Reading Textbooks in the Natural and Social Sciences

Language

Science

Mathematics
Disciplines
Social Studies

Nature Knowledge in the Natural and Social Sciences

NATURAL SCIENCE

Concerned with natural phenomena and physical variables

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Deals with the behavior of individuals and communities

NATURAL SCIENCE vs SOCIAL SCIENCES

Physics Sociology

Biology Economics

Chemistry Political Science

Geology Anthropology

Astronomy History

Zoology Geography

Botany Psychology

NATURAL SCIENCE

Laws of Nature

Physical World

SOCIAL SCIENCE

Society

People’s Role

Government

Language of the Natural and Social Sciences

Both Science have empirical data, The information is presented in a deductive manner.

Empirical data – realistic Deductive manner - from general to specific

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

OQHEAC

Observation Experiment

Questioning Analysis

Hypothesis Conclusion

Features of a Sample Textbooks of Natural and Social Sciences

 Features of a Sample Textbooks in the Natural Science

I. CHAPTER OPENER

HEADING

The Heading is comprised of the chapter number and chapter title.

BRIED EXPLAINATION

Brief explanation of the content of the chapter may also be presented in order to set the expectations of
the readers.

SIDEBAR

Sidebar of the chapter opener enumerates the specific questions to be answered.

PICTURE

Serves as a visual representation of the principles and applications tackled in the chapter.

I. LESSON OPENER

LESSON OPENER

Includes the number and the title of the lesson and is phrased as a question to provide focus for the
students.

PRINCIPLE

Talks about the discussion. This will serve as an anchor to the succeeding discussion in the chapter.

PICTURE

Picture to direct discussion of the lesson.

CAPTION

Provides crucial information on how the science principle discussed in the lesson applied to the
object being shown in the picture.

II. LESSON PROPER

SECTION HEADING

Indicate the specific aspect of the lesson being dealt with the succeeding discussion.

ILLUSTRATION

Provides the visual presentation of the concept being discussed in the body of the lesson.
BODY

Provides a discussion of the concept at hand, examples are also provided in order to help you
understand how a particular science principle works.

LABEL

Provides a conceptual reference to what the picture stand for.

CAPTION

Used to describe the picture.

III. ASSESSMENT TOOL

GUIDE QUESTIONS

Designed to help you understand how a science princi5workd in the real world asking for the results you
obtained in the experiment and linking it with the theories and principle behind it.

Features of a Samples Textbook in the Social Sciences

I. UNIT OPENER

HEADING

There are 3 parts of the unit opener

Pictures, Unit Number and First Paragraph

PICTURES

It helps to visualize what you will tackling on the book.

UNIT NUMBER

Helps us to identify how far we have gone into the book and it also gives us a clue on how difficult
the topic will be.

FIRST PARAGRAPH

Gives us a glimpse of what we will encounter while studying the book.

II. CHAPTER OPENER

LESSON OBJECTIVE

Helps to visualize our goals at the end of the unit. What we should know, and what we have yet to know.

LESSON TITLE/NUMBER

Informs the readers of the coverage of the lesson.

PICTURE
FIRST PARAGRAPH

It shows the overview of what will be tackled through the lesson

SUBTITLE

Marks the beginning of the discussion on subtopic in the lesson

III. LESSON PROPER

MAPS

Helps locate specific places where historical events transpired.

BIBLIOGRAPHY CITATION

Serves to help you locate where a piece of information a material, or an image is found.

FOCUSING QUESTION

Aims to highlight certain aspects of the text which th3 author deems as important.

IV LESSON SYNTHESIS

BULLET POINTS

Recapitulate the import points of the lesson.

VALUING QUESTIONS

Aim to highlight the importance of the lesson in day-to-day life. It also connects the lesson with the
current context of the students.

GAP FILL ACTIVITY

Refresher aims to refresh the students on some important terms introduced in the lesson.

LESSON 3:PREPARING AN OUTLINE

An outline is a map of your essay or a blueprint. It shows what information each section or paragraph
will contain, and in what order. Most outlines use number and/or bullet points to arrange information
and convey points. It is a tool we use in the writing process to help organize our ideas, visualize our
paper’s potential structure, and further flesh out and develop points.

Outline Formats

1. Alphanumeric – uses both alphabets and numerals as labels

2. Decimals – uses numerals as labels.
Principles of Outlining

4 basic rules

1. Coordination – Requires ideas of the same relevance to be labeled in the same way.
2. Subordination – Shows that minor details have to be placed under their respective major details
3. Division – Requires that no cluster should contain only one item.
4. Parallel Construction – Requires all entries in each cluster to use the same structure and format.

Kinds of Outline

1. Sentence outline – Uses complete sentences as its entries.

2. Topic Outline – systematic arrangement of ideas using broad topics in the form of words or
simple phrases as headers.

LESSON 4: WRITING A BIBLIOGRAPHY

A bibliography is a list of materials that were used or will be used in the composition of an academic or
professional piece. It is normally found at the end of the text and it is arrangdd alphabetically.

Citation Styles

1. American Psychological Association (APA Style) – used in social and behavioral sciences.
2. Modern Language Association (MLA Style) – used for writing papers on literature and related
subjects like theater or film.
3. Chicago Manual of Style (CMO Style) – used in many academic fields, especially in the
humanities and social science.

Format of Sources (Print and Outline)

1. Book – most common and reliable source of information.
Pattern:
Author’s last name and first name, Title of Book: Subtitle, Place of publication: Name of
Publisher, Year of publication
E.g. : Cruz, Lourdes, Language and Literature :Grade 8 Learner’s Textbook, Quezon City:Cruz
Publishing House, Inc., 2015.

2. Periodicals – magazines, scholarly journals, newspapers, and newsletters published at regular

intervals

2.1. Journals – a scholarly published periodical containing articles written by

Researchers, professors, and other experts

Pattern:

Author’s last name and first name, “Title of Article”: Journal Title, Issue information, year.

E.g.: Martinez, Juana, “Distance Learning Amidst COVID-19.”: Journal of Studies in Philippine
Education 10, no. 2 (2019): 23-35.

2.2. Magazines – a periodical publication that contains stories, essays, pictures, and the like, usually
published every week or month.

Patterns:

Author’s last name and first name, “Title of Article”: Magazine Title, Issue Date.

E.g.: Alisbo,Thea, “Finding New Hobbies in Time of Quarantine.”: Young Mind Creatives,
June 2020.

2.3. Newspaper – a periodical that is printed and distributed usually daily or weekly containing news,
opinions, features, and advertisements.
Patterns:

Author’s last name and first name, “Title of Article”: Newspaper name, Month, Day, and
Year.

E.g.: Paran, Leonardo, “Filipino Student Bags Trophy in International Quiz Bee.”: Caraga
Sinag Press, July 17, 2018.

3. Website – Collection of files and related resources accessible through the World Wide Web and
organized under a domain name.

Pattern:
Author’s last name and first name, “Page Title”: Website Title, Published Date/Access
Date, URL.
E.g.: Orcullo, Ramon Jr., “Solid Faith. “:Department of Education Caraga Regional, June 2, 2020.
http://caraga.deped.gov.ph/solid-faith/

3.1. Ebooks – These are books that are read on a computer or electronic devices

Pattern:

Author’s last name and first name, Title of Book. Place of publication: Name of Publisher.
Year of publication, Format OR URL

E.g.: Solis, Anna May, Dela Cruz, Christopher, and Dizon, Jane, How to Improve Your
Reading Skills. Manila: TIM’s Publishing Company, 2018. Epub.

3.2. Online Journals – These are journals read from digital libraries or online databases.
Pattern:

Author’s Surname, First Name, “Article Title.”: Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Year):
Page range of the article. URL of journal article webpage OR Name of database.

E.g.: Soriano, Pamela, Villame, Rovi Gem, Calumba, Kriza Faye, Alviola, Juma Novie,
Delima, Aileen Grace, Alviola,Pedro IV, and Bayoga, Emma Ruth. “Utilization Of
‘Alugbati’ (Basella Alba L.) Leaves Powder to Increase Vitamin A Content of Fresh
Egg Noodles.” Philippine Journal of Science 149, no. 2 (2020): 273-281.

http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/97-vol-149-no-2-june-2020/1185-utilization-of.alugbati-basella
alba-l-leaves-powder-to-increase-vitamin-a-content-of-fresh-egg-noodles/

3.3. Online Journal and Online Newspaper – These are the online versions of magazines and
newspapers.

Pattern:

Author’s last name, first name, “Article Title.”: Newspaper/Magazine Title, Month Day,
Year. URL.

E.g.: Bautista, John Michael, “Homeschooling: How to be the best tutor to your kids

“Filipino Magazine, May 19, 2020:

https://www.filipinomag.com/parenting/homeschooling/how-to-be-the-best-tutor-to-kids/

Orcullo, Ramon, “MisOR remains COVID-19 free, DOH: Sinag Press, June 14, 2020
https://singpress/news/2020/6/14/misor-remains-covid-19-free-doh.html/

LESSON 5:READING FEATURE SAMPLE TEXTBOOK I MATHEMATICS AND HUMANITIES

MATHEMATICS:
-Deals with numbers and patterns.
Examples: Arithmetic, Algebra, Calculus, Geometry.
HUMANITIES:
-Are set of disciplines that attempt to capture the richness of the human experience, or to help
people become more fully human through different art forms.
Examples: Literature, Visual Arts, Music, Language, Philosophy.
 I. Feature Sample textbook in Mathematics

A. Review – provides a quick review of the concepts that students are expected to know prior to the
presentation of the lesson.
1. Quick Check functions as a diagnostic test designed to assess whether you have already mastered
the foundational concept needed to understand the lesson.

B. Lesson Opener
1. Pin-up helps you think about the significance of the lesson and some important opening concept
2. Vocabulary Start-up – these are the definitions that are dealt with.
3. Real-world link – provides to help the students see how the lesson can be used to address real-life
situations.

C. Lesson Proper
1. Work zone is an area where you can jot down notes or write solutions.
2. Answering practice problems will help you assess whether you have already understood and fully
appreciated the concepts taught in the chapter.
3. Find a Rule Section helps you come up with a suitable mental representation of the lesson for
easier understanding.
4. Tables are also used in Mathematics to represent patterns and equations.
5. Sample Problem serves as an example for each of the concepts taught.

D. Assessment
1. Practice Questions are designed to make you more familiar with the processes involved in solving
different sorts of problems.
3. HOT Problems/Challenge Section intends to test the extent to which you have mastered a
mathematical concept.

II. Feature Sample textbook in Humanities

A Lesson Opener

1.The Focusing Question is intended to direct you to the main point being established in the lesson.

2.Historical Background of the period where the literary texts featured in a chapter are included to help
you understand them better.

B Lesson Opener: Author’s background

1. Prepare to read provides background information on the text itself through a brief biography of
the author and other pertinent elements.
2. The Unveil What You Know section aims to connect your personal experiences with those
represented in the text.
3. Vocabulary building exercise is intended to unlock the meanings of unfamiliar words so that you
would be able to better understand the text.
4. Pre-reading section serves to stir your interest as a reader and provide clues on the theme of the
text.
5. Picture and biography of the author is provided to give you an idea of why he wrote the way he
did.

C. Lesson Proper: The literary itself

1. Title and by line – comprises of the text’s title and the author
2. Learning Objectives are the specific skills you have to master after going through the lesson.
3. Tip makes the reading more interesting and relatable

D. Assessment
1. Remembering questions
2. Understanding questions
3. Analyzing questions
4. Evaluating questions
5. Creating questions

LESSON 5: Extracting Information from the Text using a Summary

A summary is a shortened version of a text that highlights its key points. To summarize is to retell a
story in your own words. Writing a summary requires you to make use of your own words, make the
original composition shorter, and tell only the important points in the beginning, middle, and end.
Don’t forget also the who (who are the characters), what (what the characters want), where (where
did the story happen), when (when did the story happen), why (state the conflict) and how (how did
the story end).
SAAC Method

This method is particularly helpful in summarizing any kind of text. SAAC is an acronym for “State, Assign,
Action, Complete.” Each word in the acronym refers to a specific element that should be included in the
summary.

Somebody Wanted But So Then

Somebody – To whom or who is the main character

Wanted – What did the character want?

But – What was the problem encountered?

So – How was the problem solved?

Then – Tells how the story ends.