Datos del Estudiante Nota

Nombre: PONCE RIVERA OLDRICH ALEXANDER

Materia: MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

Carrera: Pedagogía de los

Idiomas Nacionales y Fecha: 04-12-2023
Extranjeros
2
Tarea Nro.

MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX

 LEXEMES AND WORD FORMS:

Lexeme:
A lexeme is an abstract unit of meaning in a language. It represents the common basic meaning of a set
of word forms belonging to the same word family and includes the various grammatical forms of a
word, including its basic or root form and all of its inflectional and derived forms.

word form:
Verb form refers to the specific implementation of a lexeme in a particular grammatical or
morphological context. Word forms can include the basic or root form of a word as well as its
inflections, derivations, and inflections to correspond to specific grammatical categories.

 PROSODIC WORD AND SENTENCE STRUCTURE:

Prosodic word “prosodic word” is a linguistic unit characterized by rhythmic and

intonational patterns, emphasizing stress, pitch and tense rather than strict
grammatical or lexical criteria. It plays a crucial role in conveying meanings,
emotions and nuances in spoken language and contributes to the overall rhythm and
melody of the language. Prosodic words are important in phonology and prosody
and influence the way listeners interpret and understand spoken communication.
  SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Sentence structure refers to how words are organized to form grammatically correct
sentences. There are several types including simple, compound, complex and
compound-complex.It plays a crucial role in communication and influences the
clarity and overall flow of speech.

 COMPOUNDING

It involves combining two or more words to create a new word with a different
meaning. Although suffixes are usually associated with affixes, compound words can
contain suffixes that change the grammatical or semantic function of the resulting
compound word. However, the primary linking mechanism is whole-word linking,
which allows the creation of new and expressive terms. Examples include compound
nouns like “library,” compound adjectives like “sustainable,” and compound verbs
like “underestimate.”

 CONVERSION

These are morphological elements added to words to change their grammatical

category without changing their basic form. Examples are “-ize” (e.g. from
“modernization” to “modernization”), “-ify” (e.g., “intensify” for “intensify”), “-en”
(e.g. “reinforce” for “strengthen”) and “-ment” (e.g. “establish” for
“establish”).These suffixes play a role in linguistic processes and allow flexibility in
the use of words and the transformation of categories. However, keep in mind that
not all languages use conversion suffixes and the process for changing word
categories may vary depending on the language system.

 MORPHOSYNTAX

It is a linguistic concept that combines morphology and syntax. Morphology deals

with the internal structure of words, focusing on morphemes and their formation.
Syntax, on the other hand, examines the structure of sentences, including word
order and grammatical relationships. Morphosyntax studies how the internal
structure of words influences their function in sentences and how morphological
elements interact with syntax to create grammatical structures. Morphosyntax is
important for understanding how the components of language come together to
give meaning to sentences.
  PARADIGM
They play a key role in both morphology and syntax. The morphological paradigm consists of
related word forms that have a common basis but differ in grammatical features such as tense,
number or case. For example, verb conjugations (am, are, is) and noun declensions (cat, cats) are
morphological paradigms. In syntax, the syntactic paradigm includes groups of structures or
sentence structures that have similar grammatical functions or meanings, such as different types of
questions orsentence forms.

• TYPES OF PARADIGM

Inflection paradigm: Change basic words to retain grammatical information (e.g. tense,
number).
Derived paradigm:Create new words by adding prefixes or suffixes to a base word.
Paradigms of morphological typology:Classifies languages based on word formation and
grammatical expressions.
Morphophonemic paradigm:Investigate changes in the sounds of morphemes under the
influence of phonological rules.
Zero transformation paradigm:Displays grammatical categories without explicit
morphological markers.
Complex Paradigm:Create new words by combining existing words.duplication
paradigm:Repeats part or all of a word to convey specific meanings.

 ALLOMORPH

Refers to a different phonetic form of a morpheme, which is a unit of meaning. This variation in
sound and spelling occurs without changing the underlying meaning. The term "allomorph" is used
to characterize the expression of the phonological differences of a particular morpheme.
  TYPES OF ALLOPHORM

Additive allomorphs: morphemes that are phonologically similar.

Suppletive allomorphs: morphemes that are phonologically different.
Zero allomrphs: morphemes that have no change.
Replacive allomorphs: morphemes that have an infix or internal change of word.

• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WORD AND ALLOMORPH

Word is a language-independent unit with an independent meaning, while an allomorph is a variation of a

morpheme that represents different phonetic realizations without changing the basic meaning. Words can
undergo different inflections and derivations, while allomorphy specifically refers to context-dependent
changes in morphemes. Words are complete linguistic units, while allomorphs are the components that
make up the meaning of a morpheme.

 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A ALLOPHONES AND AN ALLOMORPHS

Allophones and allomorphs are linguistic concepts that involve variations in language elements:

Allophones:
Different pronunciations of the same phoneme.
Analyzed at the phonetic level.
Do not change word meaning and are influenced by phonetic context.

Allomorphs:

Different forms of a morpheme with different phonological or morphological realizations.

Analyzed at the morphological level.
They contribute to the meaning of morphemes, with differences influenced by morphological or
phonological conditions.

 LEXICAL AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHEMES

Lexical Morphemes:
Carry the core meaning of words.
Include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.
Contribute to the content and substance of a message.

Functional Morphemes:
Serve grammatical or functional roles.
Include articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, and auxiliary verbs.
Contribute to the organization and structure of language, indicating relationships and grammatical features.

 MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION

It is a linguistic analysis of language structure and vocabulary. The goal is to identify and classify
morphemes, the smallest units of meaning, and to study how they combine to form words. The main
aspects of morphological description are the separation of lexical and grammatical morphemes, the
analysis of inflectional and derivational morphology, the study of allomorphy, the classification of words,
the study of compound words and the search for irregularities. This discipline allows us to understand the
systematic regularities and exceptions that govern vocabulary, which helps us understand the internal
structure of words in a language.

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