Single phase induction motor

• SPIM structure similar to Poly phase induction motor PIM except

1) Stater has single phase winding.
2) centrifugal switch → To remove the auxiliary winding that used for starting
that operates at about 75% of synchronous speed.

The construction of SAIM

Stator:-
1) The stationary Part that carries exciting winding fed from Ac is supply.
2) Laminated structure → To minimize the eddy current and iron losses
3) Stampings: placed on its periphery so that it carries the winding known as the
stator winding made of silicone Steel →To minimize the loss of hysteresis
4) Stator windings: is wound for a certain number of poles that produce magnetic
field as the number of Poles also determine the Synchronous speed of the motor.
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Rotor:-
1) Similar to squirrel case of 3 phase IM
2) Made from brass, bronze, copper plates
3) Laminated cylindrical in shape with slots with Aluminum bars
4) Slots: do not operate in parallel but are slightly skewed
5) Skewing → prevent Locking magnetically & makes motor movement slower
and smother
6) End Rings:
• Made of copper or aluminum
• Permanently shorten the rotor conductors
• These rotary conductors are fixed to the end ring to provide the mechanical
strength
7) Lack of slip rings and brushes makes motor robust
 Motor parts

Stator has three main Parts:

(i) Outer Frame:-
• Support stator core
• Protect inner Parts
• made of cast iron
(ii) Stator core:-
• carry the alternating magnetic field which produces hysteresis and eddy
current losses
• stampings are used to build core ..why ? → made of silicone Steel so it
minimizes the loss of hysteresis
• stampings are assembled under hydraulic pressure
• stampings are insulated from each other by a thin varnish layer
• the thickness of the stamping usually varies from 0.3 to 0.5 mm
(iii) Stator winding:-
• Supplied from single phase Ac supply
• its terminal connected to terminal box
• the motor is wound for definite number of poles, as per the need of speed.
Very important question:-
Advantages of slots skewing: -
1) reduces humming [noise] thus ensuring quiet running of a motor
2) results in a smoother torque curve for different positions of the rotor
3) reduces the magnetic locking of the stator and rotor
4) increases the rotor resistance how? →due to the increased length of the
rotor bar conductors
 Points about windings

-SPIM is not Self-starting motor, so we use Auxilary winding to start and remove it
by centrifugal switch after rotor reach 75% of rated speed
-there is an arrangement for the starting winding to be reversed.

Points about single and three phase motors

-Both are similar in squirrel cage physical appearance
-There is uniform gap between stator rotor without electrical connection
-Single phase is cheaper and simple but less efficient & lower

Working principle
Double revolving field theory:-

-Any Pulsating field can be resolved into 2 rotating field equal in magnitude
opposite in direction with same synchronous speed
-Now Assume first there is no Aux winding
-An alternating current will go through the stator winding and create. 2 rotating
field according to the theory
-This flux crosses the air gap and links with the rotor conductors.
e.m.f.’s is induced in the rotor conductors and current due to closed circuit.
-Due to interaction between the rotor induced currents and the stator flux, a torque
is produced.
- The two equal and opposite torques cancel out, with the result that the net driving
torque is zero so the motor is not self-starting motor
-The rotor is in motion in any direction when supply for the stator is switched on, it
can be shown that the rotor develops more torque in that direction. The net torque
then, would have non-zero value
-So we will use aux winding to create starting torque then remove it by centrifugal
switch

Notes
-SPIM theories are cross field and double revolving field theory
-The strength of each field = 3/2 Øm
-the resultant flux of ØR = Øm Cos(wt)
-Pulsating field slip is higher
-Efficiency is lower than 3 phase why? → Due to utilization of stator slots
-Selection of the appropriate motor is based on the starting and running torque
requirements of the load
-The cost of single-phase motors increases with their rating and with their
performance characteristics such as starting-torque-to- current ratio

This video will help https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=awrUxv7B-a8

1)Split-phase motors have two stator windings, a main winding and an auxiliary
winding
2) the axes of these windings are displaced 90 electrical degrees in space
3) The auxiliary windings have a higher resistance-to-reactance ratio than the main
winding then →the two currents will be out of phase which is representative of
conditions at starting
4) The winding currents are equivalent to unbalanced two-phase currents, and the
motor is equivalent to an unbalanced two-phase motor. The result is a rotating
stator field which
causes the motor to
start.
1) Capacitors can be used to improve motor starting and running performance
depending on the size and connection of the capacitor.
2) split-phase motor, but the time-phase displacement between the two currents is
obtained by means of a capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding
3) the auxiliary-winding current at standstill can be made to lead the main-winding
current by 90 electrical degrees, as it would in a balanced two-phase motor.