CENTER CODE: 1250

ASSIGNMENT FOR THE SESSION: 2021-22

LIVER CANCER
PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE DIPLOMA OF
OPERATION THEATER TECHNIQUES
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

MOHAMMAD ALAM SIR

SUBMITTED BY: -
ENORALMENT NO : 2112505600240
NAME : KULDEEP YADAV
COURSE TITLE : DOTT
ROLL NUMBER : 11
BATCH :2020-2022 Signature……..
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
❖I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to my teacher Demonstrator Mohammad Alam Sir
Department of Operation Theatre Technology and
Head of Department of all diploma courses
Dr. Jyotsna Singh as well as our Dean Dr. Suraj Kumar
Paramedical Vigyan, UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic “Liver cancer” which also helped me in doing a
lot of research and I came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.

❖Any at any level can't be completed without the

support and guidance of teachers and friends.

❖I would like to thank my teachers, parents and my

Zazbaat who helped me a lot in gathering different
information, collecting data and guiding me from time to
time in making this project, despite of their busy
schedules, they gave me different ideas in making this
project unique
Thanking you,
Kuldeep Yadav
Course: - D.O.T.T
Roll No: - 11
 Certificate
This is to certified that the project
entitled “Liver cancer” that is being submitted by
Kuldeep Yadav. He is a bonafide student of
Department of Operation Theatre Technology of
Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Science, Saifai,
Etawah.
He has completion of this project work is under my
guidance/supervision.

Date: - /0 /2022

Place: - Saifai Mohammed Alam Sir

Faculty of Operation Theatre Technology.
 LIVER CANCER (HEPATOMA)
INTRODUCTION
The liver is located in the right hypochondrium region near the stomach,
intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas below the ribs. The liver is made up
mainly of cells called hepatocytes.
When cancer develops in the liver, it destroys liver cells and interferes with
the ability of the liver to function as expected.
The liver does many jobs, including—
• Stores nutrients such as glucose.
• Removing waste products and worn-out cells from the blood.
• Filtering and processing chemicals in food, alcohol, and medications.
• It also breaks down medications and toxins.

DEFINITION
Liver cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the liver. Cancer starts
when cells in the body begin to grow out of control.
TYPES
There are several types of primary liver cancer. Each one corresponds
to a different part of the liver or type of liver cell that is affected.
❖ Hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), also known as hepatoma, is the most
common type of liver cancer.
❖ Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma, more commonly known as bile duct cancer, develops
in the small, tube-like bile ducts in your liver. These ducts carry bile to
the gallbladder to help with digestion.

❖ Liver Angiosarcoma
Liver Angiosarcoma Is A Very Rare Form Of Liver Cancer That Begins
In The Blood Vessels Of Your Liver.
❖ Hepatoblastoma
Hepatoblastoma Is An Extremely Rare Type Of Liver Cancer.

CAUSE
➢ Liver cancer happens when liver cells develop changes
(mutations) in their DNA.
➢ A cell's DNA is the material that provides instructions for
every chemical process in your body.
➢ DNA mutations cause changes in these instructions.
➢ Sometimes the cause of liver cancer is known, such as with
chronic hepatitis infections.
➢ But sometimes liver cancer happens in people with no
underlying diseases and it's not clear what causes it.
➢ Cirrhosis. Cause Of Cirrhosis Include Long-term (chronic)
infection with the hepatitis B or C virus,
Risk factors
Others risk factors for liver cancer may include:
• Your sex. Men are more likely to get hepatocellular carcinoma than
women.
• Your weight ; Obesity can increase the risk for
hepatocellular carcinoma.
• Anabolic steroid use. Long-term use of anabolic steroid, which are a
type of artificial testosterone, increases your risk for liver cancer.
• Heavy alcohol use. Heavy drinking over many years increases your
risk for liver cancer.
• Smoking. Smoking cigarettes increases your risk for liver cancer.
Having hemochromatosis, an iron storage disease.
• Aflatoxin exposure ; Aflatoxin is a toxic substance produced by a type
of mold that produced by fungi found on peanuts, grains, and corn.
• Diabetes ; type 2 diabetes
• High cholesterol
• Wilson disease
• Liver fluke infection
Pathophysiology
Sing & Symptoms
• Unintentional weight loss.
• Loss of appetite.
• Pain in the upper abdomen.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Generalized weakness no.
• Fatigue.
• Swelling in the abdomen.
• Liver enlargement.
• Presence of jaundice.
• White, chalky stools.
• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes.
• Swollen veins on the abdomen.
• Dark urine.

Diagnosis
Your doctor may do some tests to check for liver cancer:

• Physical exam: If you have liver cancer symptoms, the first step is a
physical exam.
• Blood tests – To check your general health and look for certain
chemicals that can indicate primary liver cancer.
• Liver Function Tests
• Ultrasound – A scan on the outside of your abdomen to check your
liver.
• CT scan – A scan that uses x-rays to take pictures of the inside of the
body.
• MRI scan – A scan that uses magnetism and radio waves to take
pictures of the inside of the body.
 • Biopsy: A sample of tissue from the tumours is removed and looked at
under a microscope.
❖ Biopsy techniques include:
➢ Fine needle Aspiration(FNA):-Remove a small amount
of tissue to the liver.
➢ Laparoscopy: A small cut is made in the abdomen,
laparoscope is inserted to view the tumor and retrieve
a tissue sample.
➢ Surgical biopsy: Tissue is removed during an operation.

Treatment & Care

There are several things that can prevent liver cancer, these include:
1. Vaccinate against the hepatitis B virus.
2. Avoid drinking too much alcohol, which causes alcoholic fatty. liver
disease – a disease that can develop into liver cancer.
3. Avoid eating heavy meat and animal fat, and mouldy peanuts and grains.
4. Go for regular screenings if considered part of the high-risk group.
There are different types of treatment for patients with adult primary liver
cancer.
• Eight types of standard treatment are used:
➢ Surveillance
➢ Surgery
➢ Liver transplant
➢ Ablation therapy
➢ Embolization therapy
➢ Targeted therapy
➢ Immunotherapy
➢ Radiation therapy