie
was featured on an 8 cent stamp issued by Canada Post on May 30,
1975. [17]

Crest
Inauguration of United Church at
The crest designed for the new church is a vesica piscis, an early
Mutual Street Arena, Toronto, on
Christian symbol that evoked an upended fish (the initials of the
June 10, 1925
phrase "Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour"; in Ancient Greek:
ἰχθύς (ikhthús), ichthys, meaning "fish"). The central saltire is also
the Greek letter Chi, first letter of Χριστός, Greek for "Christ". Within three of the four quadrants are
symbols of the founding churches: Presbyterianism (the Burning Bush), Methodism (the dove), and
Congregationalism (the open Bible). In the bottom quadrant, the alpha and omega represents the ever-living
God (Revelation 1:8). The motto Ut omnes unum sint recalls Christ’s “High Priestly Prayer” in John 17:21:
"That all may be one". The entire crest resembles the emblem of the Church of Scotland.

In 2012, the Mohawk phrase "Akwe Nia'tetewá:neren" ("All my relations") was added to the perimeter,
and the background colours of the four quadrants of the crest were changed to reflect the traditional colours
of a typical First Nations medicine wheel.[18]

1930s

In 1930, just as mergers of the congregations, colleges and administrative offices of the various
denominations were completed and the United Church Hymnary was published, Canada was hit by the
Great Depression. Although membership remained stable, attendance and givings fell.[19] In the face of
overwhelming unemployment, some in the church, both clergy and laity, called for a radical Christian
socialist alternative such as the Fellowship for a Christian Social Order.[20] Other more conservative
members felt drawn to the message of the Oxford Group that focussed on the wealthier members of
society.[19] The great majority of members between these two extremes simply sought to help the
unemployed.[19]

In the United States, Methodists had been ordaining women from 1880,[21] but it was still a contentious
issue in Canada, and it was not until 1936 that the Reverend Lydia Emelie Gruchy of the Saskatchewan
Conference became the first woman in the United Church to be ordained[20] and, in 1953, she became the
first Canadian woman to receive an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree.[14]

1940s

The Second World War was also a divisive issue. Some who had declared themselves pacifist before the
war now struggled to reconcile their philosophy with the reality around them.[19] Others remained pacifist
—some 65 clergy signed A Witness Against War in 1939.[20] But the church as a whole, although it did not
support conscription, supported the overall war effort, both on the home front and by providing chaplains
for the armed forces.[20]
Although the forced relocation of Japanese Canadians away from the West Coast was supported by most
members across Canada, church leaders and missionaries in B.C. spoke out against it, and the churches on
the West Coast set up an Emergency Japanese Committee to help fight for the rights of the dislocated
people.[19]

In 1943, the Anglican Church invited other denominations to union talks, and the United Church responded
enthusiastically; by 1946, the two churches had issued a statement on mutual ministry.[20] In a similar
ecumenical vein, the United Church was one of the founding bodies of the Canadian Council of Churches
in 1944 and the World Council of Churches in 1946.[20]

In 1925, The United Church assumed responsibility for 12 native residential schools that were designed to
assimilate native children into Canadian culture. By the 1940s, thinking had begun to change about the
underlying assumptions, and in 1949, the church began to close the schools in its care.[20] The last
residential school under United Church stewardship closed in 1969.[22]

1950s

The United Church continued to espouse causes that were not politically popular, issuing statements
supporting universal health care and the People's Republic of China at its 15th General Council (1952–54)
at a time when these were considered radical concepts in North America.[20]

Membership and givings increased dramatically as post-war parents started to bring their young families—
the Baby Boomers—to church.

Talks with the Anglican Church had not made significant headway during the decade, but in 1958, the two
churches decided to continue the conversation.

1960s

In 1962, two women's auxiliary organizations, Woman's Association and Woman's Missionary Society,
joined to form the United Church Women (UCW). That same year, the United and Anglican churches
jointly published Growth in Understanding, a study guide on union, and on June 1, 1965, the Principles of
Union between the United Church and the Anglican Church.[14] The spirit of ecumenism with other
denominations stayed strong throughout the decade, culminating in 1968 when the Canada Conference of
The Evangelical United Brethren Church joined the United Church.[23]

The high tide mark of membership was reached in 1965 when the church recorded 1,064,000 members.[24]
However, there were already rumblings of discontent in the church: that same year, Pierre Berton wrote The
Comfortable Pew, a bestseller that was highly critical of Canadian churches, and a United Church
Commission on Ministry in the 20th Century was appointed in response to growing frustration from
congregations, presbyteries, and ministers about the role of ministry.[20] The church lost 2,027 members in
1966, a decline of only two-tenths of a percent, but significantly it marked the first time since amalgamation
that membership had fallen.
The Vietnam War brought new controversies to the church when in 1968, the secretary of the national
Evangelism and Social Service Committee, the Reverend Ray Hord, offered emergency aid to American
Vietnam draft dodgers; the General Council Executive disassociated itself from the decision but within two
years it became church policy.[20]

1970s

In 1971, the ecumenical movement reached its height as a joint commission of the United and Anglican
churches and the Disciples of Christ approved a Plan of Union, and The Hymn Book, a joint publication of
the United and Anglican churches was published. The tide quickly turned though, and in 1975, the
Anglican House of Bishops and National Executive Council declared that the Plan of Union was
unacceptable. However, the Anglican, Lutheran, Presbyterian, Catholic, and United churches did agree to
recognize the validity of Christian baptisms performed in any of these denominations.

Membership continued to decline slowly throughout the decade, despite a report that lay ministry was on
the increase.[20]

1980s

In 1980, at the 29th General Council, the commissioning of diaconal ministers as a part of ordered ministry
was approved.

On August 16, 1980, the 28th General Council elected the first female Moderator, the Reverend Lois
Wilson.[14]

On August 17, 1980, a United Church of Canada task force released In God's Image, its report on sexual
ethics which recommended the admission of homosexuals into the ministry and tolerance of premarital sex.
Although the report accepted abortion under qualified circumstances, it rejected abortion on demand.[14]

With union talks with the Anglicans already at an end, talks with the Disciples of Christ also ended in
1985.[20]

In 1986, the 31st General Council elected a female Moderator, Anne M. Squire.[20]

In 1988, the 32nd General Council chose to end investment in South Africa, apologize to First Nations
congregations for past denials of native spirituality by the church, and elected the first Moderator of Asian
descent, Sang Chul Lee.[20] However, those events were largely overshadowed when the commissioners
passed a statement called Membership, Ministry and Human Sexuality that stated "all persons, regardless of
sexual orientation, who profess their faith in Jesus Christ are welcome to be or become members of The
United Church of Canada" and that "all members of the United Church are eligible to be considered for
ordered ministry."[20] Taken together, these two statements opened the door for openly gay men and
women to join the ministry.[20]

Many members opposed this, and over the next four years, membership fell by 78,184.[25] In some cases,
entire congregations split, with a sizeable faction—sometimes led by the minister—leaving to form an
independent church.[26] Some of those opposed to the gay ordination issue chose to stay in the church, and
formed the Community of Concern, a voice of conservatism within the church.[25]

1990s
In the 1990s, the United Church faced the legacy of cultural assimilation and child abuse in the residential
schools that it had once helped to operate.

On May 24, 1992, Tim Stevenson was the first openly gay minister ordained by the United Church of
Canada.[14]

On August 17, 1992, the first Native Canadian (First Nations) Moderator, the Reverend Stan McKay, a
Cree man, was elected at the 34th General Council.[14] Two years later, the church established a "Healing
Fund".[27] This was followed in 1998 by an apology made by the church to former students of United
Church Indian Residential Schools.[28]

At the 35th General Council in 1994, commissioners voted to have General Councils every three years
rather than every two years.[20] This also increased the length of term of Moderators from two to three
years.

The original General Council office of the church built in 1925 resided on increasingly valuable land on St.
Clair Avenue in downtown Toronto, Ontario. In 1995, facing increasing financial pressure from falling
donations, the church sold the building and moved out to the suburb of Etobicoke.[20]

In 1996, a new hymnary, Voices United, replaced the joint United-Anglican The Hymn Book. Response
from congregations was enthusiastic, and by 2010, over 300,000 copies had been printed.[29]

In 1996, the Committee on Archives and History compiled the "Guide to family history research in the
archival repositories of the United Church of Canada".[13]

In 1997, the Reverend Bill Phipps was elected Moderator at the 36th General Council. Controversy again
descended on the church when later the same year, Phipps stated in an interview that 'I don't believe Jesus
was God' and that he did not believe that Jesus physically rose from the dead.[20][30]

2000s

In the new century, membership and givings both continued to drop, and in 2001 the General Council
offices were reorganized as a cost-cutting measure.[20]

In 2005, the church urged the Canadian Parliament to vote in favour of same-sex marriage legislation; after
the legislation had been passed, the church urged the government not to reopen the issue.[20]

The church continued to deal with the consequences of the Native residential school issue. In 2005, the
church welcomed the Agreement in Principle announced by the Government of Canada and the Assembly
of First Nations, which outlined a comprehensive resolution package for former students of Indian
Residential Schools; and the following year, the church agreed to sign the Indian Residential Schools
Settlement Agreement.[20]

In 2006, the 39th General Council approved the use of a generous bequest to start up "Emerging Spirit", a
promotional campaign aimed at drawing 30- to 40-year-olds into a conversation about faith. As part of this
campaign, "Emerging Spirit" used controversial magazine advertisements featuring, among other images, a
bobble-head Jesus, a marriage cake with two grooms holding hands, Jesus sitting on Santa's chair in a mall,
and a can of whipped cream with the caption "How much fun can sex be before it's a sin?".[31]

2010s
In 2012, the 41st General Council elected Gary Paterson as the first openly gay Moderator.[32] The
commissioners also voted to invite First Nations peoples to become signatories to the Basis of Union. (In
1925, several aboriginal congregations of the original founding churches were automatically made part of
the new United Church although the congregations had not been asked to participate in church Union
negotiations, and had not been asked to sign the Basis of Union document.) In addition, the original church
crest (adopted in 1944 with French added in 1980) was modified by changing the background colours of
the four quadrants of the crest, as well as adding the Mohawk phrase "Akwe Nia'Tetewá:neren" ("All my
relations") to the crest's perimeter.[18]

After much debate, Commissioners also voted to adopt the recommendations of the Report of the Working
Group on Israel/Palestine Policy (https://web.archive.org/web/20120930115028/http://www.gc41.ca/sites/d
efault/files/final_unofficial_israel_palestine.pdf), which included a boycott of products from Israeli
settlements and a campaign of "encouraging members of the United Church to avoid any and all products
produced in the settlements." [33] This was the church's first boycott since an anti-apartheid boycott against
South Africa in the 1980s.[34] According to the report, the authors consulted with Canadian-based
Palestinian organizations, as well as "Jewish rabbis, individuals and organizations"[33] among others. Still it
incited controversy, with several groups campaigning against the decision,[35] including protests of the
decision by several Canadian Jewish groups.[36]

In 2015, at the 42nd General Council, delegates voted in favour of several "denomination-changing"
proposals, including a reorganization from a four-court structure to a three-council structure; elimination of
"settlement", the practice of telling newly ordained ministers where they would first serve; reorganization of
the process of finding and training ministers; and a new funding model. These changes were subsequently
approved by the wider church, and ratified at the 43rd General Council in July 2018.[37]

In 2015, a debate emerged regarding whether or not United Church minister Gretta Vosper, an avowed
atheist, was suitable for ministry. The United Church instituted an ecclesiastical hearing that could have led
to her dismissal as minister. However, in 2018, Vosper and Toronto Conference reached a settlement in
which all outstanding matters were resolved. Vosper continues to serve at West Hill United Church.[38][39]
In response to this internal decision, the offices of the General Council released a statement saying, "This
[decision] doesn't alter in any way the belief of the United Church of Canada in God, a God most fully
revealed to us as Christians in and through Jesus Christ. Our church's statements of faith over the years
have all been grounded in this understanding."[40] A survey of 1,353 "United Church ministry personnel"
published by the Vancouver Sun found that "a majority of the respondents (almost 95%) affirmed a belief in
God, with a large number (almost 80%) affirming a belief in a supernatural, theistic God".[41]

Public positions and policies

Indigenous people

Until 1969, the United Church of Canada was involved with and supported the Canadian Indian residential
school system, which resulted in a painful legacy for many Indigenous people and their communities. Of
approximately 80,000 students alive as of 2009, about 10 percent attended United Church-run schools.[43]

In the late 1990s, the United Church of Canada issued multiple apologies for its complicity in a structurally
abusive program of genocide:[44]
 As Moderator of The United Church of Canada, I
wish to speak the words that many people have
wanted to hear for a very long time. On behalf of The
United Church of Canada, I apologize for the pain and
suffering that our church’s involvement in the Indian
Residential School system has caused. We are aware
of some of the damage that this cruel and ill-conceived
system of assimilation has perpetrated on Canada’s The Red Deer Industrial School,
First Nations peoples. For this we are truly and most operated by the United Church of
humbly sorry. To those individuals who were Canada, had one of the highest
physically, sexually, and mentally abused as students residential school mortality rates in
of the Indian Residential Schools in which The United Canada. Photo circa 1914.[42]
Church of Canada was involved, I offer you our most
sincere apology. You did nothing wrong. You were
and are the victims of evil acts that cannot under any
circumstances be justified or excused.

— Moderator Bill Phipps on behalf of the General

Council Executive, October 27, 1998.

In 2019, the United Church of Canada allocated $150,000 (of the previous year's 33.7M in donations) to
initiatives aimed at ameliorating the persisting consequences of the government-sponsored, church-operated
residential school system for Canada's indigenous communities.[45]

Kindred Works

In May 2022, Kindred Works, a real estate company, was started in association with the United Church.[46]
Kindred Works operates as the asset manager for the United Property Resource Corporation, which is
owned by the United Church and tasked with getting positive social utility from church property.[47]
Kindred Works aims to renovate existing United Church properties by adding rental units sufficient to
house 34,000 people over 15 years. One-third of the new company's projects are planned as below-market
rental properties partially financed by the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation. All projects will
have KPMB Architects as lead designers. At it launch, it had eight projects in progress, four of which,
including the St. Luke's United Church are in Toronto, with twenty projected to be started by the end of the
year.[46]

Governance and structure

The rules for governance are set out in The Manual, first written in 1925, and updated on a regular basis.

Moderator

The voice and face of the church is the Moderator, who is elected to a three-year term at each General
Council. The duties of the Moderator include:

giving leadership to the church, "quickening in the hearts of the people a sense of God as
revealed in Christ, and heartening and strengthening the whole United Church".[48]
visiting communities of faith across the country, "giving sympathetic guidance and counsel in
all its affairs".[48]
 being the primary spokesperson for the United Church
presiding at the meetings of the denominational council, its Executive, and its Sub-
Executive.

Currently, the Carmen Lansdowne holds the position following her election at the 44th General Council in
August 2022.

Governance structure

For the first 92 years of its existence, administration was shared among four courts, or levels:

pastoral charges, the primary ministry unit of the United Church, were composed of one or
more congregations or preaching points.
pastoral charges were members of local area presbyteries or districts, of which there were
88.
presbyteries were gathered into regional conferences, of which there were 13.
General Council, the church's highest legislative court, was elected and met every three
years.

In 2019 the church moved to a three-council model:[37]

communities of faith, which will include all pastoral charges, congregations, and other
groups who gather regularly for worship.
regional councils, of which there will be 16.
denominational council, which will continue to be referred to as the General Council.

Ministry
The clergy of the United Church are called "ministers". There are two "streams", ordered ministry and lay
ministry. Ordered ministry includes ordained ministers and diaconal ministers. Lay ministry refers to
licensed lay worship leaders, designated lay ministers (DLM), sacraments elders and congregational
designated ministers (CDM). There are no restrictions on gender, sexual orientation, age, or marital status
for any branches of ministry.

Beliefs and practices

Bible

The United Church believes that the Bible is central to the Christian faith and was written by people who
were inspired by God. The church also believes that the circumstances under which the books of the Bible
were written were of a particular place and time, and some things cannot be reconciled with our lives today,
such as slavery and the condemnation of homosexuality.[49] The United Church of Canada uses the
historical-critical method of interpreting the bible.[50]

Sacraments
The two sacraments of the United Church are Communion and Baptism.[50]

Communion

Communion is the ritual sharing of the elements of bread and wine (or, more commonly, grape juice) as a
remembrance of the Last Supper that Jesus shared with his followers. It is usually celebrated at a table at the
front of the sanctuary, where the minister blesses the elements before they are distributed to the
congregation. The Church practises open communion, with no restriction regarding age or membership, as
the sacrament is open to young children and Christians from other denominations.[50]

The actual distribution can take several forms, including passing a tray of bread cubes and another tray of
small juice glasses from person to person, and then eating the bread and drinking the juice in unison; and
"intinction", where each person takes a piece of bread, dips it into a cup of juice and then eats the juice-
soaked bread.

There is no guideline for frequency. Some congregations celebrate communion once a month, others on a
quarterly basis.

Baptism

Baptism is the first step in church membership, where the parents make a profession of faith on behalf of
the infant in the hope that their child will later confirm that profession at or around the age of 13.[50]

The United Church practices infant baptism, but in cases where a person was not baptized as an infant,
baptism can be performed at any age.[50] In the case of infant baptism, the parents of the infant, before the
congregation, agree to a series of statements about the beliefs of the United Church on behalf of their child.
They also promise to encourage the child to seek full membership at an appropriate time. The members of
the congregation also promise the parents that they will help to raise the child in a Christian community.
The minister then places water on the candidate's head three times (expressing the Trinity of Father, Son
and Holy Spirit) and traces a cross on the person's forehead with water. Baptism by immersion is also an
option for adults who request it.

In the 1970s, the United Church reached an ecumenical agreement with the Presbyterian, Lutheran,
Catholic, and Anglican churches in Canada that baptisms within these churches are mutually recognized as
valid. Further to that, the United Church recognizes the validity of any baptism by another denomination
that was performed with water and in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit.[50]

Inclusiveness

The church attempts to welcome everyone, regardless of age, race, class, gender, sexual orientation, or
physical ability.[50] In the same manner, there is also no restriction on those interested in entering ministry.

Marriage
The United Church recognizes and celebrates all legal marriages, including same-sex couples, previously
divorced people, and couples of different religions. The actual policy of whom to marry is left up to the
church council of each community of faith. For instance, one congregation might not allow same-sex
marriages to be performed in their building, while another allows all marriages regardless of sexual
orientation.[50]

Interfaith relations

The church believes that there are many paths to God. The United Church's path is through Jesus Christ,
but the church also recognizes that Christians' understanding of this is limited by an incomplete
comprehension of God; their belief is that the Holy Spirit is also at work through other non-Christian
faiths.[50]

Abortion

The church supports the right of women to have access to safe abortions that are covered by provincial
health care, but also supports better access to contraception, sexual education, and counselling that might
eventually make abortion unnecessary.[51]

Membership
A full member is one who has been baptised, either as infant, child, youth or adult, and has made a public
profession of faith before the congregation.[48] Membership is not required in order to worship at a United
Church, and many who regularly attend worship are adherents rather than members.[52]

In order to become a full member, a person goes through a process called "confirmation". This is offered to
adults (starting at around age 13) and usually involves a series of classes about the beliefs of the United
Church. Following this, the candidate makes a public profession of faith before the congregation, thereby
"confirming" the statements made by his or her parents during baptism. If the person is unbaptised, the
minister baptises the person before the profession of faith. The new member's name is then entered on the
official Roll of Members for that congregation.[48]

Benefits of membership

Only members can be a part of a congregation's board or council, and only members can vote at
congregational meetings, although members can vote to extend voting privileges to adherents.[48]

Transfer of membership and removal from rolls

Although confirmation takes place at the congregational level, the person is a member of the entire United
Church of Canada, not just one congregation; therefore membership can be transferred freely from
congregation to congregation.[48]
A congregation may remove members from its roll for non-attendance. (The Manual suggests an absence of
three years, but the congregation is free to set its own period of time)[48]

Music
The United Church has issued four hymn books:

Hymnary (1930)
The Hymn Book (jointly with the Anglican Church of Canada) in 1972
Voices United (1996) is the current hymnal, with over 300,000 copies in print.[29] A
supplement, More Voices was published in 2006
Nos voix unies (2005), the United Church's first French-language hymnal

Criticism from outside the church

A. C. Forrest, the editor of the United Church Observer in the 1960s and 1970s (and by extension the
United Church itself) came under strong attack from the Canadian Jewish community for frequent editorial
espousal of Palestinian rights in Israel, on the West Bank and in Gaza; many within the United Church
were also uncomfortable with Forrest's position, though ultimately the church adjudged a plurality of
opinion on this (and other matters) as consistent with United Church open-mindedness.[53]

The National Post has published several articles critical of the United Church of Canada. (August 19,
2009: "United Church is blind to true suffering"; August 14, 2009: "United Church's uncertain future")[54]
An article by Charles Lewis, published on May 14, 2011, set out what Lewis sees as the issues that beset
the United Church: the church's "big tent" approach to believers, accepting even atheists as members; and
lack of doctrinal orthodoxy.[4]

References
1. United Church Statistics (https://www.united-church.ca/sites/default/files/resources/united-ch
urch-statistics.pdf) The United Church of Canada Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201
91229103839/https://www.united-church.ca/sites/default/files/resources/united-church-statist
ics.pdf) December 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
2. "Appendix B: Classification of Protestant Denominationsdate=2015-05-12" (https://www.pew
forum.org/2015/05/12/appendix-b-classification-of-protestant-denominations/). Pew
Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. May 12, 2015. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20211205153232/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/appendix-b-classification
-of-protestant-denominations/) from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved May 24,
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Further reading
Airhart, Phyllis D. A Church with the Soul of a Nation: Making and Remaking the United
Church of Canada (MQUP, 2013) excerpt (https://www.amazon.com/Church-Soul-Nation-Re
making-McGill-Queens-ebook/dp/B00JMQQB6A/)
Farris, Allan. The Fathers of 1925: The Tide of Time, edited by John S. Moir, Knox College,
1978
Flatt, Kevin N. After Evangelicalism: The Sixties and the United Church of Canada (2013)
Schweitzer, Don; Bourgeois, Michael; Fennell, Robert C. (2019). The theology of the United
Church of Canada. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. ISBN 978-1-77112-398-3.
OCLC 1080207529 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1080207529).
 Schweitzer, Don ed. The United Church of Canada: A History. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier
University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-55458-331-7, electronic format ISBN 978-1-55458-376-
8 and ISBN 978-1-55458-419-2

External links
Official website (http://www.united-church.ca)
United Church of Canada (https://curlie.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/D
enominations/United_Church_of_Canada) at Curlie
"Canada's Lead in Church Unity," The Literary Digest, July 4, 1925 (https://babel.hathitrust.o
rg/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030081130&view=1up&seq=53)

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