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Lecture 10
Lecture 10
Particle Technology
➢ The relative velocity between particles and fluid can be given by,
Urel T = Up − Uf = 𝐔𝐓 𝛆𝐟 𝛆
In the case of fluidization, superficial fluid velocity can be expressed
as,
𝐔 = 𝐔𝐟𝐬 = 𝐔𝐓 𝛆𝟐 𝐟 𝛆
Richardson-Zaki equation: Up = UT εn
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Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
Effective viscosity Richardson-Zaki
𝐑𝐞𝐩
function 𝐟 𝛆 equation
< 0.3 f ε = ε2.65 Up = UT ε4.65
In general f ε = εn Up = UT εn
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Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
4.8 − n x 0.27
0.57
= 0.043Ar 1 − 2.4
n − 2.4 D
Here, 𝐱 = 𝐱 𝐒𝐕 most preferably.
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Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
➢ After the calculation of the voidage, fluidized bed height can also be
calculated.
Recognizing the constancy of mass of particles ,
1 − ε1 ρp AH1 = 1 − ε2 ρp AH2
Hence,
1 − ε1
H2 = H1
1 − ε2
ε1 and ε2 are the voidage of the packed and fluidized bed respectively.
H1 and H2 are the heights of the packed and fluidized bed respectively.
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Ref: chapter 2, Martin Rhodes 6
Ref: chapter 2, Martin Rhodes 7
Ref: chapter 2, Martin Rhodes 8
Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
❑Illustration: 𝟑. 𝟔 𝐤𝐠 of solid particles of density 𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟎 𝐤𝐠Τ𝐦𝟑 and
surface-volume mean size 𝟕𝟒𝟖 𝛍𝐦 form a packed bed of height
𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟓 𝐦 in a circular vessel of diameter 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓𝟕 𝐦. Water of density
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠Τ𝐦𝟑 and viscosity 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 𝐏𝐚 𝐬 is passed upwards through the
bed. Calculate,
i. the bed pressure drop at incipient fluidization,
ii. the superficial liquid velocity at incipient fluidization,
iii. the mean bed voidage at a superficial liquid velocity of 𝟏. 𝟎 𝐜𝐦/𝐬,
iv. the bed height at this velocity.
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Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
Solution:
i. Calculation of bed voidage:
mass of solids = AH 1 − ε ρp ⟹ ε = 0.3498
Frictional pressure drop:
−∆𝐩 = H 1 − ε ρP − ρf g = 𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟕 𝐏𝐚
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Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
ii. Superficial fluid velocity: Ergun equation for packed bed pressure
drop can be used to calculate 𝐔𝐦𝐟 .
(−∆p) 1−ε 2 μU 1 − ε ρf U 2
= 150 2 + 1.75
H ε3 xsv ε3 xsv
= 3.55 × 107 U 2 + 2.648 × 106 U
Solving for the polynomial,
𝐔𝐦𝐟 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝐜𝐦Τ𝐬
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Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
iii. Mean bed voidage is related to velocity by Richardson-Zaki
equation:
Up = UT εn
Calculation of 𝐔𝐓 : The value of UT corresponding,
4 x 3 ρf ρP − ρf g
CD Rep 2 = 2
= 8704,
3 μ
Rep = 90 and Ar = 6528
is UT = 0.120 mΤs
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Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
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Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
The exponent n can be calculated by,
4.8 − n x 0.27
0.57
= 0.043Ar 1 − 2.4 ⟹ n = 3.202
n − 2.4 D
Hence, the mean bed voidage,
𝛆 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟎
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Application of Fluidization
❑ Chemical processes: The gas fluidized bed as a
medium of chemical reaction has some advantages
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Expansion of a Fluidized Bed
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Fluidized Bed Reactor
❑ Orcutt model of fluidized bed reactor:
The following assumptions are made in the analysis:
✓ Flow is one-dimensional and steady.
✓ Two phase theory applies: bubble phase and the particulate
phase.
✓ Perfect mixing in the particulate phase.
✓ No reaction in the bubble phase.
✓ Gas is transferred between the two phases.
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Fluidized Bed Reactor
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Fluidized Bed Reactor
❖ The overall mole balance can be written as,
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Fluidized Bed Reactor
❑ Calculation of term (2): Consider an element of dL thickness at a height L.
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Fluidized Bed Reactor
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Fluidized Bed Reactor
❑ Calculation
of term (4):
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Fluidized Bed Reactor
❑ Calculation of term (4): Substituting all the terms yield the expression for 𝐂𝐩 .
C0 U − U − Umf e−z
Cp =
KHmf 1 − εp + U − U − Umf e−z
And the reactant concentration at gas outlet can be determined as,
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Fluidized Bed Reactor
❑From the above equations, it can be shown that the conversion in a fluidized bed
reactor expressed as,
𝐂𝐇 𝟏 − 𝛃𝐞 −𝐳 𝟐
𝟏− = 𝟏 − 𝛃𝐞−𝐳 −
𝐂𝟎 𝐊𝐇𝐦𝐟 𝟏 − 𝛆𝐩
+ 𝟏 − 𝛃𝐞−𝐳
𝐔
Where,
U − Umf
β=
U
In this equation,
✓ 𝐊𝐇𝐦𝐟 𝟏 − 𝛆𝐩 Τ𝐔 represents the reaction rate
✓ 𝛃 represents the fraction of the bubbles in the medium
✓ 𝒛 represents the bed hydrodynamics.
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Fluidized Bed Reactor
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❑ Illustration: A gas phase catalytic reaction is performed in a fluidized bed operating at a superficial gas
velocity of 𝟎. 𝟑 𝐦Τ𝐬. For this reaction under these conditions it is known that the reaction is first order in
reactant A.
Given information:
✓ Orcutt model can be implemented
✓ Bed height at incipient fluidization = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝐦
✓ Operating mean bed height = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 𝐦
✓ Voidage at incipient fluidization = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕
✓ Reaction rate constant = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟒𝟕 𝐬−𝟏
✓ Minimum fluidization velocity = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑 𝐦Τ𝐬
✓ Mean bubble rise velocity = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦Τ𝐬
✓ Mass transfer coefficient between bubble and emulsion phase = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟗 𝐬−𝟏
Determine
i. The rate of conversion of A.
ii. The effect of reducing the inventory by half on the conversion.
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iii. The effect of halving the bubble size (assume K c ∞ ).
x
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Solution:
i. The conversion for a first order fluidized bed reaction:
−𝐳 𝟐
𝐂𝐇 𝟏 − 𝛃𝐞
𝟏− = 𝟏 − 𝛃𝐞−𝐳 −
𝐂𝟎 𝐊𝐇𝐦𝐟 𝟏 − 𝛆𝐩
+ 𝟏 − 𝛃𝐞−𝐳
𝐔
Here,
U − Umf KcH KHmf 1 − εp
β= = 0.89 & z= = 1.5 & = 200
U UB U
Substituting these values,
𝐂𝐇 1 − 0.89e−1.5 2
𝟏− = 1 − 0.89e−1.5 − = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟖
𝐂𝟎 200 + 1 − 0.89e−1.5
ii. Reducing the inventory by half would result in,
H Hmf KHmf 1 − εp
H2 = ; Hmf2 = So, z = 0.75; = 100
2 2 U
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The corresponding conversion,
𝐂𝐇 1 − 0.89e−0.75 2
𝟏− = 1 − 0.89e−0.75 −
𝐂𝟎 100 + 1 − 0.89e−0.75
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟕𝟔
iii. Self
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