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Full Download Biology Organisms and Adaptations Media Update Enhanced Edition 1st Edition Noyd Solutions Manual
Full Download Biology Organisms and Adaptations Media Update Enhanced Edition 1st Edition Noyd Solutions Manual
Full Download Biology Organisms and Adaptations Media Update Enhanced Edition 1st Edition Noyd Solutions Manual
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2
Evolution and the
Diversity of Life
Chapter 2 presents evolutionary relationships as the foundation to understanding life and the
history of life on Earth. An introduction to the diversity of life builds a foundation of knowledge for
each group of organisms (animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria, and archaea) discussed
throughout the text. Archaeopteryx is used in Chapter 2 as an example to investigate classification
and phylogeny, as well as evolutionary trees, through the evolution of birds.
Students should gain insights into common themes in biology by understanding how the domains
and kingdoms of life group organisms together by structure, evolutionary history, ecological role,
and behavioral patterns.
Learning Objectives
2.1 Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Birds
Describe several characteristics of the Archaeopteryx that support this animal as a transitional form
between reptiles (dinosaurs) and birds.
Key Concepts
Evolutionary Relationships and the Tree of Life
An understanding of evolutionary relationships is the foundation to understanding life and its
history on Earth. Evolutionary trees summarize evolutionary relationships. The more closely
related two organisms are, the more similar their characteristics.
Biodiversity and Organizing Life
Life on Earth shows great diversity. Millions of different kinds of organisms, or species, have
appeared and disappeared over the history of the Earth. Biologists use taxonomy to organize life
based on similar characteristics. Evolutionary biologists use this information to establish
evolutionary history. The domains and kingdoms of life group organisms together by structure,
evolutionary history, ecological role, and behavioral patterns. Species are also grouped based on
shared traits and evidence of descent from a common ancestor.
Key Terms
In order of occurrence:
Archaeopteryx taxonomists domains
niche classify (classification) evolutionary tree
taxonomy taxonomic hierarchy lineage
2
node photosynthesis foxfire
shared characteristics autotrophs diatoms
amniotic egg (or sac) producers silica
biodiversity vacuole Escherichia coli (E. coli)
species fruiting bodies nucleoid
reproductive community mushrooms flagella
multicellular yeast extremophiles
heterotrophs decomposers molecular level
consumers digestive enzymes antibiotics
Lecture Outline
2.1 Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Birds
A. Learning Objective—Students should be able to:
1. Describe several characteristics of the Archaeopteryx that support this animal as a
transitional form between reptiles (dinosaurs) and birds.
B. Archaeopteryx shared many characteristics with both dinosaurs and birds.
C. Archaeopteryx is considered a transitional form between dinosaurs and birds and indicates
one of the earliest adaptations for flight.
1. Flight was a major adaptation to evade predators, travel far distances, and gain wider
distribution.
2. Adaptations include feathers, hollow bones, aerodynamic shape, and unique bone and
muscle structures that allow flapping and lifting.
D. Birds evolved during the Cretaceous period.
1. There are currently 10,000 different species of birds that have been identified.
2. Birds have filled many different niches around the world.
E. Evidence for the evolutionary past of birds comes from fossils, molecular data, modern
characteristics, and developmental patterns.
2.2 The Diversity of Life Is Cataloged and Classified by Evolutionary Relationships
A. Learning Objective—Students should be able to:
1. Describe why and how the diversity of life is classified.
B. Life began in a very hot atmosphere without much oxygen.
1. Prokaryotes evolved around 3.5 billion years ago.
2. Eukaryotes diverged 1.7 million years after prokaryotic life began.
C. Cyanobacteria are aquatic bacteria that initially produced most of the oxygen on the
planet today.
1. Chloroplasts, the organelle that modern plants use to conduct photosynthesis,
evolved from cyanobacteria.
2. Characteristics of chloroplasts are similar to other bacteria: cell walls, no nucleus,
small size, and formation of colonies.
D. There are at least 3 million and perhaps up to 30 million species on the planet today.
E. Classification organizes life’s diversity
1. Taxonomists classify organisms based on various characteristics.
a. These may include form, structures, development, molecular data (DNA and
proteins), and physiology.
b. Evolutionary relationships are the basis for classification.
2. The hierarchy of classification works from most broad to most specific: domain,
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
3. Classification can allow inference of a given organism’s characteristics.
3
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already vying with Rotterdam, and was expected to surpass it as a
trading town, in consequence of a law having passed to lower the
transit duties, and which was to take effect in January 1822.
One evening I went to the larger theatre, with Mr. S⸺, for the
express purpose of hearing the celebrated Mademoiselle Mars, in
the character of the Femme Colère in the play of that name. I
thought the piece very inferior, and to comprise common place
incidents, and trifling dialogues. The plot is founded upon the
stratagem of a peaceable kind of husband, to quell the turbulent
temper of his wife, and who succeeds in convincing her of her folly,
by shewing the impropriety of such conduct in himself; for this
purpose, on one occasion, when she has been enraged at her
waiting-maid, he throws himself into a still greater passion; upsets
the tables, chairs, and every thing that comes in his way; she hears,
sees, and is astonished at his violence, becoming proportionately
tame, as his rage increases, and at length convinced of her error,
determines to reform.
This city derives no little of its celebrity from having been the birth-
place of Charles the Fifth, as well as our John of Gaunt, duke of
Lancaster, and son of Edward the Third.
We were now in what was formerly called Flanders, the Austrians
possessing the larger part with this city for their capital; the French,
the south-west, comprising Lisle and Dunkirk; and the Dutch, the
north-east, with the strong fortress of Sluys.
Our barge from Bruges, as well as our party, was much smaller
than the one we had travelled with from Ghent; soon after seven
o’clock we arrived at Sas van Ghent, a small village, about a mile
from Ostend, where we rested a few minutes, after which we
proceeded into the town, when about eight o’clock I reached the
Wellington hotel, an inn conveniently situated for the custom-house,
and the packets sailing to and from England, and which has been
established by an Englishman, lately the head waiter from
Nicholson’s hotel.
On our arrival at Ostend we found two packets intending to sail for
England, a private one for Margate and London, on the following
day, and a government one for Dover on the succeeding day to that;
those to whom time is of importance, however, unless a vessel is on
the point of sailing from hence, and the wind favourable, will do well
to take the barge to Dunkirk, and travel from that place to Calais by
the diligence.
FINIS.
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