Automotive Internal

Combustion Engines

Lecture: Mixture preparation in SI Engines

Dr. Muhammad Ali Shahbaz

Fuel metering system

 to prepare such a mixture inside the cylinder from ambient air, and fuel in
the tank, that satisfies the requirements of the engine over its entire
operating regime
 In practice, the constraints of emissions control may dictate a different
mixture composition from this ideal, and may also require a fraction of the
exhaust gases to be recycled (EGR—exhaust gas recirculation)
 The relative proportions of fuel and air that provide the lowest fuel
consumption, smooth reliable operation, and satisfy the emissions
requirements, at the required power level, depend on engine speed and
load.
 While the fuel metering system is designed to provide the appropriate
fuel flow for the actual air flow at each speed and load, the relative
proportions of fuel and air can be stated more generally in terms of the
relative air/fuel ratio λ, or the fuel/air equivalence ratio ϕ

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Range of ignitable mixture

SI Engine
1. External mixture formation
(in the carburetor)
2. Homogeneous fuel-air mixture
3. Controlled external ignition
(direct)
4. Quantity control
(Load control or
Throttling control of mixture)
5. Range of ignitable mixtures
0.7 <  < 1.7
(operating range 0.8 <  < 1.3)
CI Engine
1. Internal mixture formation
(by fuel injection)
2. Heterogeneous fuel-air mixture
3. Internal self ignition
(no direct control)
4. Quality control
(Quality of mixture is changed
by changing the air/fuel ratio)
5. Range of ignitable mixtures
?<<?
(operating range 0.5 <  < 0.8)

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 Typical mixture requirements for two operating strategies.
A, optimized for maximum torque, part-load efficiency, and idle stability
B, optimized for emissions reduction—stoichiometric operation.

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Mixture formation approaches

Conventional fuel metering systems

 Mechanical (carburetor)

Advanced fuel metering systems

 Electronic (Injectors configuration & EFI module)

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Carburetor

Elementary carburetor design

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 Carburetor

Modern (sort of) carburetor design

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Different fuel injection arrangements

(a) single point, (b) multipoint (port), and (c) direct in-cylinder injection (DI).
(1) Fuel; (2) Air; (3) Throttle; (4) Intake manifold; (5) Fuel injector. 2

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CENTRAL (THROTTLE-BODY) FUEL

INJECTION
 straightforward electronic control of fuel metering at lower cost than multipoint
port injection systems
 problems associated with slower
transport of fuel than the air from
upstream of the throttle plate to the cylinder

(1) Pressure regulator; (2) Injector; (3) Air temperature sensor; (4) Fuel inlet;
(5) Fuel return; (6) Insulator plate; (7) Throttle. Bosch Mono-Jetronic unit
(Courtesy Robert Bosch GmbH and SAE)

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 PORT (MULTIPOINT) FUEL INJECTION

(1) Fuel tank; (2) Electric fuel pump; (3) Fuel filter; (4) Electronic control unit; (5) Injector; (6) Fuel pressure regulator; (7) Intake
manifold; (8) Electric cold-start valve; (9) Throttle valve switch; (10) Airflow sensor; (11) Exhaust oxygen sensor; (12) Thermal-
time switch; (13) Engine-temperature sensor; (14) Ignition distributor; (15) Auxiliary-air valve; (16) Battery; (17) Ignition switch.
Courtesy: Robert Bosch GmbH and SAE
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PORT (MULTIPOINT) FUEL INJECTION

(1) Pintle; (2) Valve needle; (3) Armature; (4) Spring; (5) Solenoid winding; (6) Electrical terminals;
(7) Fuel strainer. Courtesy: Robert Bosch GmbH and SAE.

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PORT (MULTIPOINT) FUEL INJECTION

(1) Pintle; (2) Valve needle; (3) Armature; (4) Spring; (5) Solenoid winding; (6) Electrical terminals;
(7) Fuel strainer. Courtesy: Robert Bosch GmbH and SAE.

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 PORT (MULTIPOINT) FUEL INJECTION

Four-valve-per-cylinder engine intake runner, port and port throttling

arrangements, illustrating fuel-injector spray targeting challenges.

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Gasoline direct injection

Two major categories of mixture preparation for ignition and

combustion used in direct-injection stratified-charge SI engines:

 widely spaced injector and spark plug (wall- and air-guided)

 closely spaced injector and spark plug (spray-guided)

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Gasoline direct injection

Three types of high-pressure injector nozzles and the spray patterns

they generate:
(a) swirl nozzle (b) outward opening nozzle (c) multi-hole nozzle.

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 Self study

Advantages and disadvantages of different electronic injection

systems

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End of lecture

?
Questions

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