Collaborative Development Collaboration enables individuals to work together to achieve a

common purpose or benefit. The term originates from the Greek word “com” (meaning “together”)
and the Latin “laborare” (meaning “to labor”), forming the Late Latin “collaborare” (meaning “to labor
together”).

Types of Collaboration

1. Synchronous: Interaction occurs in real-time, such as in online meetings, instant messaging,

or video conferences.
2. Asynchronous: Interaction can be time-shifted, as when uploading files and documents into
shared workspaces.

Online Collaborative Tools A collaborative tool is a technology that helps people work together to
achieve a common goal or objective.

1. Communication Tools: These electronic devices enable interaction between web developers
in different workplaces, allowing them to collaborate through messaging or video
conferencing.
o Cisco WebEx: An online application for video meetings, group messaging, and file
sharing.
o Evernote: A note-taking, organizing, task listing, and archiving app that syncs notes
with a master copy on servers when connected to the internet.
o Google Hangouts: A communication platform by Google for messaging and video
chat.
o GoToMeeting: Online video conferencing software that broadcasts to a group of
computers connected to a host via the internet.
o Skype: Provides video chat and voice calls across various devices through the
internet, with text and video messaging and digital document exchange.
o Slack: Cloud-based collaboration tools and services with persistent chat rooms,
private groups, direct messaging, and searchable content.
o Yammer: A social networking service for private communication within organizations,
restricted to approved email domains.
2. Design Tools: Objects, media, or programs used in design.

 Illustrator CC: A vector-based graphic design software editor used for creating logos, icons,
drawings, typographic designs, flyers, product packaging, billboards, and illustrations for
print, web, videos, and mobiles.
 InDesign CC: A layout and page design software used to create works such as posters, flyers,
brochures, digital magazines, newspapers, presentations, interactive online documents,
books, and eBooks.
 Photoshop CC: A raster graphics editor that is used to edit and compose raster images in
multiple layers and supports masks, making it ideal for photo editing, website design, and
creating complex digital paintings.
 Pixelmator: A graphic editor with intelligent tools for moving, resizing, and arranging layers,
making it easy to insert and edit objects within a design.
Documentation Tools

 Google Docs: A web-based word processor with smart editing and styling tools for easy text
formatting.
 LibreOffice Writer: An open-source word processor with features like word completion, PDF
export, and spreadsheet and drawing capabilities.
 Microsoft Word: A Microsoft word processor for creating, editing, viewing, and sharing files
quickly and easily.
 Zoho Docs: An online document management system for secure file storage and access from
anywhere online.

File Sharing Tools

 Dropbox: Supports file synchronization on computers and mobile devices for secure sharing
and collaboration.
 Google Drive: A Google service for file storage and synchronization, allowing users to store
and share files on their servers.
 OneDrive: A Microsoft file hosting service for storing personal data in the cloud and syncing
files across devices.

Project Management Tools

 Asana: A web and mobile app for tracking, managing, and organizing workflows and
projects.
 Jira: An online software for efficient project management with real-time access to reports.
 Wrike: An online tool for custom workflows, project tracking, and real-time dependency
viewing.

Software Tools

 CodePen: A social development environment for writing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript with real-
time previews.
 GitHub: A web-based hosting service for code, offering access control and collaboration
features like bug tracking and task management.

Online Collaborative Process

 A well-executed collaborative process brings together the right people to discuss important
topics with the proper information and structure, ensuring clear objectives, situation
characterization, stakeholder identification, productive meetings, and thorough detail
examination.

Team Structure

 The formation of either an individual team or a multi-team system is a fundamental part of

the teamwork process.
  Proper team structure, including a clear leader and committed team members, is essential for
effective teamwork.
 Recognizing the team’s structure is crucial as teamwork cannot exist without a well-
organized team.

Team Dynamics

 Team dynamics are the psychological factors that influence a team’s performance outcomes.
 They are shaped by the team’s work results, member personalities, relationships, and the
work environment.
 Dynamics can lead to either positive or negative results.

ICT Director

 Manages the organization’s resources and supervises staff.

 Operates and supports systems, collaborates with departments, and ensures IT solutions
meet client needs within budget.

Information System Groups

 Ensures the effective operation of all computer systems, applications, hardware, and
software.
 Consults with users to meet their needs and project requirements.

Multimedia Services Team

 Provides technical support for multimedia equipment operation.

 Resolves connectivity issues and troubleshoots audiovisual equipment for large events.

Network Team

 Sets up, develops, and maintains organizational computer networks.

 Offers support and troubleshoots problems for staff, clients, customers, and suppliers.

Systems and Server Team

 Manages daily operations of networks.

 Organizes, installs, and supports computer systems, including servers, LANs, WANs, network
segments, intranets, and data communication systems.

Telecommunication Team

 Develops and maintains policies and procedures for telecommunications equipment.

 Installs, troubleshoots, repairs, and maintains servers, routers, and modems.
Project Management for ICT Content A project is an activity with a defined beginning and end,
undertaken to create a desired product, service, or result. It involves collaboration across
departments to achieve an objective. Project management encompasses planning, organizing, and
managing resources to reach organizational goals through activities such as initiating, planning,
executing, controlling, and closing projects.

Project Attributes

 A project requires a clear objective, usually defined by scope, schedule, and cost, to guide the
organization’s needs and goals before starting.
 Projects consist of interdependent tasks that must be completed in sequence to succeed.
 Various resources, including people, organizations, equipment, materials, and facilities, are
utilized.
 There is a specific timeframe with a start and target end date, considering worker
effectiveness and productivity.
 Projects may be unique or one-time endeavors, presenting challenges to the team.
 Customers fund the project, and their satisfaction is paramount.
 There is inherent uncertainty, necessitating risk analysis to prevent loss and ensure smooth
operation.

Project Management Processes

 Initiating: Recognizing and starting the project, defining objectives, scope, purpose, and
deliverables, and assembling the team.
 Planning: Using charts, techniques, and schemes to plan and report progress, estimate costs,
develop schedules, and plan resources.
 Execution: Implementing the plan to see project development, typically the longest phase,
consuming the most energy and resources.
 Monitoring and Controlling: Observing outcomes, comparing them to the plan, and
making adjustments to achieve the desired results.
 Closing: Finalizing all requirements, evaluating results, and assessing the project team as the
project nears completion.

Project Plan Components

 Communication Management: Exchange of information and expression of ideas towards

project execution.
 Cost Management: Forecasting costs for completing a project with a defined scope.
 Human Resources Management: Organizing and managing the project team with assigned
roles and responsibilities.
 Integration Management: Coordinating various elements of the project.
 Procurement Management: Ensuring project components arrive on time, within budget,
and meet quality requirements.
 Quality Management: Processing activities and materials to ensure project effectiveness and
efficiency.
  Risk Management: Identifying and responding to potential project risks to maintain the
timeline and results.
 Scope Management: Documenting project goals, outputs, features, tasks, deadlines, and
other aspects.
 Stakeholder Management: Managing stakeholder expectations and objectives.
 Time Management: Planning and organizing time spent on project activities.

Characteristics of an Effective Project Manager

 Competence: Ability to challenge, inspire, enable, model, and encourage the team.
 Cool Under Pressure: Staying calm and positive under pressure.
 Empathetic: Caring for team members and building personal relationships.
 Good Communicator: Inspiring the team towards a common goal.
 Good Decision Maker: Increasing positive outcomes and reducing project failure risks.
 Inspires a Shared Vision: Expressing and empowering the team to maximize opportunities.
 Leadership Skills: Motivating and guiding the team to achieve goals.
 Passion: Commitment to project goals and team optimism.
 Task Delegation: Trusting and assigning tasks based on team members’ strengths.
 Team-Building Skills: Providing intangibles that unite the team towards their objective.

Multimedia Combining different forms of media such as text, audio, images, animations, video, and
graphics results in multimedia. It can be live, recorded, displayed, interacted with, or accessed by
devices like computers and electronic devices. Multimedia files include text, images, audio, video,
animations, and other binary data. They are optimized for the data they store and the medium they
are stored on. Examples include .mp3, .mp4, .avi, and .wmv files.

Elements of Multimedia Multimedia uses various elements for digital formatting to enhance
websites or social media platforms:

 Animation: Creating a series of images to simulate movement. It adds visual interest or

highlights information. Types include:
o 2D Animation: Continuous images in a two-dimensional space.
o 3D Animation: More realistic objects in three-dimensional space with textures,
lighting, and effects.
 Audio: Incorporates dialogue, narration, music, and sound effects. It captures attention and
aids comprehension. Types include:
o Analog Audio: Replicates original sound waves.
o Digital Audio: Also replicates original sound waves.
 Graphics: Includes photographs, illustrations, drawings, clip arts, and icons. Graphics like
slide shows or galleries illustrate ideas. Types include:
o Bitmap: Small dots (pixels) arranged to form an image.
o Vector: Commands that place lines and shapes in space.
 Text: The most effective communication tool in multimedia. It uses types, sizes, colors, and
backgrounds for headlines, subtitles, and slogans to express or reinforce information.
 Videos: Moving pictures with sound, created from a continuous event broken into frames.
Videos can be edited for impact.
Categories of Multimedia Multimedia is the integration of multiple forms of media, which can be
broadly divided into linear and non-linear categories.

Linear Multimedia

 Designed to be presented in a logical sequence.

 Flows from a starting point to a conclusion.
 Content flow depends on the creator.
 Intended for display purposes with minimal interaction.
 Also known as “Passive Multimedia.”
 Examples: Movies, Slideshows, PowerPoint Presentations, Videos.

Non-Linear Multimedia

 Non-sequential and allows users to navigate freely.

 Uses navigation components for user freedom.
 Interaction between user and computer through an interface.
 Prioritizes interactivity with the audience.
 Examples: Menu Screens, Streaming Sites, Websites, YouTube Channels.

Characteristics of Multimedia

 Multimedia Games and Simulations: Interactive with dynamic elements, special effects, and
user control in a digital environment.
 Multimedia Navigation: Uses graphical elements linked to different pages, important for
game and website development.
 Multimedia Presentation: Establishes visual design and content hierarchy.
 User Participation: With Web 2.0, users can contribute content like comments, evaluations,
and reviews on public pages. Examples include Lazada, Wikipedia, and social websites.

Here’s the updated list with the additional points for better readability:

Usage of Multimedia

1. Advertising: Communicates with customers about available brands and product variety.
Advertisements can be printed or electronic.
2. Education: Enhances student understanding and skills using various media. Multimedia
facilitates easier learning and teaching.
3. Engineering: Presents and improves comprehension of engineering concepts through
graphics and text, more effectively than traditional methods like lectures and demonstrations.
4. Entertainment and Fine Arts: Develops special effects in movies and animations. Interactive
multimedia allows active participation. Artists like Peter Greenaway integrate cinema with
opera using digital media.
5. Game Industry: Multiplayer computer games are increasingly popular. Games, available as
CD-ROMs or online downloads, feature integrated audio and video effects.
 6. Language Communication: Multimedia creates platforms for language teaching with audio,
visual, and animation support, aiding language learning.
7. Mass Media: Supports journalism beyond traditional outlets. Freelance journalists use blogs
and social media for storytelling.
8. Mathematical and Scientific Research: Assists in modeling and simulation, providing tools
for teachers and students to communicate and motivate learning.
9. Pre and Post Production: Utilized for creating steps in starting a project with storyboards,
videos, etc., and the final steps involving adding effects, backgrounds, and more.
10. Social Work: Used to teach social working practice skills, including interviewing, crisis
intervention, and group work, using technology to shorten transportation time, increase
knowledge, and build confidence in a more authentic context for learning.

Social Change

 Definition: Social change involves the alteration of the social order of society, which may
include changes in social institutions, behaviors, or relations.

Concept Paper

 Purpose: A concept paper is used to convince potential funders to support a product,

program, or service.
 Elements:
o Introduction: Includes the group’s mission, vision, and a brief project introduction.
o Purpose: Explains why the project is worthwhile.
o Description: Provides detailed information about the project, including the sites to
be produced, their purposes, and how they work together.
o Support: Details the budget needed for the project, though some papers may not
specify an amount.
o Contact Information: Offers details on how to contact the group.

Simplified ICT Project Process

 Steps:
o Conceptualizing: Planning tasks, researching data, setting deadlines, assigning tasks,
finding a host, creating a site map, listing applications needed, and securing funding
(if applicable).
o Development: Actual creation of the website(s), including production of images and
infographics.
o Release and Promotion: Making the website public and promoting it.
o Maintenance: Responding to site visitor feedback and improving the website.

Multimedia Products Multimedia products combine images, words, and sounds to present
information. Their use in education, advertising, computer games, and entertainment is increasing.

1. Briefing Products: Quickly developed to summarize product information. Used for clear
presentation in corporate and educational lectures.
 2. Database Product: Focuses on collecting, managing, storing, and accessing large data
volumes. Used in Empowerment Technologies.
3. Education and Training: Media integration like animation, audio, or video enhances
understanding and interest in topics.
4. Entertainment and Games: Popular for interactive audience engagement. Available as CD-
ROMs or online downloads.
5. Kiosk: Publicly located for interactive information access. Simple to use with functions like:
o Point of Information: Offers specific details.
o Point of Sale System: Facilitates purchases and orders.
6. Reference: Common commercial multimedia product for answering questions or browsing
information.

ICT and Social Environment ICT plays a crucial role in today’s social environment, impacting various
social issues. It offers advantages like easy communication and advertising, but also disadvantages
such as cyberbullying.

Power of Social Media Social media, with its millions of applications and platforms, influences over
2.46 billion people, especially teenagers. It’s a tool for spreading awareness and exposing diverse
views and opinions, allowing people to share and expand their perspectives.

Global Digital Divide The rapid expansion of the Internet highlights the economic and social
inequalities in ICT access, usage, and impact, known as the Global digital divide. This divide is more
pronounced between developed and developing countries, with technology concentrated in
wealthier nations.

Causes of Digital Divide

1. Access to Internet and Ability to Pay: Only 40% of the world has Internet access, mostly in
Asia, North America, or Europe.
2. Expenses: High costs and the need for devices like computers or mobile phones contribute
to the digital divide.
3. Learning at a Younger Age: Availability of technology in developed countries increases
digital literacy.

Ways to Bridge the Digital Divide

1. Affordability: Governments should make Internet access as common as telephone service.

2. Education: Educational systems should teach computer skills early on.
3. Information: Raise awareness about technology for those without prior knowledge.
4. Supply: Introduce technology to remote areas to enhance understanding of its importance.
5. Training: Offer training to expand knowledge and develop skills and talent. Empowerment
Technologies

Roles of ICT in History

The Philippines has shown unity for social change through media and ICT. Notable campaigns
include:

 EDSA People Power Revolution: Cardinal Sin’s radio broadcast led to a massive protest
against President Ferdinand Marcos in February 1986.
 EDSA Dos: The 2001 revolution grew through text brigades after prosecutors walked out of
President Joseph Estrada’s impeachment trial.
 Million People March: Protests in Luneta Park in August 2013 used Facebook and
Change.org to condemn the misuse of the PDAF.
 Yolanda People Finder: During Typhoon Yolanda, this tool helped track affected individuals
and assisted family members in locating them.

Digital Citizenship

Digital Citizenship involves responsible technology use, encompassing digital literacy, ethics,
etiquette, and online safety. It guides technology developers and users in appropriate and
responsible technology use. A digital citizen effectively uses digital technologies for participation,
communication, and content creation, contributing to a digital society with opportunities for
education, employment, entertainment, and social interaction.

Digital Citizenship Principles

 Choose Consciously: Make informed decisions online to protect personal data and
interactions.
 Engage Positively: Exercise rights responsibly, respect others, and promote ethical online
behavior.
 Know Your Online World: Understand technology use, learn new skills, and protect private
data.

Digital Citizenship Elements Digital citizenship refers to the norms of appropriate behavior
regarding technology use. It encompasses the following elements:

 Digital Access: Full participation in society through electronic means, acknowledging that
not everyone has equal access due to digital exclusion.
 Digital Commerce: The electronic buying and selling of goods, urging consumers to be
cautious of illegal online activities like gambling and unauthorized downloads.
 Digital Communication: Various options for information exchange, such as email, cellular
phones, and instant messaging, which facilitate global connectivity.
 Digital Etiquette: The electronic standard of conduct, with rules and regulations to prevent
misuse and abusive activities.
 Digital Health & Wellness: Using technology within limits to avoid physical and
psychological issues, with education on protecting oneself from technology’s inherent
dangers.
 Digital Law: Laws in the digital world to protect users, with offenses like hacking, illegal
downloads, and plagiarism considered crimes.
  Digital Literacy: The process of learning about technology and its usage, with a need for
information literacy skills due to advancing technologies.
 Digital Rights & Responsibilities: Rights such as privacy and free speech come with
responsibilities to use technology appropriately and avoid complications.
 Digital Security: Electronic precautions like virus protection and data backups to safeguard
against external threats and disruptions.

Anaerobic Exercise: Anaerobic exercise is any activity that breaks down glucose for energy without
using oxygen. These activities are generally of short length with high intensity, where a lot of energy
is released within a small period of time, and your oxygen demand surpasses the oxygen supply.

Benefits of Anaerobic Exercise:

 Good for building and strengthening muscles and bones.

 Anaerobic exercises build muscle, which can help the body burn fat even when at rest.

Examples of Anaerobic Activities:

1. Weightlifting
2. Jumping or jumping rope
3. Sprinting
4. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
5. Biking

The Science Behind Anaerobics: When you begin to exercise vigorously, there is a temporary
shortage of oxygen getting delivered to your working muscles. Oxygen is required for the body to be
able to use fat for fuel. Since anaerobic exercise uses oxygen to produce energy, it can use both fat
and glucose for fuel. When you exercise, your body needs extra energy from blood sugar, also called
glucose. Glucose is available in the muscles for quick and short bursts of movement and can be used
when the aerobic system is maxed out for a short period of time.

What is Glucose? Glucose, or “blood sugar” or “dextrose,” is the main type of sugar in the blood and
is the major source of energy for the body’s cells. Glucose is a building block for carbohydrates.

Additional Benefits of Anaerobic Exercise:

1. Promotes weight maintenance

2. Increases power
3. Boosts metabolism
4. Increases lactic threshold
5. Fights depression
6. Reduces the risk of disease
7. Protects joints
8. Boosts energy
9. Increases bone strength and density
Weight Training: Weight training is a common type of strength training for developing the strength
and size of skeletal muscles. It uses a variety of specialized equipment to target specific muscle
groups and types of movement.

Sports Involving Weight Training:

 Bodybuilding
 Weightlifting
 Powerlifting
 Strongman
 Highland Games
 Hammer throw
 Shot put
 Discus throw
 Javelin throw

Why People Do Weightlifting?

 To improve overall health.

 To prevent some disabilities.
 To increase metabolism and lower body fat.
 Free weights improve not only strength but also muscle function.
 Lifting weights improves self-confidence and well-being.

Calisthenics: Calisthenics, or “bodyweight training,” is a form of exercise consisting of various

movements that exercise large muscle groups. These exercises are often performed rhythmically and
with minimal equipment.

Benefits of Calisthenics:

 Provides muscular and aerobic conditioning.

 Improves psychomotor skills such as balance, agility, and coordination.

Frequency of Anaerobic Exercise: Perform anaerobic exercise like HIIT workouts no more than two
or three days each week, always allowing for at least one full day of recovery in-between.

Good Examples of Anaerobic Exercise: Anaerobic exercises are high-intensity activities that help
increase strength, endurance, and muscle mass.

1. Sprinting: Running at full speed for short durations, typically 10 to 30 seconds. It engages
multiple muscles and is excellent for boosting metabolism and performance.
2. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): Alternating between short, intense bursts of activity
and recovery periods. It’s versatile and can include exercises like battle ropes or sprinting.

Four Types of HIIT:

 1. Tabata:
o Structure: Consists of 8 rounds, each with 20 seconds of work followed
by 10 seconds of rest.
o Exercises: Typically includes squats and lunges.
2. Cardio HIIT:
o Focus: Aims to elevate the heart rate significantly.
o Benefits: Helps with calorie burn and improves the cardiovascular system.
o Adaptability: Intensity can be adjusted according to age and fitness level.
3. Full-Body HIIT:
o Objective: Targets weight loss and muscle toning.
o Involvement: Engages all body muscles.
o Exercises: Can range from push-ups to handstand push-ups.
4. HIIT with Weights:
o Combination: Incorporates weightlifting into HIIT sessions for added
resistance and strength training.
5. HIIT for Runners:
o Specialization: Tailored for runners to improve speed, endurance, and
running performance.

3. Powerlifting: Consists of three main lifts: squat, bench press, and deadlift. It focuses on
lifting maximum weight and builds overall strength.
4. Plyometrics: Quick, explosive movements such as jump squats, box jumps, and jump lunges.
These exercises improve power and agility.
5. Calisthenics: Bodyweight exercises like push-ups, pull-ups, and dips. They enhance muscular
and aerobic conditioning and improve coordination.

Top 10 Strength Training Exercises: Strength training exercises are designed to build muscle
strength and size.

1. Pull-Ups: An upper-body exercise that targets the back and biceps. It uses the body’s own
weight as resistance.
2. Push-Ups: A compound exercise that works the chest, shoulders, and triceps.
3. Glute Bridges: Targets the glutes and helps improve lower back strength.
4. Squats: A fundamental exercise that works the legs, hips, and core.
5. Deadlifts: Engages multiple muscle groups including the back, legs, and core.
6. Walking Lunges: Enhances leg strength and balance.
7. Bicep Curls: Isolates the biceps for increased arm strength.
8. Overhead Tricep Extensions: Strengthens the triceps and improves arm definition.
9. Leg Press: Focuses on the quadriceps, hamstrings, and glutes.
10. Bench Press: A key exercise for developing chest, shoulder, and tricep strength.
Certainly! Let’s dive into each of these subjects:

Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers describe the properties of atomic orbitals and the electrons in those
orbitals. There are four quantum numbers:

 Principal quantum number (n): Indicates the energy level and size of the orbital. It
can be any positive integer.
 Azimuthal quantum number (l): Defines the shape of the orbital (s, p, d, f). It ranges
from 0 to n-1.
 Magnetic quantum number (m_l): Specifies the orientation of the orbital in space. It
ranges from -l to +l.
 Spin quantum number (m_s): Describes the spin of the electron, which can be
either +1/2 or -1/212.

Ionic Bond Formation

Ionic bonds form through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
This occurs when one atom (typically a metal) donates one or more electrons to
another atom (typically a non-metal), resulting in a positively charged cation and a
negatively charged anion34.

Covalent Bond Formation

Covalent bonds form when two atoms (usually non-metals) share one or more pairs of
electrons. This sharing allows each atom to achieve a full valence shell, leading to
stability. The shared electrons are known as bonding pairs56.

Properties of Molecular Covalent Compounds

Molecular covalent compounds typically have lower melting and boiling points
compared to ionic compounds. They are often soft, flexible, and do not conduct
electricity when dissolved in water. They can be gases, liquids, or soft solids at room
temperature78.

Organic Compounds and Functional Groups

Organic compounds are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms and can
contain functional groups, which are specific groupings of atoms that confer
characteristic properties and reactivity to the compounds. Common functional groups
include alcohols (-OH), aldehydes (R-CHO), ketones (R-CO-R’), carboxylic acids (R-
COOH), and amines (R-NH2)910.

These explanations provide a high-level overview of each subject. If you need more
detailed information or specific formulas, feel free to ask!

Quantum Numbers

 Principal quantum number (n)

 Azimuthal quantum number (l)
 Magnetic quantum number (m_l)
 Spin quantum number (m_s)
 Orbital: A region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding
electrons.
 Electron configuration: The distribution of electrons in an atom’s orbitals1.

Ionic Bond Formation

 Cation: A positively charged ion.

 Anion: A negatively charged ion.
 Ionic bond: The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged
ions2.
 Lattice energy: The energy released when one mole of an ionic crystalline
compound is formed from gaseous ions3.

Covalent Bond Formation

 Covalent bond: A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electron
pairs between two atoms4.
 Molecule: A group of atoms bonded together.
 Single bond: A bond involving two atoms sharing one pair of electrons.
 Double bond: A bond involving two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons.
 Triple bond: A bond involving two atoms sharing three pairs of electrons5.

Properties of Molecular Covalent Compounds

 Melting point: The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.

 Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas.
 Polarity: A measure of how evenly electrical charge is distributed in a molecule6.
 Alkane: A hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds.
 Alkene: A hydrocarbon with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
 Alkyne: A hydrocarbon with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
 Alcohol: An organic compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
 Aldehyde: An organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least
one hydrogen.
 Ketone: An organic compound with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two
carbon atoms.
 Carboxylic acid: An organic compound with a carboxyl group (-COOH).
 Ester: An organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen of an acid with an
alkyl or other organic group7.