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Full Download Economics 7th Edition Hubbard Solutions Manual
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3.3 Market Equilibrium: Putting Demand and Supply Together (pages 86–89)
Use a graph to illustrate market equilibrium.
The intersection of demand and supply curves results in an equilibrium price and an
equilibrium quantity.
A surplus exists when the market price is above the equilibrium price. A shortage exists
when the market price is below the equilibrium price.
3.4 The Effect of Demand and Supply Shifts on Equilibrium (pages 90–97)
Use demand and supply graphs to predict changes in prices and quantities.
An increase in demand increases the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity. A decrease
in demand decreases the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity.
An increase in supply decreases equilibrium price and increases the equilibrium quantity.
A decrease in supply increases equilibrium price and decreases the equilibrium quantity.
Key Terms
Ceteris paribus (“all else equal”) condition, Complements, p. 78. Goods and services that
p. 76. The requirement that when analyzing the are used together.
relationship between two variables—such as
price and quantity demanded—other variables Demand curve, p. 74. A curve that shows the
must be held constant. relationship between the price of a product and
the quantity of the product demanded.
Competitive market equilibrium, p. 87. A
market equilibrium with many buyers and sellers.
Demand schedule, p. 74. A table that shows the Quantity demanded, p. 74. The amount of a
relationship between the price of a product and good or service that a consumer is willing and
the quantity of the product demanded. able to purchase at a given price.
Demographics, p. 78. The characteristics of a Quantity supplied, p. 82. The amount of a good
population with respect to age, race, and gender. or service that a firm is willing and able to
supply at a given price.
Income effect, p. 75. The change in the quantity
demanded of a good that results from the effect Shortage, p. 88. A situation in which the
of a change in the good’s price on consumers’ quantity demanded is greater than the quantity
purchasing power. supplied.
Inferior good, p. 77. A good for which the Substitutes, p. 77. Goods and services that can
demand increases as income falls and decreases be used for the same purpose.
as income rises.
Substitution effect, p. 75. The change in the
Law of demand, p. 75. The rule that states that, quantity demanded of a good that results from a
holding everything else constant, when the price change in price, making the good more or less
of a product falls, the quantity demanded of expensive relative to other goods that are
the product will increase, and when the price substitutes.
of a product rises, the quantity demanded of the
product will decrease. Supply curve, p. 83. A curve that shows the
relationship between the price of a product and
Law of supply, p. 83. The rule that states that, the quantity of the product supplied.
holding everything else constant, increases in
price cause increases in the quantity supplied, Supply schedule, p. 83. A table that shows the
and decreases in price cause decreases in the relationship between the price of a product and
quantity supplied. the quantity of the product supplied.
Market demand, p. 74. The demand by all the Surplus, p. 88. A situation in which the quantity
consumers of a given good or service. supplied is greater than the quantity demanded.
Chapter Outline
How Smart Is Your Water?
Between 2004 and 2016, sales of carbonated beverages such as Coke and Pepsi declined by more than
25 percent, while sales of bottled water increased by more than 50 percent. In 1994, Pepsi responded to
increased demand for bottled water by introducing Aquafina water. In 1999, Coke introduced Dasani
water. Other companies in the bottled water market have limited Coke and Pepsi to less than 20 percent of
that market. By 2017, Pepsi introduced LIFEWTR and Coke introduced smartwater, premium waters that
sell for higher prices than other brands. But the firms faced competition from brands such as Nestlé’s
Perrier and Danone’s Evian. Although competition is not good news for firms such as Coke and Pepsi, it
increases choices of available products and lowers prices for consumers.
Only in the last few years has the law required every child
attending an elementary school to be physically examined on
entering and leaving and, therefore, statistics on the health of school
children in England are only now available. About a million and a
half children are now examined annually. The report of Sir George
Newman, chief medical officer of the Board of Education for 1911,
has just been issued. It shows the condition of 186,652 children in
thirteen counties and sixteen urban areas and is far from
satisfactory. Only in one urban area did the percentage of “good”
nutrition reach 45, and from this figure it ranged down as low as 3.8.
Of 200,000 children examined in London more than half were found
to be defective and over 78,000 were recommended for treatment.
According to this report the malnutrition is due in the great majority
of cases to ignorance of the relative value of foodstuffs and the means
of using them economically, and only in the minority to poverty.
About .5 per cent of the children are feeble-minded and of these
about one-seventh are of such low grade as to be uneducable.
That the people are coming to favor taxing themselves for public
measures to control tuberculosis is indicated by a referendum vote
on the establishment of a county tuberculosis hospital in eight towns
of St. Lawrence county, New York. The public health committee of
the board of supervisors failed to draw up a question to be voted
upon in all the towns of the county as instructed by the board. But
eight town supervisors took an informal vote on the question. The
question carried in all eight towns. The ballots stood more than three
to one in the affirmative. This is the first time that this question has
been submitted to a vote of the people in New York state. Three of
the towns are distinctly rural and only one of the eight communities
is a city.
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