Chapter 08

Methods of Analysis

Source:
C-C Tsai Circuit Analysis: Theory and Practice Delmar Cengage Learning

Outline
 Source Conversion
 Mesh Analysis
 Nodal Analysis
 Delta-Wye (-Y) Conversion
 Bridge Networks

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 Linear and Nonlinear V-I Curves
I V/R
Ohm’ Law
R may be thermistor
I=V/R
or photocell
R is fixed

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Constant Current Sources

 Maintains same current in branch of circuit
 Regardless of how components are

connected external to the source

 Direction of current source indicates direction
of current flow in branch
For example:
Calculate the voltage Vs across current source I
if the resistor is 100 Ω
Vs = I *R
= 2 * 100
= 200 V
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 Example: Constant Current Sources
Determine VS

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Example: Constant Current Sources

Determine the voltage VS and currents I1 and I2

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 Source Conversions
 Ideal current source I
 Infinite shunt (parallel) resistance Rs = ∞

 Real current source I

 Some shunt (parallel) resistance Rs

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Source Conversions
If internal resistance of a source is considered:
 Voltage source may be converted to current source

 Calculate current from E/RS , RS does not change,

and place current source and resistor in parallel
 Current source may be converted to voltage source

 E = I RS and place voltage source in series with

resistor

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 Current and Voltage Sources Exchange
 A load connected to a voltage source or its
equivalent current
 Should have same voltage and current for either
source
 Although sources are equivalent
 Currents and voltages within sources may differ
 Sources are only equivalent external to
terminals

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Voltage Source  Current Source

Determine IL

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 Current Source  Voltage Source
Determine IL

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Current Sources in Parallel and Series

 Current sources in parallel

 Simply add together algebraically

 Add magnitude currents in one direction

 Subtract magnitude currents in opposite direction

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 Noted: Current Sources in Parallel and Series

Current sources with different values

 Never place in series and This violates KCL

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Example1: Current Sources in Parallel and Series

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 Example2: Current Sources in Parallel and Series

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Branch Current Analysis

 Used for circuits having more than one source
 Use different methods of analysis
 Begin by arbitrarily assigning current directions in
each branch
 Label polarities of the voltage drops across all
resistors
Step0: Assume all the current I1, I2, …
Step1: Write KVL around all loops
Step2: Apply KCL at enough nodes
so all branches have been included
Step3: Solve resulting equations
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 Example1: Branch Current Analysis
 From KVL:
6 - 2I1 + 2I2 - 4 = 0
4 - 2I2 - 4I3 + 2 = 0
 From KCL:
I3 = I1 + I2
 Solve simultaneous
equations

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Example2: Branch Current Analysis

 Loop badb:
- 2I2 + 3I3 - 8 = 0

 Loop bacb:
- 2I2 + I4 - 6 = 0

 Node a:
I3 + I4 = 5 + I2

 Solve simultaneous
equations

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 Ex0 using Source Conversions
R1 R3

2Ω 4Ω
R2
2Ω V3 + U1
V1 2V 3.6 V
-
6V
V2
DC 10MOhm
4V

R4 R6 R5 + U2
I1 I2 I3 V
2Ω 2Ω 4Ω 3.6
3A 2A 0.5 A -

DC 10MOhm

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Mesh Analysis
Step0: Arbitrarily assign a clockwise current
to each interior closed loop (Mesh)
Step1: Indicate voltage polarities across
all resistors
Step2: Write KVL equations
Step3: Solve resulting simultaneous
equations

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 Example1: Mesh Analysis
 Assign loop currents and voltage polarities
 Using KVL: 6 - 2I1 - 2I1 + 2I2 - 4 = 0
4 - 2I2 + 2I1 - 4I2 + 2 = 0
 Simplify and solve equations

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Example2: Mesh Analysis

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 Example3: Mesh Analysis

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Example4: Mesh Analysis

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 Example5: Mesh Analysis

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Nodal Analysis
Step0: Assign a reference node within circuit
and indicate node as ground
 Convert voltage sources to current sources
 Arbitrarily assign a current direction to each branch
where there is no current source
Step1: Assign voltages V1, V2, etc. to
remaining nodes
Step2: Apply KCL to all nodes except
reference node
 Rewrite each current in terms of voltage
Step3: Solve resulting equations for voltages
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 Example0: Nodal Analysis
 Assign voltage at node v1, then using KVL
(V1-6)/2 + (V1-4)/2 + (V1-(-2))/4= 0

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Example1: Nodal Analysis

Using KCL for nodes V1 and V2

200mA+50mA = I1+I2
200mA+I2 = 50mA+I3
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 Example2: Nodal Analysis

Using KCL for nodes V1 and V2

I1+I2 = 2A
3A+I2 = I3+I4

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Example3: Nodal Analysis

Using KCL for nodes V1 and V2

V1/3+(V1-V2)/5+6 = 1
V2/4+(V2-V1)/5+2+1 = 0

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 Example4: Nodal Analysis

Using KCL for nodes V1 and V2

V1/5K+V1/3K+(V1-V2)/4K+3mA = 2mA
V2/2K+(V2-V1)/4K = 2mA
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Example5: Nodal Analysis

Determine voltages V1 and V2

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 Delta-Wye (-Y) Conversion
 Resistors connected to a point of Y
 Obtained by finding product of resistors connected to same
point in Delta
 Divided by sum of all Delta resistors

R1=(RC*RB) / (RA+RB+RC)

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Example: Y Conversion

 Given a Delta circuit with resistors of 30, 60, and 90 
 Resulting Y circuit will have resistors of 10, 15, and 30 

R1=(30*60) / (30+60+90) = 10
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 Wye-Delta Conversions
 A Delta resistor is found:
 Taking sum of all two-product combinations of Y
resistor values
 Divided by resistance of Y directly opposite
resistor being calculated

C-C Tsai RA=(R1R2+R2R3+R1R3) /R1 35

Example1: Y Conversions

 For a Y circuit having resistances of 2.4, 3.6, and 4.8 K
 Resulting Delta resistors will be 7.8, 10.4, and 15.6 K 

RA=(3.6K*2.4K+2.4K*4.8K+4.8K*3.6K) /4.8K = 7.8K

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 Example2: Y- Conversions

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Bridge Networks
 Three same equivalent bridge networks
 Balanced bridge: R1R4 = R2R3 and IR5=0
 Unbalanced bridge: R1R4  R2R3 and IR50

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 Examples: Bridge Networks
 Balanced bridge:
30*240 = 60*120
R1R4 = R2R3 and IR5=0

 Unbalanced bridge:
20*80  40*60
R1R4  R2R3 and IR50

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Example: Bridge Networks

 Balanced bridge:
3*24 = 6*12
R1R4 = R2R3 and IR5=0
 R5 can be replaced with
an open circuit or
a short circuit.

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 Example: Bridge Networks
Unbalanced bridge:
6*3  12*3  R1R4  R2R3 and IR50
Mathod1：Using mesh analysis with KVL

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Example: Bridge Networks

Unbalanced bridge:
6*3  12*3  R1R4  R2R3 and IR50
Mathod2： Using node analysis with KCL

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 Example: Bridge Networks
Unbalanced bridge:
6*3  12*3
Mathod3： Using Y
conversion

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Kernel abilities
1. Can use Mesh Analysis for solving the unknown
voltage and current of a circuit.

2. Can use Nodal Analysis for solving the unknown

voltage and current of a circuit.

3. Can use Delta-Wye (-Y) Conversion for solving the

unknown voltage and current of a circuit.

4. Can recognize a Bridge circuit whether is balance or

unbalance and solve the unknown voltage and
current.

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 Problem 14
Determine the voltage Vab

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Problem 21
Determine the current I2

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 Problem 47
Determine the current I

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