CHAPTER 1: GLOBALIZATION  realists warn that countries may suffer, and struggle
to maintain its power it will be overreached and used
GLOBALIZATION – interconnected, interdependence;
technology, economics, politics, individuals and
institutions, environment, and culture are all connected
to this
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Creation and Multiplication of Social Networks and
Cultural Activities which break the traditional norms
and practices in the political, economic, and cultural
realms of most communities; links distant localities in
such a way that local happenings are shaped by
events occurring many miles away and vice versa.
(KPOP)
2. Expansion and Stretching of social operations and
Connections which is seen in the financial markets
and trading operations around the globe. (MCDO)
* electronic trading; gigantic shopping malls have
emerged on all continents, offering those consumers who
can afford it commodities from all regions of the world –
including products whose various components were
manufactured in different countries.
(Examples: World Trade Organization, ASEAN Economic
Community, World Economic Forum and European
Union)
3. Intensification and Acceleration of Human Activities
which describes the process of world and individual
connection works. Consumer markets and
consumerism continue to rule in this postmodern era
where the farthest have the access to reach the
central portion of global events.(OLYMPICS)
4. Consciousness and Awareness. People, as the
primary actors of globalization are the front liners as
reflected in their experiences. The human
consciousness is critical on how they impact the
growing outcomes and markets of globalization.
(UNICEF)
(Examples: response in the covid-19 pandemic)
IS GLOBALIZATION THE SAME AS WESTERNIZATION?
NO. The concept of Westernization is deeply rooted in
the Western World where often associated with the
Western culture and values. This concept is famously
used in referring the western value system and it
influences countries outside its territory and sovereignty.
The political, economic, and technological prowess of
United States and European countries are best described
in the idea of Westernization.
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
A. REALISM
 explaining globalization focuses on the shifting
distribution of power among states
wrongly.
Reasons:
– Financial returns of expanding markets offer new
economic opportunities to the capitalist (origin country).
– The continued centrality of political power and military
strength are obvious forces of interdependence and
realistic behavior of the more and most powerful
countries.
B. LIBERALISM (Example: freedom of speech)
 is a perspective in international relations where
actors and institutions emphasize relationships, and
negotiations.
 This idea is very evident in countries where
democratic governance and institutions play major
roles in maintaining national cohesiveness in
managing domestic and international affairs.
Three Factors that describe the Transformation of
Political-Economic Structure and Development of Global
Interconnectedness: (SGI)
a. SPREAD OF DEMOCRACY AND INSTITUTIONS:
Many liberals believe in the vital function played
by the rule of law as safeguard of self-respect and
social stability.
b. GLOBAL ECONOMIC TIES: Opening to markets to
other countries is described as an act of country’s
commitment to global consciousness and moral
understanding of multistate interests.
c. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: the formation
of leading regional and international
organizations like global commerce and
governance are main instruments in the
maintenance of peace and solidarity
C. IDEALISM
 hold the notion that values, and norms play pivotal
roles in sustaining and reforming the process and
works of individuals, group, and nations.
 they value the importance of “appropriateness” and
“transparency” in reshaping and framing rules
affecting the general welfare of its members, may it
be individual or collective.
 Idealists emphasize appropriate policies and decisions
during the state of conflict as it advances the moral
aspects and ethical dynamics of actions.
PHASES OF GLOBALIZATION
1.0)AGE OF EXPLORATION (1492-1800) – this is when
globalization started; “Period of Mercantilism”; “Age
of Industrialization” (rise of British Economy)
 World Trade – Europeans started this
 Tobacco; Corn/Maiz – the reasons why
Philippines was explored by foreigners
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2.0)STEAM ENGINE (1800-1950) – the train was invented,
therefore the trade becomes faster; End of World
War II; “Age of Pax Britannica”
3.0)INTERNET (1950-2000) – After World War 1 & 2, the
internet was created, so thus WWW (World Wide
Web) in 1980s, which resulted in a faster and efficient
communication and trade; “Period of Technology
and Internet”; “Age of Information”
4.0)ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – this is already a part of
21st Century; this technology is not only efficient, but
also effective
5.0)AUTOMATION – where we are now; everything is
automatic (Example: Tesla)
3 DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
*Globalization cannot exist without these 3
1. WORLD CAPITALIST ECONOMY – distribution of
labor
 Primary force of globalization
 Capitalists states are the main engines of global
production and distribution of goods and services
 Capitalists engage in transnational operation
maintaining pool of resources such as labor and
capital
 Multinational corporations are very powerful in
controlling domestic and foreign market.
2. NATION-STATE SYSTEM – kahit merong sariling
batas ang isang country/state, they still have a
national and internationally system and laws
 SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES has been emphasized as a
primary part of independence and autonomy.
 The concept of sovereignty in a globalized world is
understood as the best form of asserting the
existence and operation of a state in order to be
recognized.
 It has been used as a major political unit in
international relations.
 Nation-states have the right to make their own
collective objectives.
3. WORLD MILITARY/INTERNATIONAL SOLDIERS –
protection from terrorists
 Strengthening military power is the priority of the
first world countries as well as the developing and
third world countries.
 Budget allotted by governments to defense and
military surged hundred folds with the aim of
delivering world-class defense operation and services
to its people.
3 WORLDS AND WORLD ORDER COMPARISON
3 WORLDS: (These terms are only used back on the Cold
War; was a construct of the Cold War era)
1st World – Capitalists; Powerful economies having stable
governments, robust financial markets, and advanced
and modern infrastructures, low poverty, and high
standard of living
Examples: Unites States, United Kingdom, Japan,
Western European Countries (UUJW)
2nd World – Communists; The idea of world order is
associated with role of political and military power during
Cold War. The communist countries of the Second World
are found to be trapped between poverty and prosperity.
Examples: Soviet Union, China, Estonia, Lithuania,
Half of Germany, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba
(SCELHVNC)
3rd World – Neutral and non-aligned countries; in the
middle of 1st and 2nd
 There were number of interpretations on the origin
of Cold War. First, the conflict was caused by
aggressive behavior and domestic policies of Soviet
Union prompting other countries especially the US to
react. Second, the cold war was a result of the US
economic system of expansionist-capitalism. Third,
the war was a consequence of security response from
the two countries on the power vacuum and threat of
central Europe.
WORLD ORDER:
Developed Countries – high Human Development Index
(HDI ↑)
Examples: Australia, Canada, France, Germany,
Unites States, United Kingdom, Japan (UUJGFAC)
Developing Countries – (HDI =)
Examples: Philippines
Least Developed Countries – (HDI ↓)
Examples: Afghanistan, Angola, Bhutan, Sudan,
Chad
CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL ECONOMY
TRADITIONAL ECONOMY – is a system that relies on
customs, history, and time-honored beliefs. Tradition
guides economic decisions such as production and
distribution. Societies with traditional economies depend
on agriculture, fishing, hunting, gathering, or some
combination of them. They use barter instead of money.
 Barter – exchange of goods and product;
nagkaroon ng number value kaya nawala din ito
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
1. MARKET ECONOMY
 Decision making of private individuals/business
owners (controls the price, product, and production)
 Economy under the will and interest of the
individuals.
 Economic freedom to purchase and sell products,
services, and properties.
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 This condition is not planned by a single person or
group that has the ability to manipulate or direct the
economy solely.
 It promotes competition among business and firms.
Countries: Hong Kong, New Zealand, Australia,
Switzerland
Examples of Market Economy
a. CAPITALISM: an economic and political system in
which a country's trade and industry are
controlled by private owners for profit, rather
than by the state
Positive Effects: provides labors, provides innovation →
competition
Negative Effects: capitalists, monopoly (controls the up
and down of prices)
b. LAISSEZ-FAIRE: an economic system in which
transactions between private parties are absent
of any form of economic interventionism such as
regulation and subsidies; “let alone” policy;
bawal mangialam ang government
2. COMMAND ECONOMY
 A central economic planning body handles the entire
decision making.
 The quality and quantity of goods and services
produced is based on the decision of the
government.
 Production quantity is dictated, consumer behavior is
directed, and market operation is controlled by a
single authority.
 Its objective is to mobilize resources for the common
good of the public and for the interest of the nation.
 Private individuals have no say in the economic
operation.
Countries: North Korea, Cuba, China, Russia
Examples of Command Economy
a. COMMUNISM: is a political and economic system
that seeks to create a classless society in which
the major means of production, such as mines
and factories, are owned and controlled by the
public.
Positive Effects: provides equality and basic needs (if
there is good governance)
Negative Effect: no innovation, scarcity
b. FASCISM: is a form of far-right, authoritarian
ultra nationalism characterized by dictatorial
power, forcible suppression of opposition, as well
as strong regimentation of society and of the
economy which came to prominence in early
20th-century Europe. (Example: Hitler)
c. SOCIALISM: is a political, social, and economic
philosophy encompassing a range of economic
and social systems characterized by social
ownership of the means of production and
workers' self-management of enterprises.;
controlled by the private or public
3. MIXED ECONOMY
 Market-driven economies
 Combination of market and command economies.
 Some sectors are under the directions of the private
individuals while other aspects of the economy are
left within the guidance of the government.;
controlled by the private and public
 State can take over the ownership and operation of a
private company for the purpose of maintaining the
interest of the nation.
↑price ↓sold
↓price ↑sold
 Equilibrium – middle of supply and demand
 Ceiling & Floor – where the seller and consumer
meets in price
Countries: Philippines, US, UK, France
TRADE THEORIES
DESCRIPTIVE THEORY – there is no government
intervention → there is no tariff
 It deals with the natural order and the movement of
trade.
 It describes the pattern of trade under the idea of
laissez faire, a French term which means “leave
alone”.
 It refers to the notion that individuals are best
economic agents to solve the problems through
invisible hand rather than government policies.
 It also addresses the questions which product to
trade, how much product to offer and produce, and
which country to trade in the absence of government
restrictions.
PRESCRIPTIVE THEORY– there is government
intervention → there is tariff
 It prescribes whether government, an important
economic institution, should interfere and restrict
with the movement of goods and services.
 This theory views government to have participation in
deciding which countries to alter the amount,
composition, and direction of goods.
Three Perspectives on International Trade
1) ECONOMIC LIBERALS – Explain the importance of
free trade and the role of individual’s preference in
choosing economic activity; “government should not
be involved”
 David Ricardo – LAW OF COMPARATIVE
ADVANTAGE (use capital, manpower, or human
resource to our advantage)
 Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations
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  Implementation of the latest General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) agreements
2) MERCANTILISTS – The emerging eras of nation
 A venue for trade negotiations dispute settlement
states and the formation of more central
body responsible for resolving trade problems
governments; “promote our own”
 Review and assess national and international trade
 Higher export than import. (↑export ↓import)
laws and policies
 Export less high valued product and import less
 Assist members and developing economies by
high valued product
providing technical assistance and training programs
 The benefits of colonial powers. (Filipino First
Policy)

WORLD BANK (Four associated agencies)

3) STRUCTURALISTS – This system as part on the  It helps the war-devastated countries by granting
structure of the global capitalism, involves them loans for construction.
exploitation, and transformation in some ways.  International Development Association (IDA) – This
 Core – developed agency focuses on poor and third world economies in
 Semi-peripheral – developing the world by providing financial assistance and load
 Peripheral – least developed program.
 International Finance Corporation (IFC).
 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
Why Countries Engage in International Trade?  International Settlement Centre of Investment
Disputes (ISCID).
• Use of Excess Capacity in Demand – to expand their
market base outside the national territory
• Cost Reduction and Increase of Profit – enables a
firm to increase its profit while reducing its operating INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
costs.  Is responsible in supervising exchange rate system,
• Cheaper Supplies – country imports goods from providing loan programs to economies experiencing
other countries because of inexpensive raw materials balancing payments adjustments, and review
and supplies used for production domestic economic policies.
• Addiction to Product Line – It offers consumer to  Mandated to ensure the stability of the international
choose and by products that are competitive prices, monetary system including exchange rates and
degree of importance, and will offer higher international payments.
satisfaction.
• Reduction of Risk – Importing products is seen as an
alternative to countries that are vulnerable to supply EUROPEAN UNION
shortage.
• Foreign Policy Tool – Enhancing the economic and Core Values
political affiliation of a country is very important in
 Human dignity
sustaining its international status in a global market.
 Freedom
 Democracy
 Equality
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION (MNCS) – was used to  Rule of law
refer to a firm operating in different countries around  Human rights
the world; global/international

Example: Adidas, Unilever

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)
TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS (TNC) – refers to
business organizations and firms that compete in Six Fundamental Principles
regional or global markets; limited to national
i. Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty,
Example: Huawei equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of
all nations;
ii. The right of every State to lead its national existence
Free Trade Area (FTA) warns UNFAIR TRADE is the free from external interference, subversion or
conduct of trade by a business firm or government that coercion;
violates and breaks the international trade agreements iii. Non-interference in the internal affairs of one
that are unjustifiable and discriminatory another;
iv. Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful
manner;
International Economic Institutions and Market v. Renunciation of the threat or use of force;
Integration vi. Effective cooperation among themselves

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)

CHAPTER 3
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 TOPIC 1
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE – process by which nations and
international organizations come together to manage the
global environment for mutual benefit.
THREE EXISTING GAPS AND ISSUES IN GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
1. JURISDICTION GAP – The lack of global governance in
taking actions to problems affecting key sectors arises
from the absence of authority. This involves the need
to create power and jurisdiction to governments and
international organizations that have the
commitment in confronting issues like
unemployment, human rights, peace, and crimes.
 Lack of legal authority and of addressing societal
problems
Examples:
 Government Pays Blind Eye To Blind Children
(Malawi, East Africa) - K240,000 monthly fund was
stopped for the government facility, beyond
minimum wage for the employees, no food source for
the kids and staff, lack of interest to support the
special needs
 Government Turning Blind Eye To New Parents Post-
Covid Needs - lack of health visiting services, lack of
strengthening employment protections fo childcare r
new mothers, refusal to extend leave, refusal to
funding and affordability of parental
2. INCENTIVE GAP – Global governance is formed with
the participation of countries that have the interest
to deal problem affecting their sovereignty. It is an
issue between the rich and poor countries of the
world because of uneven distribution of authority
and control over decisions and policies.
 Need for international cooperation and the
motivation to undertake it.
 Closing as globalization provides increasing
impetus for countries to cooperate.
Example:
 Despite being a regional economic powerhouse in
East Africa, Kenya faces significant challenges in
addressing poverty, disease, and environmental
degradation. One major challenge is the lack of
support from wealthy countries, many of whom
prioritize their own economic growth over global
development.
 Putin said that Ukrainians and Russians are one
people. He sees Ukrainians and Russians as brother
nations and says that because Russia is the older
brother, it should get to be in charge.
3. PARTICIPATION GAP – member states sometimes
disagree on issues that are harmful to their
interests. They do not involve in decisions that are
crucial to the economic and political welfare of their
sovereignty.
 Lack of unity with other countries
Example:
 Underrepresentation of developing countries in
international institutions such as the United Nations
Security Council (UNSC).
 Democrats are generally far more likely than
Republicans to view several concerns – including how
racial and ethnic minorities are treated by the
criminal justice system, the coronavirus outbreak and
unemployment – as very big problems in the country.
TOPIC 2
The kind of political system used by a country has
implications to the success of its economy and the overall
governance.
POLITICAL SYSTEM means the system, or the form of
practice employed by the state. Udayanskar (2012)
identified two dimensions of political system. First, a
country emphasizes the importance of individualism as
opposed to collectivism. Second, a system in which a
country is either democratic or totalitarian in its form of
government.
1. INDIVIDUALISM
 it is a political system that values the significance of
individuals over collective goals.
 Freedom of the people is the primary consideration.
 Government values choices and preferences of its
people at a very personal level.
 It is built in two elements: individual freedom and
expression are important in the sense that individuals
just like state have sovereignty; and the pursuit of
economic interest among individuals.
Example: Australia, United States, United Kingdom
2. COLLECTIVISM
 Is a philosophy that stresses the importance of the
collective goals over individual freedom and
interests.
 The state, as the primary economic manager views
collective action as the best strategy in establishing
the welfare and interest of the nation.
 According to Plato, social stratification must be built
in order for the society and the entire economy and
the government be managed properly and orderly.
Example: China, Japan, Ghana
3. DEMOCRACY
 Democratic institutions and governance focus on the
role of individuals in political decision making.
 The practice of direct participation in modern
societies involves representation, where individuals
periodically elect someone who has the ability to
represent them in the government.
 In a REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY, competitive
elections occur where candidates freely compete for
votes through conduct of fair and honest election.
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 Elected officials are accountable for their actions in
the government and operation of the state.
 CONSTITUTIONAL LAWS are provided to safeguard
the welfare and interest of the people.
Example: Philippines, Canada, Taiwan
4. TOTALITARIANISM
 Is built on the idea that society and citizens have no
right and freedom of expression.
 Totalitarian countries do not recognize the conduct of
fair and honest election, the presence of media, and
civil liberties.
 Decision making of the states is exclusive only on a
single political party if not a ruler who has full
control in the political, economic, and social affairs if
its government.
Example: North Korea, Afghanistan, Eritrea
TOPIC 3
POLITICAL LAYERS AND GEOPOLITICS
States in contemporary world are hungry for power.
POWER is the ultimate goal to contain and control other
states and nations that do not enjoy much power are
considered as powerless states in international arena.
Realists define POWER as capabilities of a country or
state like population of its people, resources, territory,
economic, and military strengths (Chomsky, 2006; Nau,
2008). In a typical discourse, power is described as the
ability of a person, group, or institution to affect the
behavior of others against their will.
In international relations, GEOPOLITICS is defined as a
focus and concentration of a country's location,
environment, and geography as the basis of its national
interests (Nau, 2008). United States and China have ideal
geography because of its vast land and territory, Israel on
the other hand, has struggles when it comes to defending
the territory because it is surrounded by Islam majority
countries. India enjoys its huge territory but have some
challenges when it comes to territorial security and
military relationships with neighboring countries Pakistan
and China.
1. UNILATERALISM – When one country excludes other
nations from intervening in its international affairs.
The economic growth experienced by China and other
emerging economies in the world are dependent on the
American market. On the political angle, American
military power is considered as the most highly valued
military force in the world with billions of dollars annually
spent by the government. Its military presence in some
countries in Asia and Pacific, Middle East and Africa,
Europe and South America is a remarkable manifestation
of its control in global defense operation. However, the
global stability of power enjoyed by the Americans can
only be sustained if it will employ the liberal values of
freedom, democracy, and human rights (Balaam, and
Veseth, 2008).
2. MULTILATERALISM - is when two or more countries
work in partnership
The idea of multilateralism includes Three Powers in
International System.
a. BIPOLAR - it happens if there are only two great
powers dominating the distribution of power.
The Cold War era is fitting example of bipolarity,
the global power was highly contested between
US and USSR.
Example: Bilateral relationship of US and Germany
b. TRI-POLAR or TRI-POLARITY - exists if there are
only three states dominating the distribution if
global order. United States, Japan, and Europe
were considered as potential powers during the
Second World War. They controlled some areas
under the respective military instruments and
interests. In the area global economic power,
Japan, China, and United States are the most
favored nations identified by scholars as the
three leading economic giants of modern time.
Example: China threats Philippines because of the
Philippine Coast Guard. (UK, US, Japan)
c. MULTIPOLAR or MULTI-POLARITY - is situation
when more states are involved in the
distribution of global power. This geological
condition is described as an alignment of the
powerful and emerging powers in the world. The
current situation of the globe could be described
as Multipolar because of state actors joining the
prestige of superpowers. Europe, China, Japan,
Russia, United States, and major alliances are key
players in the distribution of power.
Example: NATO is a security alliance of 30 countries from
America to Europe.
3. ISOLATIONISM
Isolationists believe that major powers and states exclude
the use of force and military in the international system.
War and attacking other nations are unethically
acceptable in the international political economy. It is
already enshrined in the international law. Realist-
isolationist stresses that United States must disengage
itself using military force over other military interests.
 Is when one country is against getting involved
in the political issues
Example: Switzerland remains a neutral country up until
now.
TOPIC 4
GLOBAL POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
UNITED NATIONS
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The United Nations or UN is an international organization
established in 1945 with the League of Nations as its
original body. Currently, the organization has 193-
member states performing various capacities and
divisions. As the world's most powerful binding political
organization, UN can act on the issues confronting
humanity in the 21st century such as peace and security,
climate change, sustainable development, human rights,
disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health
emergencies, gender equality, governance, food
production, and more. UN operates worldwide in
providing aids and support services to global problems in
countries where it is needed.
ORGANS OF UNITED NATIONS (GSEIST)
1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY - this is UNs main deliberative
and decision-making body represented by all its 193
members. The assembly holds general debate from
September - December in its headquarters in New York.
Two thirds of vote are required to decide range of issues
like peace and security, budget, and admission if new
members to the organization.
2. SECURITY COUNCIL - it is responsible in the
maintenance of peace and security. it has the power to
impose sanctions or punish members or other bodies for
the purpose of restoring international peace and security.
3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL - commonly called
as ECOSOC. Its main function is to coordinate, review,
and recommend policies relating to economic, social and
environmental issues. It serves as the main agency of UN
in monitoring and evaluating key results in sustainable
development.
4. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE - ICJ is the
principal body or court of UN. Its role includes setting
legal disputes among concerned states and provides
opinions on legal matters. This is the only UN organ that
operates outside United States with headquarters in the
Peace Palace, Netherlands.
5. THE SECRETARIAT - it is headed by the UN Secretary -
General who sits as its Chief Administrative Officer at the
appointment of the secretary general is done through the
recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year
term. This organ is responsible for the day-to-day work
and operation of the UN including its peacekeeping
mission and thousands of international staff stationed in
different countries.
6. TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL – It was established to
supervise the administration of trust territories as they
transitioned from colonies to sovereign nations. The main
goal of International trusteeship system is to promote the
advancement of the inhabitants of trust territories.
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
Formed in 1949 with the signing of the Washington
Treaty and is a security alliance of 30 countries from
North America and Europe. NATO’s main feature is about
the idea of collective security arrangement.
NATO was formed initially as a political association, and
not a military alliance. Realists argue that during its
proposal in 1949, the idea of collective security
arrangement was the main feature of NATO. Its purpose
was not directed against the threat of Soviet Union but to
strengthen political commitment of governments in
Western Europe. However, liberalists point out the belief
that NATO was established to back up and save the
economic and political problems of Europe from the
damages of war. The economic alliances of Europe's
powerful countries transformed the region as a major
hub in industrialization. Its development transformed
NATO as a conventional military alliance and protected
Europe from the threat of Soviet Union.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION – is responsible for
international public health. They work worldwide to
promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the
vulnerable.
TOPIC 5
ABILITY AWARENESS
The hallmark program of ABILITY Awareness, a non-profit
organization founded in 1995, is the ABILITY House.
Created by ABILITY Awareness, in conjunction with
Habitat for Humanity International, the ABILITY House is
an affordable, accessible home built for a low-income
family where one or more members has a disability. The
unique aspect of the ABILITY House program is in the
utilization of volunteers with disabilities during all phases
of construction emphasizing their abilities and talents.
BENETECH
Benetech is a non-profit organization was founded by
technology entrepreneur JIM FRUCHTERMAN in Palo
Alto, California, under the name of Arkenstone in 1989.
It was initially created to provide reading machines for
blind people.
COMMUNICATIONS COORDINATION COMMITTEE FOR
THE UNITED NATIONS (CCCUN)
Established in 1946 as the Speakers Research Committee
for the United Nations, it is one of the oldest non-
governmental organizations working with the United
Nations. Its early work promoted an increased public
understanding of the structure, objectives, and
accomplishments of the U.N. It provided a bridge
between citizens and the United Nations.
 Its goal is to facilitate the interchange of
information among civil society organizations, the
United Nations, and the public in order to
promote more profound understanding of world
problems, their effective solutions, and rapid
implementation.
DOWN SYNDROME SOCIETY OF KENYA
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DSSK is a non-profit disabled persons organization
working for the rights and welfare of persons living with
Down syndrome. It was registered in 2003 under the
Society’s Act and in 2013 with National Council for
persons with Disability (NCPWD), Kenya. It was
successfully launched on 6th March 2004 with an
overwhelming support from both the private and
corporate world.
ENOSH – THE ISRAELI MENTAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION
promotes the recovery, social inclusion, and rights of
people with a psychosocial disability and their families.
Founded in 1978, Enosh is the largest mental health
organization in Israel delivering comprehensive and
ground-breaking community-based rehabilitation
programs in the domains of supportive housing,
employment, and socialization and family counselling
centers. We also address early intervention efforts
through innovative programs for youth.
CHAPTER 4: GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AND DIVIDE
DEVELOPMENT
 The term development is described as a process,
system, procedure. It is a state or condition of
changing and enhancing something.
 Oxford defines development as "a process and an
event constituting a new stage in a changing
situation.
FOUR DIMENSIONS OF DEVELOPMENT
I. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Indicators:
 Literacy Rate
 Infrastructure
 Internet Access
 Academic Level
 Access to good quality housing
 People shift to agriculture to industry, then
service sector
 Standard of living
 Access to good quality healthcare
II. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
UN's Three Dimensions of Human Development:
DIMENSIONS INDICATORS
Long and healthy life Life expectancy at birth
Knowledge Expected and mean years
of schooling
Decent standard of living Gross National Income
(GNI)
III. TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT
 It refers to the process of improving the economic,
social, and environmental conditions of a specific
geographic area.
 It involves identifying the strengths and weaknesses
of a region, setting goals and strategies to overcome
challenges and maximize opportunities, and
implementing policies and programs to achieve those
goals.
 It is the development of specific (typically sub-
national) portions of territory. These may be an
urban, metropolitan, regional or rural jurisdiction, but
also watershed, coastal, mountainous, border areas,
etc.
 Most often, the term is used to encompass both local
development (narrowly associated with smaller, first-
tier, jurisdictions or even part of them and regional
development, i.e. the development of larger,
intermediate jurisdictions (districts, provinces,
regions, etc.).
It can take many forms, depending on the specific needs
and resources of a region. Some examples include:
 Infrastructure development
 Entrepreneurship promotion
 Natural resource management
 Cultural heritage preservation
INDICATORS
 Human settlements
 Environment and disaster prevention
 Better management and conservation of natural
resources
 Land tenure
 Cadastral surveys conducted in the territories
 Conflicts of tenure and natural resources and
mechanisms for the resolution of said conflicts
 Integration of the National Land Administration
System
 Increase in the population with legal certainty
regarding property
 Sustainability of Municipal Cadastral Units
 Governance and participation
 Integration of LUP in sectoral policies and its
recognition by institutions and the citizenry
 Democratic governance
IV. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 The maintenance and replacement of capital assets.
© claiming uno for ebriwan — misyel
 Maintaining the environmental conditions for the
benefit of the all.
 Resiliency or the ability to adjust and cope with the
changes and crises.
 The avoidance of internal and external debts in the
future.
 Fiscal and political sustainability.
 The ability to hand over the programs and projects to
the decision and control of the citizens.
 FIRST WORLD COUNTRIES – comprised of countries
which have developed economies -account for over
90% of all manufacturing industries in the world
 Countries comprising the North include The United
States, Canada, all countries in Western Europe.
Australia, New Zealand as well as the developed
countries in Asia such as Japan and South Korea.
Causes Of Global Divide

1. GLOBALIZATION IN THE 1990

The 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) to
transform our world: Countries of the global south especially under unstable 39
governments and weak economics failed to produce
GOAL 1: No Poverty
outputs as a response to the internationalization system
GOAL 2: Zero Hunger
of economy and government. There were countries that
GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being
disappear from the pipelines of the global competition.
GOAL 4: Quality Education
Some countries mostly third world shifted its interest
GOAL 5: Gender Equality
through relying to a more powerful economy.
GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy
GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
2. UNEVEN IMMIGRATION
GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality People from Asia targeted Western Europe and America
GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities as ideal point of employment. Developed countries that
GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption and Production are on the height of technological development,
GOAL 13: Climate Action advancement, and high quality of social services became
GOAL 14: Life Below Water the man venues accepting migrants. This trend continues
GOAL 15: Life on Land to happen in the current times where in most countries
GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong Institutions of the global south found this opportunity as an
GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the Goal alternative to the absence of jobs available in the local
economy.
How will the Sustainable Development Goals be
implemented?
3. THE HEGEMONIC NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL
• Resource mobilization and financing strategies are ECONOMIC RELATIONS
fundamental requirements in materializing nationally-
framed and locally-led sustainable development goals. These problems are associated with the abuse of
capitalists who control most of the world's wealth.
• The success of policies and programs of SDGs rely on International institutions that have the power and
the actions and willingness of members-parties and resources are very silent and unresponsive in this
states in aligning their plans with the kind of global problems experiencing countries in the global south.
commitments. Plans initiated and implemented within Countries in the global south are trapped in the hands of
the national level are gauge in how governments respond developed countries where rising financial obligations like
to the demands of SDGs. loam programs are continuously punishing economies of
the south.
• The expected contribution of government, private
sector, civil society groups, and other stakeholders of the
SDGs. The roles of NGOs and CSOs are potentially
advantageous in the attainment of SDGs. These private
entities and organizations perform tasks where
governments fail to act and deliver.

• The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development requires

partnership between the efforts of global community
and national government.

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE is the main driver of achieving

SDGs with the cooperation of national governments who
have commitments and responsibilities this agenda.

GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH

GLOBAL NORTH

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