w to xam-tyl qutio

ptio B
1 ✓ = 1 mark
1 a i The orces are as shown in the let diagram:

F T F T
8.0 m 30˚ 8.0 m 30˚

W W

The perpendicular distance between the axis and the line o the tension orce is L sin 30°. ✓
Rotational equilibrium by taking torques about an axis through the point o support gives:
L
W × = TL sin 30° ✓
2
Hence W = T = 15 kN . ✓
ii Translational equilibrium gives: T cos 30° = Fx and T sin 30° + Fy = 15 kN . ✓

Hence T cos 30° = Fx = 12.99 ≈ 13 kN and Fy = 7.5 kN so that the magnitude o F is

F = 12.99 2 + 7.52 = 15 kN . ✓
7.5
And the direction to the horizontal is θ = tan −1 = 30° . ✓
12.99
b The critical case is when the worker stands all the way to the right. ✓
L
Rotational equilibrium in this case gives: W × + mgL = TL sin 30°. ✓
2
Solving or the tension gives: T = 16.7 ≈ 17 kN . ✓
2 a The orces are shown in the diagram and they are the weight o the cylinder, mg. ✓
The normal reaction, N, ✓
A rictional orce f. ✓
N

mg
θ

b i Newton’s second law or the translational motion down the plane is Mg sin θ − f = Ma . ✓
For the rotational motion by taking torques about the axis through the centre o mass is
1  1
fR =  MR 2  α = MRa ✓
2  2
1
Mg sin θ − Ma = Ma ✓
2
From which the result ollows.

hscs fr he B D © cBrDge Unvers ress 2015 Answers to exAm-style questions – option b 1
 2
ii f = Mg sin θ − Ma = 12 × 9.8 × sin 30° − 12 × × 9.8 × sin 30° = 19.6 ≈ 20 N ✓
3
c The rate o change o the angular momentum is the net torque. ✓
And this is fR = 19.6 × 0.20 = 3.92 ≈ 4.0 Nm . ✓
3 a i When the ring makes contact with the disc and while it is sliding, it exerts a rictional orce on the disc but
the disc exerts equal and opposite orce on the ring. ✓
Hence the net torque is zero and hence angular momentum is conserved. ✓
1 1
ii The initial angular momentum o the disc is L = I ω = MR 2ω = × 4.00 × 0.300 2 × 42.0 = 7.56 Js . ✓
2 2
1
Ater the ring lands the total angular momentum is L = × 4.00 × 0.300 2 × ω + 2.00 × 0.300 2 × ω . ✓
2
1
Hence × 4.00 × 0.300 × ω + 2.00 × 0.300 × ω = 7.56 Js which gives ω = 21 rad s−1 . ✓
2 2
2
1 2 1 1 2 2
iii The initial kinetic energy is E K = I ω = ×  × 4.00 × 0.300  × 42.0 = 158.776 J . ✓
2 2 2
1 1  1
The fnal is E K = ×  × 4.00 × 0.300 2  × 21.0 2 + × ( 2.00 × 0.300 2 ) × 21.0 2 = 79.38 J leading to a loss o
2 2  2
79.38 ≈ 79.4 J . ✓
∆ ω 21.0
b i α= = = 7.00 rad s−2 ✓
∆ t 3.00
1 1
ii θ = αt 2 = × 7.00 × 3.00 2 = 31.5 rad ✓
2 2
31.5
Which is = 5.0 revolutions. ✓
2π
∆L
iii Γ = ✓
∆t
2.00 × 0.300 2 × 21.0
Γ= = 1.26 N m ✓
3.00
iv It is equal and opposite to that on the ring. ✓
Because the orce on the ring is equal and opposite to that on the disc. ✓
1
c The change in the kinetic energy o the ring is × (2.00 × 0.300 2 ) × 21.0 2 = 39.69 J . ✓
2
39.69
And so the power developed is = 13.2 W. ✓
3.00
21.0
(This can also be done through P = Γω = 1.26 × = 13.2 W .)
2
5
4 a i The temperature at B doubled at constant volume so the pressure also doubles at pB = 4.00 × 10 Pa . ✓
ii From pV = c and pV = nRT we fnd p− T = c ′ . ✓
5 2 5
3 3 3

Hence (4.00 × 105 )− × (600) = (2.00 × 105 )− × TC leading to TC = 455 K. ✓

2 5 2 5
3 3 3 3

nRTB 1.00 × 8.31 × 300

iii The volume at B is V B = = = 1.246 × 10−2 ≈ 1.25 × 10−2 m 3 . ✓
pB 2.00 × 105
V B VC T 455
And so = ⇒ VC = V B C = 1.246 × 10−2 × = 1.890 × 10−2 ≈ 1.89 × 10−2 m 3 . ✓
TB TC TB 300

2 Answers to exAm-style questions – option b hscs fr he B D © cBrDge Unvers ress 2015
 3 3
b i ∆ U AB = Rn ∆T = + × 8.31 × 1.00 × 300 ✓
2 2
∆ U AB = +3739 ≈ +3.74 × 10 3 J ✓
ii This happens rom C to A: W = − p∆V = 2.00 × 105 × (1.25 − 1.89) × 10−2 = −1280 J and the change in
3 3
internal energy is ∆ U AB = Rn∆ T = × 8.31 × 1.00 × (300 − 455) = −1932 J . ✓
2 2
Hence Q = ∆ U + W = −1932 − 1280 = −3212 ≈ −3.21 × 10 3 J . ✓
c Any heat engine working in a cycle cannot transorm all the heat into mechanical work. ✓
And this engine rejects heat into the surroundings as it should. ✓
5 a i A curve along which no heat is exchanged. ✓
ii An adiabatic expansion involves a piston moving outwards ast. ✓
Hence molecules bounce back rom the piston with a reduced speed and hence lower temperature. ✓
b The product pressure × volume is constant or an isothermal. ✓
This is the case or points A and C (product is 100 J). ✓
5 −3 3
And the same is true or any other point on the curve, or example at p = 2.00 × 10 Pa, V = 0.50 × 10 m . ✓
VA VB V
c i = ⇒ TB = TA B ✓
TA TB VA
0.38
TB = 300 × = 570 K ✓
0.20
At C TC = 300 K since AC is isothermal. ✓
pV 5.00 × 105 × 0.20 × 10−3
ii Using data at A: n = = ✓
RT 8.31 × 300
n = 4.01 × 10−2 ✓
d i Energy is transerred out o the gas along C to A. ✓
From Q = ∆U + W and ∆ U = 0 we fnd Q = −160 J . ✓
5 −3
ii This happens rom A to B: W = 5.00 × 10 × (0.38 − 0.20) × 10 = 90 J and
3
∆ U = × 8.31 × 4.01 × 10−2 × (570 − 300) = 135 J . ✓
2
And so Q = 135 + 90 = 225 J . ✓
iii W BC = −∆ U BC (since BC is an adiabatic). ✓
And ∆ U BC = −∆ U AB = −135 (since AC is an isothermal). ✓
OR
Since or the whole cycle ∆ U = 0 , the net work is Qin − Qout = 225 − 160 = 65 J . ✓
And Wnet = W AB + W BC + WCA ⇒ 128 = 90 + W BC − 160 ⇒ W BC = 198 J . ✓
Wnet 65
iv The eciency is e = = = 0.290 . ✓
Qin 225
nRT
6 a For an adiabatic, pV = c and since V =
5
3
.✓
5
p
 nRT  3

we fnd p   = c. ✓
 p 
 nRT 5 3
Raising to the 3rd power gives p 3   = c and so the result. ✓
 p 
T5 3205 T5
b i From = constant we fnd = .✓
p2 (2.0 × 105 )2 (2.0 × 106 )2

hscs fr he B D © cBrDge Unvers ress 2015 Answers to exAm-style questions – option b 3
 2

 2.0 × 106 5

T = 320 ×  5  = 803.8 ≈ 800 K ✓

 2.0 × 10 

ii From pV = constant we fnd. ✓

5
3

 2.0 × 105  5

V = 6 ×
0.40 = 0.10 m 3 ✓
 2.0 × 10 

pV 2.0 × 105 × 0.40

c The number o moles is n = = = 30. ✓
RT 8.31 × 320
3 3
∆U = Rn∆ T = × 8.31 × 30 × (804 − 320) ✓
2 2
∆ U = 0.181 MJ ✓
7 Delineate a rectangular region in the liquid whose top surace is the ree surace o the liquid and has area A. ✓

Equilibrium demands that weight = net upward orce. ✓

In other words that ρ Ahg = pA − p0 A . ✓
From which the result ollows.
b i In ree all gravity “disappears” and so the pressure is just the atmospheric pressure. ✓
ii When the liquid accelerates upwards there is an additional orce pushing the liquid upwards and so the
pressure increases. ✓
c A body immersed in a uid experiences an upward orce that is equal to the weight o the displaced liquid. ✓
d i Equilibrium demands that ρ woodVg = ρ water × 0.75Vg . ✓
Hence ρ wood = ρ water × 0.75 = 750 kg m −. ✓
ii Equilibrium demands that ρ woodVg = ρoil × 0.82Vg . ✓
ρ wood 750
Hence ρoil = = = 914.6 ≈ 910 kg m −. ✓
0.82 0.82
1
8 a i p0 + ρ gz = p0 + ρv 2 hence v = 2 gz ✓
2
v = 2 × 9.8 × (220 + 40) = 71.4 ≈ 71 m s−1 ✓
ii That the ow is laminar, ✓
and there are no losses o energy. ✓
b The ow rate is given by Q = Av = π R 2 v . ✓
2 3 −1
Hence Q = π × (0.25) × 71.4 = 14 m s ✓
c i p = p0 + ρ gh = 1.0 × 105 + 1000 × 9.8 × 40 ✓
p = 4.9 × 105 Pa ✓
1
ii The pressure is given by p0 + ρ gz = p + ρv 2 where the speed can be ound rom the ow rate (i.e. the
2
continuity equation) π × (0.65)2 × v = 14.02 ≈ 14 m 3 s−1. ✓

4 Answers to exAm-style questions – option b hscs fr he B D © cBrDge Unvers ress 2015
 i.e, v =10.56 ≈ 11 ms-1. ✓
And hence
1 1
p = p0 + ρ gz − ρv 2 = 1.0 × 105 + 1000 × 9.8 × 40 − × 1000 × 10.56 2 = 4.36 × 105 ≈ 4.4 × 105 Pa ✓
2 2

d The speed at depth h is v = 2 gh . ✓

The ow rate is Q = Av = π R 2 2 gh and has to equal 0.40 m3s-1. ✓

1  0.40 2 1  0.40 2
Hence h =   =   = 7.2 m . ✓
2 g  π R2  2 × 9.8  π × 0.032 

9 a The let side is connected to the holes in the tube past which the air moves ast. ✓
Hence the pressure there is low and the liquid is higher. ✓
b Call the pressure at the top o the let column pL and that on the right pR . Then
1 1 2
pL + ρair gz + ρv L2 = pR + ρair gz + ρv R and with v L = 0; v R = v , ✓
2 2
2( pL − pR )
it becomes v = .✓
ρair
But pL − pR = ρ gh which gives the result. ✓

2 ρ gh 2 × 920 × 9.8 × 0.25

c v= = .✓
ρair 1.20
v = 61.3 ≈ 61 m s−1. ✓
10 a Smooth streamlines. ✓
Closer together above the aerooil. ✓
1 1 2 1 2 1 2
b i From pL + ρ gz + ρv L2 = pU + ρ gz + ρv U we obtain ∆ p = pL − pU = ρv U − ρv L . ✓
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 2
Hence F = A∆ p = A( ρv U − ρv L ) = 8.0 × × 1.20 × (85 − 58 ) = 18.53 ≈ 19 kN . ✓
2 2 2
ii That the area above and below the oil are equal/that the ow is laminar. ✓
c The net upward orce on the oil is about 16 kN and this is an estimate o the downward orce on the uselage. ✓
Ignoring eects o torque. ✓
d i The streamlines are no longer smooth but become eddy like and chaotic. ✓
ii Everywhere on the top side o the aerooil and especially to the right. ✓
iii It will be drastically reduced. ✓
11 a In undamped oscillations the energy is constant and so the amplitude stays the same. ✓
In damped oscillations energy is dissipated and the amplitude keeps getting smaller. ✓
b i 8.0 s ✓
ii Correct readings o amplitudes. ✓
26 2
Q = 2π 2 ✓
26 − 22 2
Q ≈ 22 ✓
c i Amplitude reducing more every cycle. ✓
Period staying essentially unchanged/very slightly increases. ✓
ii It will decrease. ✓

hscs fr he B D © cBrDge Unvers ress 2015 Answers to exAm-style questions – option b 5
 y / cm 30

20

10

0 t/s
5 10 15 20 25 30

–10

–20

–30

5.0
d Q = 2π ✓
5.0 − 4.6
Q ≈ 79 ✓
12 a All oscillating systems have their own natural requency o oscillation. ✓
When a periodic external orce is applied to the system the amplitude o oscillation will depnd on the relation
o the external requency to the natural requency. ✓
The amplitude will be large when the requency o the external orce is the same as the natural requency in
which case we have resonance external. ✓
b Wider and lower curve. ✓
With peak shited slightly to the right. ✓
See curve in blue.
A

6 Answers to exAm-style questions – option b hscs fr he B D © cBrDge Unvers ress 2015
 c i Same intersection point. ✓
Less steep. ✓
See curve in blue.
θ / rad π

π
2

0
0 5 10 15 20
f / Hz

ii 10 Hz ✓

hscs fr he B D © cBrDge Unvers ress 2015 Answers to exAm-style questions – option b 7