Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

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Results in Materials
journal homepage: www.sciencedirect.com/journal/results-in-materials

Effect of thermal radiation and chemical reaction on MHD mixed

convective heat and mass transfer in nanofluid flow due to nonlinear
stretching surface through porous medium
Ahmed M. Sedki
Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In the present study, the combined influence of chemical reaction, thermal radiation, thermophoresis, and
Thermal radiation Brownian motion on mixed convective heat and mass transfer in the boundary layer of moving magneto
Chemical reaction nanofluid due to a permeable stretching surface with a heat generation through a porous medium is investigated.
Mixed convection
The velocity, temperature, and mass concentration of the stretching surface are assumed to have nonlinear
Nanofluid flow
Permeable stretching surface
variations with the distance. The PDEs governing the study are converted into nondimensional ODEs containing
Porous medium a set of physical parameters. The resulting equations are solved computationally and the impacts of the thermo-
Thermophoresis and Brownian motion physical factors are discussed. To proceed and build on the computational analysis for this work, the compu­
tational results are validated by comparing special cases of the present study to those in some earlier studies, and
good agreement is obtained. The results show that the thermal boundary layer thickness is less than those for the
momentum and mass transfer with factors of mixed convection, chemical reaction, nanoparticles volume frac­
tion, the nonlinearity of the surface, and porous medium. In this view, these factors have a significant impact on
many engineering applications such as in the cores of nuclear reactors, the manufacturing of polymers, metal
layers, paper sheets, and biochemistry industries.

boundary layer of viscous and incompressible fluid flow due to perme­

1. Introduction
The mathematical descriptions of heat and mass transfer in nanofluid
flow problems had got a lot of interest due to its application in various
branches of applied science and modern technology. The importance of
heat transfer through nanofluid flow problems appears in the cooling of
electronic systems in modern devices, turbine blades, and the cores of
nuclear reactors. It also has various applications in the fields of geo­
sciences, petroleum industrial applications, biotechnology as well as
biomedicine. Therefore, many authors have studied the heat convection
and mass transfer in the nanofluid flow problems [1–9]. Raptis [3]
investigated the radiative heat and natural convective flow in pored
media. Xuan [4] studied theoretically the thermal conductivity of
nanofluids and the properties of the nanoparticles such as the volume
fraction, shapes and dimensions. Elbashbeshy and Bazid [5] examined
the heat transfer properties in the nanofluid flow over an unsteady
stretching sheet considering the unsteadiness parameter and Prandtl
number. Cortell [6] studied the heat transfer in the flow of a viscous
fluid over the nonlinear stretching plate. Mukhopadhyay [7] investi­
gated the effect of radiative heat and the mixed convection on the
able stretching surface through a porous media. Pal [8] considered the
effect of thermal radiation and buoyancy force on a viscous fluid flow
due to a stagnation point toward a stretching surface. Khan and Pop [9]
studied the boundary layer of nanofluid flow over a moving sheet. Due
to its importance, much literature investigated the nanofluid flow over a
stretching sheet with a convective boundary condition [10–21].
Makinde and Aziz [11] investigated the properties of the boundary layer
of nanofluid flow due to a stretching sheet in the existence of a
convective boundary condition. Moreover, Fan [12] analyzed the heat
conduction in nanofluids. Ibrahim and Shanker [13] studied the impact
of a heat source or sink on an unsteady MHD boundary layer of heat
convection and fluid flow along a stretching surface. Rana and Bhargava
[14] studied the heat transfer in a nanofluid flow over a nonlinearly
stretching plate. Su et al. [15] investigated the magnetic field effect on
mixed convective flow through a moving fluid past a stretching porous
wedge. Hamad and Ferdows [16,17] discussed a similarity solution for
governing equation of nanofluid flow towards a stagnation point flow in
a porous stretching sheet with heat generation. Turkyilmazoglu [18]
analyzed the efficiency of heat transfer of nanofluid and its correspon­
dence with standard fluid flow.

E-mail addresses: a.m.sedki@hotmail.com, aalhanafi@jazanu.edu.sa.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinma.2022.100334
Received 15 May 2022; Received in revised form 25 August 2022; Accepted 3 October 2022
Available online 6 October 2022
2590-048X/© 2022 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
A.M. Sedki Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

Nomenclature Rc the chemical reaction coefficient

Sc the Schmidt number
x-axis along the vertical wall K the porous medium parameter
y-axis normal to the wall Nt the thermophoresis factor
Uw(x) the velocity of the sheet Nb the Brownian motion factor
Tw(x) the temperature of the sheet Dax he local Darcy number
Cw(x) the concentration of the sheet Cf the skin friction coefficient
Cu the Copper nanoparticles Nu the Nusselt number
B(x) variable magnetic field Sh the Sherwood number
Rd the Radiation parameter qw the rate of heat transfer
fw the suction or injection parameter qc the rate of mass transfer
knf the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid
kf the thermal conductivity of the fluid Greek symbols
u velocity component in the x direction η the similarity variable
v velocity components in the y direction υf the kinematic viscosity of the liquid
g the gravity field θ the dimensionless temperature
T the nanofluid temperature τw the surface shear stress
C the nanofluid concentration μf the fluid dynamic viscosityμnf the fluid dynamic viscosityμnfthe
D the species diffusivity nanofluid dynamic viscosity
k0 the permeability of porous medium ρf the base fluid densityρs the base fluid densityρs the nanoparticles
Q the heat source solid density
qr the radiative heat flux ρnf the nanofluid density
Vw the suction or injection velocity of the fluid σ f the thermal conductivity of fluidσs the thermal conductivity of
T∞ ambient temperature fluidσ s the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles
C∞ ambient concentration σ nf the nanofluid thermal conductivityαnf the nanofluid thermal
k1 the mean absorption coefficient conductivityαnfthe nanofluid thermal diffusion
(Cp)nf the nanofluid specific heat at constant pressure αf the fluid thermal diffusion(βT) the fluid thermal diffusion(βT)the
(Cp)f the fluid specific heat at constant pressure thermal expansion coefficient
(Cp)s the effective of heat capacity of the nanoparticles solid (βC) the concentration expansion coefficient
Pr the Prandtl number φ the nanoparticles volume
Gr the Grashof number λ the heat source parameter
Rex the local Reynolds number α the thermal buoyancy parameter
M the magnetic field parameter ẟ the solutal buoyancy parameter
m the nonlinearity of stretching sheet parameter

The thermal radiation has an important role in many engineering
applications such as propulsion devices for space vehicles, satellites and
aircrafts, also involves in nuclear power plants and gas turbines.
Therefore many studies interested in the effects of radiative heat transfer
in nanofluids. In this regard Elbashbeshy [19] et al. discussed the
boundary layer fluid flow and free heat convection around a thermal
sphere through porous medium in presence of thermal radiation and
pressure stress work. Moreover, Xenos et al. [20] analyzed the effect of
pressure gradient and radiation on nonlinear boundary layer fluid flow
over a flat plate. Sedki et al. [21] discussed the impact of radiative heat
on unsteady mixed convection boundary layer flow of nanofluid over
permeable stretching surface through a porous medium in the existence
of heat generation. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective flows
have important applications in different technological and industrial
engineering such as solar receivers and heat exchangers. Thus many
researchers have made more attention to investigate the effect of the
magnetic field on heat and mass transfer through a nanofluid flow
[22–34]. Ishak [22] studied the magnetic field effect on heat transfer in
the flow of an unsteady fluid over a stretching sheet. Similarly, Hamad
[23] analyzed the effect of magnetic field on natural convection and
nanofluid flow due to stretching sheet. Elbashbeshy et al. [24] discussed
the impact of magnetic field on heat transfer in an unsteady nanofluid
flow past a moving solid plate in an existing suction or injection. Rah­
man and Eltayeb [25] investigated the influence of radiative heat on a
magnetic nanofluid flow towards a nonlinearly stretching sheet with
considering the effect of convective boundary conditions. Hayat et al.
[26] analyzed the impact of magnetic field on heat transfer through the
flow of nanofluid due to a permeable stretching sheet with convective
boundary conditions. Moreover, Das et al. [27] studied the magneto­
hydrodynamic boundary layer mixed convective slip flow with viscous
dissipation and joule heating over an inclined porous plate. Mahanthesh
et al. [28] investigated numerically the three-dimensional flow of
magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid with slip due to nonlinear stretching
sheet in presence of thermal radiation and mixed convection. Moreover,
the magnetic field and radiative heat effects on heat convection in
nanofluid flow between two plates are analyzed by Sheikholeslami [29].
Similarly, Trivedi et al. [30] investigated the effect of heat source and
magnetic field in a heat transfer of nanofluid flow in the presence of
mixed convection. Khan et al. [31] analyzed the effects of variable
magnetic field and thermal conductivity on Darcy Forchheimer flow of
second-grade fluid. Pordanjani et al. [32] investigated magnetic field
and thermal radiation effects in heat transfer entropy generation of
nanofluid flow in a cavity. Mahabaleshwar et al. [33] studied MHD
induced Navier’s slip flow and mass transfer due to a nonlinearly
stretching sheet. Chaudhary and Kanika [34] considered the effects of
thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption on the MHD stagna­
tion point flow of nanofluids toward a heated permeable stretch­
ing/shrinking sheet. Eldabe et al. [35] analyzed the effect of the
magnetic field on peristaltic nanofluid flow in an inclined channel
through a non-Darcy porous medium.
The chemical reaction within nanofluid flow has important effects on
transport phenomena due to the formation of new species and then af­
fects the criteria of the production. These effects are investigated by
many researchers. Rashad and Elkhabier [36] analyzed the chemical
reaction influence on a boundary layer of viscous fluid flow over a
stretching surface in a porous medium with the existence of buoyancy

2
A.M. Sedki Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

force. Chamkha and Mansour [37] analyzed the influence of reactive presented in graphs and tabular forms.
species on unsteady convective heat and mass transfer in fluid flow due
to stretching plate in porous media. Matin and Pop [38] reported the 2. Analysis and formulation of the problem
influence of forced convection on heat and mass transfer in nanofluid
flow through a porous channel with the existence of a chemical reaction We consider magnetohydrodynamic mixed convection heat and
on the wall. Zang et al. [39] considered the impact of the chemical re­ mass transfer in a steady, incompressible, viscous, and electrically
action and radiative heat on the flow of MHD nanofluid over a flat plate conducting nanofluid flow through a porous medium along with a
through porous media considering variable heat flux. Pal and Mandal nonlinear stretching permeable vertical sheet in the existence of thermal
[40] studied the chemical reaction and thermal radiation on mixed radiation, chemical reaction, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion.
convection heat and mass transfer in nanofluid flow over a stretching The vertical wall is considered along the x-axis as shown in Fig. 1. The
sheet in a porous medium. Similarly, Eid and Makinde [41] studied the velocity Uw(x), temperature Tw(x), and the nanofluid concentration
combined influence of solar radiation on the convective flow of MHD Cw(x) of the stretching surface are assumed to have nonlinear variations
nanofluid over a stretching sheet in porous media in the presence of with x. The base fluid and the Cu nanoparticles are considered in
Joule heating and reactively chemical species. Eldabe et al. [42] re­ balanced conditions and no slip occurs between them. The properties of
ported the impact of the chemical reaction on MHD boundary layer of the nanoparticles and the base fluid are introduced in Table 1 and thus
Eyring -Powell nanofluid flow with heat transfer past a stretching sheet. the nanofluid properties with spherical nanoparticles are computed by
The Brownian motion explained the important role of the nanoparticles’ ⎫
μf knf
random movement in the thermal behavior of the nanoparticles in μnf = 2.5
, αnf = ( ) , (ρβT )nf = (1 − φ)(ρβT )f + φ(ρβT )s ⎪
⎪
⎪
(1 − φ) ρCp nf ⎪
nanofluids while the thermophoresis force drives the nanofluid in the ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎬
direction of the heat gradient from the hot region to the cold region. Due ρnf = (1 − φ)ρf + φρs , (ρCP )nf = (1 − φ)(ρCP )f + φ(ρCP )s ,
to its importance in several industrial applications, many researchers [( ) ( ) ] [( ) ( ) ] ⎪
⎪
⎪
ks + 2kf + 2 ks − kf φ σs + 2σ f + 2 σs − σ f φ ⎪
⎪
investigate the effect of thermophoresis and Brownian motion in the knf = ( ) ( ) kf , σnf = ( ) ( ) σf ⎪
⎪
⎭
heat and mass transfer in the boundary layer fluid flow. Mutuku and ks + 2kf − ks − kf φ σ s + 2σ f − σ s − σ f φ
Makinde [43] investigated the Brownian and thermophoresis effect in (1)
hydromagnetic bioconvection of nanofluid over a permeable surface.
Here the lower indices f, s, and nf refer to the fluid, the solid nano­
Makinde and Animasaun [44] studied the combined effect of thermo­
particles, and the nanofluid respectively. μ designates the dynamic vis­
phoresis and Brownian motion on MHD bioconvection in the presence of
cosity, ρ represents the density, α denotes the thermal diffusion, Cp
thermal radiation and chemical reaction. It is found that the Brownian
denotes the specific heat at fixed pressure, k is the effective thermal
motion increases the concentration of the fluid while thermophoresis
conductivity, and σ is the electrical conductivity. βT denotes the coeffi­
decreases it but both of them increase the fluid temperature and thermal
cient of thermal expansion and φ is the solid nanoparticles volume
boundary layer thickness.
According to the previous literature survey, we focus our attention to
investigate the combined performance of chemically reactive species,
Table 1
radiative heat, thermophoresis, Brownian motion and mixed convective Thermophysical properties of the base fluid (water) and the element Cu.
heat on Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) boundary layer flow of nanofluid
Properties Cp (J/ ρ (kg/ k (W/ α × 107
over a nonlinear stretching surface through a porous medium in the
βT × σ
kg.K) m3) m.K) (m2/s) 10− 5 S/m
presence of a heat generation. It is assumed that the temperature and the (K− 1)
concentration of the nanofluid at the stretching surface have nonlinear
Fluid 4179 997.1 0.613 1.47 21 0.05
variations with the distance. This work is an extension of the published (water)
work done by the authors [5,8,13,22]. This study is analyzed by a Cu 385 8933 400 1163.1 1.67 59.6 ×
computational method based on the finite difference procedure coupled 106
with Newton’s linearization method. The computational results are

Fig. 1. Physical model and co-ordinate scheme.

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A.M. Sedki Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

fraction. reaction coefficient and k0 denotes the permeability of the porous me­
The fluid is considered to be electrically conducting due to the ex­ dium. Q represents the variable heat source Q(x) = Q0 xm− 1 , Q0 is a
istence of the variable magnetic field, B(x) = B0 x(m− 1)/2 , which is constant, and qr denotes the flux of heat radiation. (βc )nf is the coefficient
applied in the normal direction of the sheet, where B0 is a constant. The of nanofluid concentration expansion coefficient and is approximated by
force due to the existence of magnetic and electric fields is defined by [43],
→ → → →
F = ρe E + J × B (2) (βc )nf =
1 ∂ρ
| ≃
1 ρs − ρf
. (8)
ρ0 ∂C T0 ,P0 ρf 1 − C∞
→
The term ρe E represents the Coulomb force, ρe is the electric charge
→ Here ρ0 , T0 , P0 are the reference density, reference temperature and
density and E is the electric current field and the second term is the
→ reference pressure respectively. The governing equations (5)–(7) are
Lorentz force, J is the electric current flux defined by Ohm’s law as subject to the boundary conditions
→ (→ → →) )
J =σ E + V × B (3) u = Uw , v = Vw , T = Tw and C = Cw at y = 0
, (9)
u = 0, v = 0, T→ T∞ and C→ C∞ as y→ y∞
→ →
In the absence of electric field, E = 0, the vector of the velocity V =
→ Where Uw = axm , Tw = T∞ + bxm and Cw = C∞ + Exm . (10)
(u, v, 0), and the magnetic field B = (0, B(x), 0), the resulting Lorentz
→
force is given by F = σnf B2 (x)u, Makinde [44]. It is assumed that the Here Uw denotes the velocity of the stretched sheet, a, m constants
magnetic Reynolds number is low so that the induced magnetic field is with a > 0, m ≥ 0, and Vw represents the suction velocity of the fluid for
neglected. The Darcy model for the fluid flow through a porous medium Vw > 0 and represents injection velocity of the fluid for Vw < 0. νf is the
→ → fluid kinematic viscosity and T∞ is the ambient temperature. C∞ in­
is considered in which the fluid flow is governed by μk V = − ∇ P,
dicates ambient nanofluid concentration. The constants b and E are
where P is the pressure. Under these assumptions, the governing equa­
positive for assisting flows, b and E are negative for opposing flows while
tions for MHD boundary layer of mixed convection and chemically
b = 0, E = 0 for natural convection. The nanofluid is postulated to be
reactive species in nanofluid flow due to nonlinear stretching surface in
gray and the Rosseland radiation’s approximations are applied, then the
the presence of thermal radiative, thermophoresis and Brownian motion
flux of heat radiation is stated as
through a porous medium are considered as
4σ∗ ∂T 4
∂u ∂v qr = − . (11)
+ = 0, (4) 3k1 ∂y
∂x ∂y
Here σ ∗ represents the Stefan-Boltzman constant and k1 represents
∂u ∂u μnf ∂2 u μnf u g(ρβT )nf g(ρβC )nf the coefficient of the mean absorption. T4 can be expanded about T∞ , see
u +v = − + (T − T∞ ) + (C − C∞ )
∂x ∂y ρnf ∂y2 ρnf k0 ρnf ρnf Raptis [3], we have T4 = 4T∞ 3
T − 3T∞
4
. Substituting in relative heat flux
σ nf B2 (x) qr in eq. (8), it becomes
− u (5)
ρnf 3
16σ∗ T∞ ∂T
qr = − . (12)
( ) [ ( ) ( )2 ] 3k1 ∂y
2
∂T ∂T knf ∂T ∂T ∂C DT ∂T
u +v = + τ DB + We introduce the similarity solution for the governing equations in
∂x ∂y (ρCP )nf ∂y2 ∂y ∂y T∞ ∂y
( ) (6) the following non-dimensional variables.
Q 1 ∂qr
+ (T − T∞ ) − ,
(ρCP )nf (ρCP )nf ∂y

√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) ( ) ⎫
m+1 m+1 m− 1 \ ⎪
⎪
η=y m− 1 m \
ax , u = ax f (η), v = − aνf xm− 1 f (η) + η f (η) ⎪
⎪
2νf 2 m+1 ⎬
(13)
⎪
⎪
T − T∞ C − C∞ ⎪
⎪
θ(η) = , C(η) = ⎭
Tw − T∞ Cw − C∞

where η stands the similarity variable, υf stands the kinematic viscosity

∂C ∂C ∂2 C DT ∂2 T
u + v = DB 2 + − R0 (C − C∞ ) (7) of the fluid, θ denotes the nondimensional temperature. Substituting in
∂x ∂y ∂y T∞ ∂y2
the equations (5)–(7), we get the equations
Here u denotes the velocity component in the x-direction and v de­ ( ( ) ) ( )
2m 2
notes the velocity component in the y-direction. T represents the
2
f \\\ + A1 f .f \\ − f\ − A2 M f \
m+1 m+1
nanofluid temperature, C represents the nanofluid concentration, and g ( ) ( ) (14)
2 2
denotes the gravity field. DB is the Brownian diffusion coefficient and DT + (A3 αθ + A1 δC) − (1 − φ)2.5 Kf \ = 0
m+1 m+1
represents the thermophoretic diffusion coefficient, R0 is the chemical

(( ) ) ( ( ) ) ( )
1 knf 2m ( ) 2
(15)
′ ′
+ Rd θ\\ + A4 f . θ\ − f \ . θ + A4 Nb θ . C + Nt θ′ 2 + λθ = 0
Pr kf m+1 m+1

4
A.M. Sedki Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

where τw denotes the surface shear stress, qw denotes the rate of heat
( ) ( ) transfer, and qc denotes the rate of mass concentration which are given
1 \\ 2m 1 Nb ′′ 2
C + f .C\ − f \ .C + θ +− Rc C = 0 (16) respectively, by
Sc m+1 Sc Nt m+1
( ) ( ) ( )
∂u ∂T ∂C
Now the boundary conditions (9) become τw = μnf , qw = − knf + qr |y=0 , qc = − D (22)
∂y y=0 ∂y ∂y y=0
}
f (0) = fw , f \ (0) = 1, θ(0) = 1, C(0) = 1
\ (17) Using the non-dimensional variables introduced in equation (13), we
f (η∞ ) = 0, θ(η∞ ) = 0, C(η∞ ) = 0
get
Where prime refers to the differentiation concerning η. M is the mag­ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
μf Uw m + 1 Uw \\
netic field factor, α denotes the thermal buoyancy factor, δ denotes the τw = 2.5
f (0),
2 υf x
solutal buoyancy factor, K denotes the porous medium factor, Rd is the (1 − φ)
√ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) ( )
radiation factor, λ denotes the heat source factor, Sc is the Schmidt 16σ ∗ T∞3
m + 1 Uw
(Tw − T∞ )θ\ (0), (23)
parameter, Rc denotes the chemical reaction factor. Nb is the Brownian qw = − knf +
3k1 2 xυf
motion parameter and Nt is the thermophoresis parameter and fw de­ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
notes the mass flux factor. These parameters are defined respectively by qc = − D(Cw − C∞ )
m + 1 Uw \
C (0)
⎫ 2 xυf
σ f B20 GrTx GrCx Dax xνf ⎪
⎪
M= ,α = , δ = , K = = , ⎪
⎪ Substituting in the equation (21), we get
aρf Re2x Re2x Rex k0 Uw ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
3 ⎪
⎬
Q0 νf xR0 16σ T∞
λ= , Sc = , Rc = , Rd = ,
a(ρCP )f D Uw 3k1 kf ⎪
⎪
⎪
( )( )⎪
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ⎪
⎪
⎪ 3. Results and discussion
τDB (Cw − C∞ ) τDT (Tw − T∞ ) 2 x ⎪
⎪
⎪
Nb = , Nt = , fw = − vw ⎭
νnf νnf T∞ m + 1 νf Uw
(18)

/ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ( )√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( ) / √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
( )
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ f \\
(0) knf m+1 \ m+1
Cf Rex = 2(m + 1) , Nu Rex = − + Rd θ (0), Sh Rex = − C \ (0) (24)
(1 − φ)2.5 kf 2 2

The Prandtl number Pr, the Grashof number Gr, the local Reynolds The governing equations (5)–(7) are transformed into the similarity
number Rex and the local Darcy number Dax are defined respectively as equations 14–17 which contain many physical factors affecting the
study. The investigation is analyzed and solved computationally by
developed Matlab code based on the finite difference procedure with

( ) ( )
μC P g(βT )f (Tw − T∞ )x3 g ρs − ρf (Cw − C∞ )x3 Uw x x2
Pr = , GrT = , GrC = Rex = , Dax = (19)
k f ν2f ρf (1 − C∞ ) ν2f υf k0

The quantities A1, A2, A3 and A4 are given respectively by Newton’s linearization method. The computational results are presented
( ) [( ) ( ) ] graphically for results of velocity, temperature and concentration pro­
ρ
A1 = (1 − φ)2.5 (1 − φ) + φ s ,A2 = (1 − φ)2.5 (
σ s + 2σ f + 2 σ s − σf φ
) ( ) files and in tabular form for results of velocity gradient, the rate of both
ρf σs + 2σ f − σ s − σf φ heat and mass transfer.
( ) [ ] The computational results discuss the impacts of the thermo-physical
(ρβT )s (ρCP )s
A3 = (1 − φ)2.5
(1 − φ) + φ ,A4 = (1 − φ) + φ factors governing the investigation, as well as mixed convection α,
(ρβT )f (ρCP )f
chemical reaction Rc, thermal radiation Rd, thermophoresis Nt,
(20)
In this problem, we focused our interest on the important physical Table 2
measures, namely, the skin friction Cf, Nusselt number Nu, and Sher­ Comparisons of the computational results of –θ\(0) via Pr and M = 0, m = 1, φ =
wood number Sh, which illustrate the surface shear stress, the heat 0 and λ = 0.0 with those investigated by Elbashbeshy [5] and Ibrahim [13],
transfer variation and the mass concentration variation respectively and Ishak [22].
are defined by Pr Elbashbeshy [5] Ibrahim [13] Ishak [22] Present Results

2τw xqw xqc 0.72 0.808 0.8095 0.8086 0.80946

Cf = , Nu = , Sh = (21) 1.0 1.0 1.0001 1.0 1.00048
ρf Uw2 kf (Tw − T∞ ) D(Cw − C∞ )
10 3.7207 3.7208 3.7202 3.72063

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A.M. Sedki Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

Table 3 Brownian motion Nb, porous medium K, the magnetic field M, heat
Comparison of the computational results of –f \(0) via M and φ with Pr = 6.2, m generation λ and the nonlinearity of stretching surface m. Computa­
= 1, and λ = 0.0 with those investigated by Hamad [23] and Elbashbeshy [24]. tional results of the rate of heat transfer for selected Prandtl number
M φ Hamad [23] Elbashbeshy [24] Present Results values for regular fluid flow over a continuous linear stretching surface
0.0 0.1 1.17475 1.17474 1.174939
and in the absence of the thermal radiation, mixed convection, chemical
0.2 1.21804 1.21804 1.218197 reaction, magnetic field, and heat generation parameters are compared
1.0 0.1 1.46576 1.46576 1.465768 with those reported by Elbashbeshy [5], Ibrahim [13], and Ishak [22]
0.2 1.43390 1.43389 1.433908 while Computational results of velocity gradient via values of both
2.0 0.1 1.70789 1.70789 1.707892
magnetic field and nanoparticles volume parameters for nanofluid flow
0.2 1.62126 1.62126 1.621264
due to a linearly stretching surface in the absence of thermal radiation,
mixed convection, chemical reaction, and heat generation are compared
with those reported by Hamad [23] and Elbashbeshy [24]. The com­
Table 4
parisons are illustrated in Tables 2 and 3 and an excellent agreement is
Computational results of f \(0), θ(0), and C \(0) via Rc with Pr = 6.2, φ = 0.1, and
achieved.
M = 1.0, K = 3, m = 0., fw = 1.0.
The influence of the parameters, chemical reaction Rc, thermal
Rc Rd Nt Nb λ - f \(0) -θ\(0) -C\(0)

0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.081903 1.820674 0.22342

0.2 2.128382 1.852893 0.394094
0.3 2.148575 1.867174 0.4718203
0.5 2.184314 1.892909 0.6153288
0.3 0 2.135602 2.027673 0.3409395
0.3 2.14216 1.951153 0.402562
0.6 2.148575 1.867174 0.4718203
1 2.156749 1.753212 0.5667853
2 2.175116 1.48901 0.7870891
0.6 0 2.456158 3.924529 1.796616
0.1 2.381431 3.327604 1.246853
0.3 2.251729 2.449476 0.6641925
0.5 2.148575 1.867174 0.4718203
0.7 2.070688 1.477697 0.4559792
0.5 0.5 2.148575 1.867174 0.4718203
1 2.283062 2.186473 0.9760079
2 2.361927 2.730401 1.25488
4 2.412926 3.577151 1.423111
10 2.458112 5.343846 1.559332
0.5 − 0.5 1.878476 4.431298 − 0.07271924
− 0.25 2.13222 2.327798 0.04629255
0 2.136765 2.18977 0.1746911
0.25 2.142098 2.038016 0.3149151
0.5 2.148575 1.867174 0.4718203
Fig. 2. The velocity f profiles via Rc.

Table 5
Computational results of f \(0), θ(0), and C\(0) via α with Pr = 6.2, φ = 0.1, m = 0.5, and M = 0.2, Rc = 0.3
α M m K φ fw - f \(0) -θ(0) -C\(0)

0.5 1 0.5 3 0.1 1.0 1.436863 2.064837 0.3671526

1 1.63402 2.054646 0.359861
2 1.833103 2.044124 0.352399
3 2.034234 2.033357 0.3449448
4 2.135602 2.027673 0.3409395
0.5 0 1.761373 1.900871 0.5006847
1 2.148575 1.867174 0.4718203
2 2.486307 1.838318 0.4493771
3 2.787666 1.813151 0.4315835
4 3.061149 1.790881 0.4172476
1 1 2.167726 2.069946 0.2382524
2 2.170546 2.221859 − 0.1537157
2.5 2.176348 2.262267 − 0.2638702
3 2.1826 2.290779 − 0.351224
4 2.194653 2.328956 − 0.4758968
0.5 0 1.173589 1.952654 0.5503757
3 2.148575 1.867174 0.4718203
7 3.061149 1.790881 0.4172476
10 3.601993 1.748641 0.3935768
3 0 2.613909 1.917919 0.3195338
0.02 2.513154 1.912045 0.352077
0.05 2.368937 1.898963 0.3982508
0.1 2.148575 1.867174 0.4718203
0.2 1.783955 1.770613 0.6167217
0.1 1 2.148575 1.867174 0.4718203
2 3.104088 3.287488 − 0.3089435
3 4.285737 4.800745 − 1.069956
4 5.576566 6.350675 − 1.778884
10 13.77928 15.83163 − 5.593035

6
A.M. Sedki Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

Fig. 3. The temperature θ profiles via Rc. Fig. 6. The temperature θ via Rd.

Fig. 4. The concentration profiles via Rc. Fig. 7. The concentration via Rd.

Fig. 5. The velocity f profiles via Rd.

Fig. 8. The velocity f profiles via Nb.

7
A.M. Sedki Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

Fig. 9. The temperature θ profiles via Nb. Fig. 12. The temperature θ profiles via Nt.

Fig. 10. The Concentration C profiles via Nb. Fig. 13. The Concentration C profiles via Nt.

Fig. 14. The velocity f profiles via α

Fig. 11. The velocity f profiles via Nt.

8
A.M. Sedki Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

Fig. 15. The temperature θ via α Fig. 17. The velocity f’ profiles via M.

Fig. 16. The concentration C via α Fig. 18. The temperature θ profiles via M.

radiation Rd, thermophoresis factor Nt, Brownian motion factor Nb and

the heat generation on the velocity gradient, the rate of heat transfer and
the rate of mass transfer is displayed in Table 4. It is clear from Table 4
that the rise in the chemical reaction factor Rc causes an increment in
the coefficient of skin friction, the rate of mass concentration and the
rate of heat transfer. The increase in the values of Rc accelerates the
chemical reaction which increases the variation in the velocity, heat and
concentration of the nanofluid. Also, it is noted from Table 4 that the rise
in thermal radiation parameter causes increasing in both the coefficient
of skin friction and the rate of mass transfer but the opposite result
happens for the rate of heat transfer.
It is found that the increase in thermophoresis parameter Nt leads to
a decrease in the coefficient of skin friction, the rate of heat transfer and
the rate of mass transfer. It is observed that the increase in the Brownian
motion parameter Nb leads to an increase in the skin friction coefficient,
the rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer. It is shown that
when the permeability factor fw increases, the coefficient of skin friction
f \(0) and the heat transfer rate but the mass transfer rate C\(0) decrease.
The impact of parameters, mixed convection factor α, the magnetic
factor M, the nanoparticles volume factor φ, the nonlinearity factor m,
the porous medium factor K, and the heat generation λ on the coefficient
Fig. 19. The concentration C via M.

9
A.M. Sedki Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334

Fig. 20. The velocity f profiles via φ Fig. 23. The velocity f profiles via m.

Fig. 21. The temperature θ profiles via φ Fig. 24. The temperature θ profiles via m.

Fig. 25. The concentration C via m.

Fig. 22. The concentration C profiles via φ

10
A.M. Sedki
of skin friction, the rate of heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer is
displayed in Table 5. It is clear that the increment in mixed convection
factor α leads to an increase in the skin friction coefficient but the
reverse effect happens on both the rate of heat transfer and the rate of
mass transfer. Also, it is shown that when the magnetic field M increases,
the velocity gradient f \(0) increases but the contrary effect occurs on
both heat transfer variation θ\(0) and mass transfer variation C\(0) and
it can be noted that the rise in the volume of nanoparticles factor φ leads
to reduce in both the coefficient of skin friction and the rate of heat
transfer but reverse effect happens in the rate of mass transfer. It is
noticed that the increment in the nonlinearity factor leads to rise in both
the skin friction coefficient and the heat transfer rate, but the rate of
mass transfer decreases. It is observed that the rise in the porous medium
parameter K leads to the increment in the skin friction coefficient, on the
contrary, both heat transfer variation and the mass transfer variation
decrease. Also, it is seen that the increment in the heat source factor
leads to an increase in the skin friction coefficient but the opposite effect
occurs in the heat transfer rate and the mass transfer rate (see Fig. 1).
The chemical reaction factor Rc effect on the velocity, the tempera­
ture and the mass concentration profiles are performed in Figs. (2)–(4).
It is shown that as the chemical reaction increases, the velocity f \, the
temperature θ and the mass concentration C decrease. It is due to the
increase in Rc values, the chemical reaction occurs rapidly and thus
reduces the nanofluid velocity, temperature and the concentration of
diffusing spices. The impact of thermal radiation parameter Rd is dis­
played in Figs. (5)–(7). It is found that as the thermal radiation increases,
the velocity and the temperature θ within the boundary layer increase
but the mass concentration C decreases. One can say that thermal ra­
diation has a significant effect on physical applications as in the drying
and cooling processes. The impact of thermophoresis factor Nt is pre­
sented in Figs. (8)–(10). It is noted that the rising in the thermophoresis
factor Nt tends to enhance the nanofluid velocity, temperature and
concentration. That due to the increment in Nt causes enhancement of
the thermophoresis force which drives the nanofluid flow from hot re­
gion to cold region and so that increase the velocity, temperature and
concentration of the nanofluid. The influence of the Brownian motion
factor Nb is performed in Figs. (11)–(13). It is observed that higher
values of Nb lead to a decrease in the velocity, the temperature, and the
concentration of the nanofluid. It is due to the increase in Nb leads to.
the enhancement of the random motion of nanoparticles which in­
creases the chaotic movements and thus reduce the nanofluid velocity,
temperature and concentration.
The influence of the mixed convection is presented in Figs. (14)–(16).
It is noted that as mixed convection increases, the velocity f \ increases
but both the temperature θ and the mass concentration C decrease.
Furthermore, we can note that the isothermal boundary layer vanishes
earlier than both the momentum and mass transfer boundary layer. The
effect of magnetic factor M is illustrated in Figs. (17)–(19). It is observed
that as the magnetic parameter increases, the velocity f \ decreases, but
the temperature θ and the mass concentration C increase. One can say
that the magnetic field enhances the heat and mass transfer. The
nanoparticles volume factor effect on the velocity, temperature and
mass concentration profiles is displayed in Figs. (20)–(22). It is noted
that as the nanoparticles volume increases, the velocity f \ and the
temperature θ increase but the mass concentration C decrease. The
impact of the nonlinearity parameter m is illustrated in Figs. (23)–(25).
One can see that as the nonlinearity factor increases, the velocity f \ and
the temperature θ decrease but the converse effect happens with the
mass concentration C.
4. Conclusions
In this investigation, the combined impact of thermal radiation and
magnetic field on the boundary layer of mixed convection heat and mass
transfer with the flow of chemically reactive species nanofluid over a
permeable nonlinearly moving surface through a porous medium is
11
Results in Materials 16 (2022) 100334
investigated in the existence of heat source/sink. The system of
nonlinear partial differential equations governing the study is converted
into a nondimensional form containing many physical parameters. The
similarity equations are solved computationally using the finite differ­
ence procedure with Newton’s linearization scheme. The impact of the
physical factors is analyzed, and the following conclusions may be
drawn:
• The coefficient of the skin friction increases by the rise of the factors
of chemical reaction, thermal radiation, mixed convection, the
nonlinearity of the surface, porous media, magnetic field and heat
generation and Brownian motion, but an opposite effect is taking
place with the increment of parameters of nanoparticles volume
fraction and thermophoresis.
• The rate of heat transfer enhances as the rise in the factors of the
nonlinearity of the surface, Brownian motion, chemical reaction and
the surface permeability but a converse effect occurs with the ther­
mal radiation, mixed convection, thermophoersis, nanoparticles
volume, heat generation, porous media and magnetic field
parameters.
• The rate of mass transfer rises as the increment in the factors of
chemical reaction, thermal radiation, the nanoparticles volume and
Brownian motion
• The thickness of the momentum boundary layer rises with the rise in
the factors of thermal radiation, mixed convection and
thermophoresis.
• The thickness of the thermal boundary layer increases with the rise in
thermal radiation, nanoparticles volume, thermophoresis, and
magnetic field factors.
• The mass transfer boundary layer increases as the raise in thermo­
phoresis, nonlinearity of the surface, and magnetic field factors.
• The thermal boundary layer thickness is less than that of the mo­
mentum and mass transfer boundary layers for Brownian motion,
thermophoresis, mixed convection, chemical reaction, nanoparticles
volume, the nonlinearity of the surface and porous medium factors.
Author statement
Ahmed M. Sedki: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Vali­
dation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data curation,
Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, Visualization
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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