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Participatory Design and Prototyping

Wendy E Mackay, Michel Beaudouin-Lafon

Handbook of Human Computer Interaction, 1-33, 2023

Participatory design actively involves users throughout the design process, from initial
discovery of their needs to the final assessment of the system. As in all forms of interaction
design, this requires two complementary processes: generating new ideas that expand the
design space, and selecting specific ideas, thus contracting the design space. Interaction
designers create prototypes that help them generate and explore this space of possibilities,
ideally with the ongoing participation of users. Successful prototypes represent different
aspects of the system that highlight specific design questions. We classify prototypes
based on: Representation, which refers to their physical form, ranging from paper,
cardboard or foam mock-ups to complete software or hardware simulations; Precision,
which refers to the level of detail, ranging from simple hand-drawn sketches or physical
mock-ups to polished computer-generated images or 3D printed objects; Interactivity,
which refers to the level of interaction possible, ranging from no interaction, such as a
video scenario, to partial interaction, when a designer "walks through" a scenario, to fully
interactive, either simulating interaction with the Wizard-of-Oz method or trying an
operational software or hardware prototype; Life cycle, which refers to the expected
evolution of the prototype, from "throw away" prototypes in the earliest design phase to
successively more developed prototypes in later design phases, to actual components of
the final system; and Scope, which refers to the aspects of the final system covered by the
prototype, including breadth-first horizontal prototypes, depth-first vertical prototypes, or
path-based story prototypes. This chapter explains how to create and use these different
kinds of prototypes, with examples selected from key phases of the interaction design
process.

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What Is Participatory Design?

Susanne Bødker, Christian Dindler, Ole S Iversen, Rachel C Smith

Participatory Design, 5-13, 2022

Participatory Design, User-Centered Design, People Centered Design, User-oriented
Design, Hu-man-Centered Design, Contextual Design, Co-design, Cooperative Design,
Experience Design, or just simply Interaction Design. The literature on design approaches
that incorporate elements of people engagement in design of computer technologies is
promoted under different headings and in different research communities. Being new to
design approaches, the differences between these different trajectories might seem
confusing and perhaps even insignificant in relation to a design task at hand. However,
there is a very good reason for seeking alignment between the approach you choose and
the design task at hand. In the following, we will continue to extract the defining elements
of Participatory Design. We do this to provide an overview of Participatory Design, to
emphasize its uniqueness, and to point ahead to other chapters for further explanations of
concepts, history, methods, and domains of application.

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Participatory Design: An Overview

Morten Hertzum, Claus Bossen

Human-Computer Interaction: User Experience Methods and Tools, 2023

Participatory design (PD) emerged in the 1970s as an approach that advocated the right of
those affected by information technology to have a say in decisions about its design. From
these origins, PD has introduced stimulating ideas about the direct involvement of people
in co-designing their systems and spawned tools for accomplishing this involvement. This
chapter starts with a brief account of the origins of PD in Scandinavia and North America
and then goes on to describe four defining principles of PD. These principles are genuine
participation, collaboratively envisioning the future, mutual learning, and change that is
meaningful locally and beyond. After that, the two main sections of the chapter cover
frameworks and tools. The chapter briefly reviews an established framework for designing
workplace technologies and discusses emerging frameworks for designing community
technologies. The tools employed in these and other PD frameworks include future
workshops, ethnography, in-situ interviews, observation, company visits, cooperative
prototyping, and facilitation. These seven tools are described. PD is a reflective approach
that has evolved considerably over the half century it has existed. The chapter concludes
with a discussion of major themes in those reflections and evolutions
DOIT: The Design of Interactive Things. Selected
methods for quickly and effectively designing
interactive systems from the user’s perspective
Wendy E Mackay

Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing

Systems, 1-3, 2023

The Design of Interactive Things teaches participants how to quickly and effectively design
innovative interactive systems from the user’s perspective. Intended for both UX designers
and HCI researchers, the course provides a coherent overview of the interaction design
process, with detailed descriptions of four key design methods: story interviews, video
brainstorming, video prototyping, and generative walkthroughs. Participants will apply
these methods to design a novel interactive system, using materials and tools provided in
the course. Each method has been tested in both industry and research settings, and is
especially appropriate for participatory co-design with users.