PIA B - Basic - Module 1.2 (MATHS) Algebra

PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 – MATHEMATICS
Category – B Sub Module 1.2 – Algebra
MODULE 1
Sub Module 1.2
ALGEBRA
ISO 9001 - 2015Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B Basic/M1/01 Issue 04, Rev. 00
1.2 July 2022
Contents PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.4 ............................................................ 14

SUB-MODULE: 1.2 (a)
EVALUATING SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS ............................... 1

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions ..................... 1
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS .......................................................... 15
Multiplication and Division of Algebraic Expressions .................. 1
The Use of Brackets ................................................................... 2 Elimination Method in Solving Simultaneous Equations ........... 15
SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS ........................................................ 4 PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.5 ............................................................ 17
PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.1. ............................................................. 5 SECOND DEGREE EQUATIONS WITH ONE UNKNOWN (QUADRATIC
EQUATIONS).................................................................................... 18
SUB-MODULE: 1.2 (b)
Solution of Quadratic Equations by Factorization ..................... 18
LINEAR EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTION ...................................... 6 Solution of Quadratic Equations by Using the Quadratic Formula
Transposing Formulae................................................................ 6 ................................................................................................ 19
Solution of Linear Equations ...................................................... 7 PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.6 ............................................................ 20
PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.2 .............................................................. 8 LOGARITHMS ................................................................................ 218
INDICES AND POWERS ...................................................................... 9 Common Logarithm................................................................ 218
The Laws of Indices .................................................................. 10 Anti- Logarithm ................................................................................. 22
Substitution ............................................................................. 11 Natural Logarithm............................................................................. 22
PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.3 ............................................................ 11 PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.7 ............................................................ 20
NUMBER SYSTEMS .......................................................................... 12 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................... 24
Binary Number System ............................................................ 12

Hexadecimal Number System .................................................. 13

1.2 - i July 2022
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1.2 - ii July 2022
EVALUATING SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS Multiplication and Division of Algebraic Expressions
Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions The rules are exactly the same as those used with directed
numbers:
Like terms are numerical multiplies of the same algebraic
quantity. Thus 7x, 5x and -3x are three like terms. (+ x) (+ y) = + (xy) = + xy = xy
An expression consisting of like terms can be reduced to a 5x  3y = 5  3  x  y = 15xy

single term by summing (i.e. adding and/or subtracting) the
numerical coefficients together. Thus: (x)(-y) = - (xy) = - xy
7x - 5x + 3x = (7 - 5 + 3)x = 5x (2x)(- 3y) = - (2x)(3y) = -6xy
3b2 + 7b2 = (3 + 7)b2 = 10b2 (- 4x)(2y) = - (4x)(2y) = -8xy
-3y - 5y = (-3 -5)y = -8y (- 3x)(- 2y) = + (3x)(2y) = 6xy
q - 3q = (1 - 3)q = -2q +x x x
= + =
+y y y
Only like terms can be added or subtracted. Thus (7a + 3b - 2c)
is an expression containing three unlike terms and it cannot be - 3x 3x
simplified any further. Similarly, with (8a2b + 7ab3 + 6a2b2) which = -
2y 2y
are all unlike terms.
- 5x 5x 5x
It is possible to have several sets of like terms in an expression = + =
- 6y 6y 6y
and each set can then be simplified.
4x 4x
8x + 3y - 4z - 5x + 7z - 2y + 2z = -
- 3y 3y
= (8 - 5)x + (3 - 2)y + (-4 + 7 + 2)z
= 3x + y + 5z

1.2 - 1 July 2022
When multiplying expressions containing the same symbols, The Use of Brackets
indices are used:
Brackets are used for convenience in grouping terms together.
mm = m2 When removing brackets each term within the bracket is
3m  5m = 3  m  5  m = 15 m2 multiplied by the quantity outside the bracket:
(- m)  = (- m)  m m = - m
3(x + y) = 3x + 3y
5m2n  3mn3 5(2x + 3y) = 5  2x + 5  3y = 10x + 15y

= 5  m m n  3  m  n nn
= 15m3n4 4(a - 2b) = 4  a - 4 2b = 4a - 8b
m(a + b) = ma + mb
3mn  (-2n )
2
= 3  m  n  (- 2)  n n 3x(2p + 3q) = 3x  2p + 3x  3q = 6px + 9qx

= - 6mn3
4a(2a + b) = 4a  2a + 4a b = 8a2 + 4ab
When dividing algebraic expressions, cancellation between
numerator and denominator is often possible. Cancelling is When a bracket has a minus sign in front of it, the signs of all
equivalent to dividing both numerator and denominator by the the terms inside the bracket are changed when the bracket is
same quantity: removed. The reason for this rule may be seen from the
following example:
pq p  q - 3(2x - 5y) = (- 3)  2x + (- 3)  (- 5y)

  q
p p = - 6x + 15y
3p 2 q  3  p  p  q 3p p
  - (m + n) = - m - n
6pq 2 6  p  q  q 6q 2q
2 - (p - q) = -p + q
18 x 2 y z 18  x  x  y  y  z
  3xy
6xyz 6  x  y  z - 2(p + 3q) = - 2p - 6q

1.2 - 2 July 2022
When simplifying expressions containing brackets first remove

the brackets and then add the like terms together:
(3x + 7y) - (4x + 3y) = 3x + 7y - 4x - 3y

= - x + 4y
3(2x + 3y) - (x + 5y) = 6x + 9y - x - 5y

= 5x + 4y
2(5a + 3b) + 3(a - 2b) = 10a + 6b + 3a - 6b

= 13a

1.2 - 3 July 2022
SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS m 2m + n m - 2n

Example: Simplify + - .
12 4 3
The addition for algebraic fractions is the same as for
arithmetical fraction, that is: The L.C.M. of 12, 4 and 3 is 12.
 Find the L.C.M. of the denominators.
 Express each fraction with the common m
+
2m + n m - 2n
-
denominators. 12 4 3
 Add or subtract the fractions. m + 3(2m + n) - 4(m - 2n)
=
12
a b c m + 6m + 3n - 4m + 8n
Example: Simplify + - . =
2 3 4 12
3m + 11n
=
The L.C.M. of 2,3 and 4 is 12. 12
a b c 6a 4b 3c The multiplication for algebraic fractions is also the same as for

+ - = + - arithmetical fraction, that is, after using the cancellation rule of
2 3 4 12 12 12
6a + 4b - 3c fraction multiplication, multiply all the numerators to get the
= numerator of the result and all the denominators to get the
12
2 3 4 denominator of the result.
Example: Simplify + + . x 7 2
x 2x 3x Example: Simplify   .
4 y x
The L.C.M. of x, 2x and 3x is 6x. x 7 2
 
2 3 4 12 + 9 + 8 29 4 y x
+ + = =
x 2x 3x 6x 6x
x 7 2
  
The sign in front of a fraction applies to the fraction as a whole.
24 y x
The line which separates the numerator and denominator acts
as a bracket.
7

2y
1.2 - 4 July 2022
Practice Questions 1.2.1.
1. Simplify the following:
(a) 7x + 11x (b) 7x - 5x
(c) - 8x + 3x (d) 6b2 - 4b2 + 3b2
(e) 2x  5y (f) (- 3a)  (- 2b)
(g) 8mn  (- 3m2n3) (h) (- 3a) ÷ (- 3b)
(i) 2k(k - 5) (j) - 3y(3x + 4)
(k) 3x2(x2 - 2xy + y2) (l) 3(x + 4) - (2x + 5)
x x x
(m) 5(2x - y) - 3(x + 2y) (n) + +
3 4 5
3 5 4  3 x  5 y 
(o) - + (p)    
y 3y 5y  2 y  6 x 

1.2 - 5 July 2022
LINEAR EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTION Step 1: Since there are no roots get rid of the fraction by
multiplying both sides of the equation by ( R  r )
An equation is the relation of equality between two or more V ( R  r )  2R
expressions.
If the degree of the equation, i.e. the highest power among the Step 2: Clear the bracket
variable of each term on both sides in the equation is 1, then the VR  Vr  2R
equation is said to be linear equation. For example, 2x + 5 = 0,
x – 2y = 7 are linear equations. Step 3: Collect the terms containing R on the LHS.
VR  2R  Vr
Transposing Formulae
Step 4: Factorize the LHS.
The formula y  ax  b has y as subject. By rearranging this R(V  2)  Vr
formula we could make x the subject.
Step 5: Isolate R by dividing both sides of the equation by
The rules for transforming a formula are: (V  2).
1) Remove square roots or other roots Vr
R
2) Get rid of brackets V 2
3) Clear brackets
4) Collect together the terms containing the required Although we used five steps to obtain the required subject, in
subject very many cases far fewer steps are needed. Nevertheless, you
5) Factorize if necessary should work through the steps in order given.
6) Isolate the required subject
These steps should be performed in the order given.
2R
Example: (a) Transpose the formula V  to make R the
Rr
subject.

1.2 - 6 July 2022
4x − 5x − 4x = 10 + 4 − 8 − 15
Solution of Linear Equations
−5x= −9
The solution of linear equation(s) depends upon the number of
variable(s) used in the equation(s). The number of equations and on division by −5
must be equal to or greater than the variables used in a system
of equations. x= −9/-5
Example: Solve the following equations: or x = 9/5

(a). 3x – 4 = 6 − 2x
(b) 8 + 4(x − 1) − 5(x − 3) = 2(5 + 2x).
(a) For this equation, all we need to do is to collect all terms

involving the unknown x on to the left-hand side of the equation,
simply by using our rules for transposition of formula.
Then: 3x + 2x − 4 = 6
so, 3x + 2x = 6 + 4
or, 5x = 10
and so x=2
(b) In this equation first we need to multiply out the brackets,

then collect all terms involving the unknown x onto one side of
the equation and the numbers onto the other side, then divide
out to obtain the solution. So:
8 + 4(x − 1) − 5(x − 3) = 2(5 + 2x)
8 + 4x − 4 − 5x + 15 = 10 + 4x

1.2 - 7 July 2022
1. Transpose the equation V  Ah for h .
RT
2. The formula P  is used in connection with the
V
expansion of gases. Transpose it to find the value
of R .
3. Solve the following equations:
(a) 2x  5  7 (b) 3x  1  6x  10
1 3 5
(c)  
x 2x 2

1.2 - 8 July 2022
Now, providing the base of two or more numbers expressed in

INDICES AND POWERS index (exponent) form are the same, we can perform
multiplication and division on these numbers, by adding or
When a number is the product of the same factor multiplied by subtracting the indices accordingly.
itself, this number is called a power of the factor. For example,
we know that 3 × 3 = 9. Therefore, we can say that 9 is a power Consider the following literal numbers in index form:
of 3. To be precise, it is the second power of 3, because two 3s
are multiplied together to produce 9. Similarly, 16 is the second x2  x2  x  x  x  x  x4
power of 4. We may use literal terminology to generalize the
relationship between powers and factors.
x 2  x 4  ( x  x)  ( x  x  x  x)
So the second power of a means a × a or ( a · a ), this is written
as “a2” where “a” is known as the base (factor) and 2 is the  x  x  x  x  x  x  x6
exponent (or index). Thus, writing the number 9 in exponent
form we get 9 = 32 where; 9 is the second power, 3 is the base x2 x  x
(factor) and 2 is the exponent (index).   x0  1
x 2
x x
The above idea can be extended to write arithmetic numbers in
exponent or index form. For example, 5 2 = 25, 92 = 81 and x2 x x 1
33 = 27. Notice that the second power of 5 gives the number 25    x 2
or 5 × 5 = 25; similarly, 33 means the third power of 3, literally 3 x 4
x x x x x x
× 3 × 3 = 27. The idea of powers and exponents (indices) can
be extended to literal numbers. For example: a  a  a  a  a or For multiplication of numbers with the same base, we add the
m indices and for division of numbers with the same base, we
a5 in general a where a is the base (factor) and the exponent subtract the indices in the denominator from those in the
m
“m”(or index) is any positive integer. a means a used as a numerator.
factor “m” times and is read as the “mth power of a”. Note that
since any number used as a factor once would simply be the We will now generalize our observations and so formulate the
number itself, the index (exponent) is not usually written; in laws of indices.
1
other words, a means a .

1.2 - 9 July 2022
The Laws of Indices

Law 2: We have again used, when dividing numbers with a
In the following laws a is the common base, m and n are the common base in this case, the base is 3. Note that since
indices (exponents). Each law has an example of its use division is the opposite arithmetic operation to multiplication. It
alongside: follows that we should perform the opposite arithmetic operation
on the indices, that of subtraction. Remember we always
m n
1. a  a  a
m n
2 2  2 4  2 24  2 6  64 subtract the index in the denominator from the index in the
numerator.
am 34
n
 a mn  34 2  3 2  9 Law 3: It is concerned with raising the powers of numbers. Do
2. a 32 not mix this law up with law 1. When raising powers of numbers
in index form, we multiple the indices.
3. (a )  a
m n mn
(2 2 ) 3  2 23  26  64
Law 4: As you have also met, this law simply states that any
number raised to the power 0 is always 1. Knowing that any
4. a  1 50  1
0
number divided by itself is also 1, we can use this fact to show
that a number raised to the power 0 is also 1. What we need to
m 4
do is use the second law concerning the division of numbers in
5. a  a
n n m
27  3 27 4  34  81
3
index form.
1 1 1 We know that
a n  6 2  
6. an 6 2
36 9 32
1 2
 3 2  2  30  1
9 or 3
We need to study these laws carefully in order to understand
the significance of each.
which shows that 3  1 and in fact because we have used the
0
Law 1: As you have already met, it enables us to multiply second law of indices, this must be true in all cases.
numbers given in index form that have a common base. In the
example the common base is 2, the first number raises this Law 5: This, rather complicated looking, law simply enables us
base (factor) to the power 2 and the second raises the same to find the decimal equivalent of a number in index form; where
base to the power 3. In order to find the result we simply add the index is a fraction. All that you need to remember is that the
the indices.
1.2 - 10 July 2022
index number above the fraction line is raised to that power and These missed multiplication signs must reappear when the
the index number below the fraction line has that number root. numbers are substituted for the symbols.
2y + 4 = 2  4 + 4 = 8 + 4 = 12
3
So for the number 8 , we raise 8 to the power 2 and then take (a)
the cube root of the result.
(b) 3y + 5z = 3  4 + 5  5
It does not matter in which order we perform these operations.
So we could have just as easily taken the cube root of 8 and (c) 8 - x = 8 - 3 = 5
then raised it to the power 2.
y 4 1
Law 6: This is a very useful law, when you wish to convert the (d) = = 1
x 3 3
division of a number to multiplication. In other words, bring a
number from underneath the division line to the top of the 3y + 2z 3  4 + 2  5
division line. As the number crosses the line we change the sign (e) =
x + z 3 + 5
of its index. This is illustrated in the example, which 12 + 10 22 3
accompanies this law. = = = 2
8 8 4
Substitution
The process of finding the numerical value of an algebraic
expression for given values of the symbols that appear in it is 1. Simplify:
3
called substitution.
1 1  16  4
(a) 3  2 7  5  2  4 (b)  
Example: If x = 3, y = 4 and z = 5, find the values of: 2 2  81 
b 3b 8 b 2
(a) 2y + 4 (b) 3y + 5z (c)
b 0 b 5
y 3y + 2z 2. Simplify:
(c) 8 - x (d) (e) 1 1 1
x x + z (a) (2 2 )  6  3  24 2
 2  1
(b)
2 3 3
Note that multiplication signs are often missed out when writing 3. If a = 2, b = 3 and c = 5, find the values of
algebraic expressions so that, for instance, 2y means 2  y. the following:
1.2 - 11 July 2022
abc
(a) a + 2b + 5c (b)
6
5a + 9b + 8c
(c)
a+b+c
NUMBER SYSTEMS To convert denary to binary, we repeatedly divide by 2 and note

the remainder at each stage.
The decimal system of numbers we have been studying up till
now use the integers 0 – 9. There are in fact 10 integers and for For example, to convert the number (25)10 to binary, we
this reason we often refer to the decimal system as the denary proceed as follows:
(ten) system.
25/2 = 12 ----- remainder 1 Least significant digit (LSD)
Thus, for example, the denary number 245.5 is equivalent to: 12/2 = 6 ------ remainder 0
(2 × 102) + (4 × 101) + (5 × 100) + (5 × 10−1) 6/2 = 3 -------- remainder 0
3/2 = 1 -------- remainder 1
This arrangement of the number consists of an integer ≥1.0 and 1/2 = 0 -------- remainder 1 Most significant digit (MSD)
≤10.0 multiplied by the base raised to the power.
The binary equivalent of (25)10 is (11001)2.
Binary Number System
Note the order in which the digits of the binary number are laid
In the binary system of numbers, the base is 2 and so, for out from the MSD to
example, the denary number 43 to the base 10, written as (43)10 the LSD; i.e. in reverse order to the successive division.
is equivalent to the number:
25 + 23 + 21 + 20 = 3210 + 810 + 210 + 110 To convert binary to denary, we lay out the number in
successive powers. For example, to convert binary number
As a reminder and source of reference the binary and denary (1101)2 into denary, we proceed as follows:
equivalents for some important numbers related to computing (1101)2.
are detailed below: = (1 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (0 × 21) + (1 × 20)
= (1 × 8) + (1 × 4) + (0 × 2) + (1 × 1)
= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = (13)10

1.2 - 12 July 2022
When numbers are placed in binary form, we can see from
above that they consist of a number of ones (1) and noughts
(0). Denary10 Binary2 Hexadecimal16
If in electronic logic circuits we allow the binary digit “1” to 0 0000 0

represent “ON” and the binary digit “0” to represent “OFF”. We 1 0001 1
can apply this binary code to electronic logic systems. It is this
powerful application of binary numbers that makes their study 2 0010 2
important. 3 0011 3
4 0100 4
Hexadecimal Number System 5 0101 5
6 0110 6
In order to get more digital information down computer
communication lines, we can use another number system that 7 0111 7
allows us to send 16 individual pieces of information (bytes) 8 1000 8
down parallel lines, all at the same time. This type of
communication may be coded using hexadecimal 9 1001 9
representation. Thus, for hexadecimal numbers their base is 16. 10 1010 A
However, because in our decimal number counting system we
only have 10 digits (0 – 9), we make up for this in the 11 1011 B
hexadecimal system by allocating capital letters to the 12 1100 C
remaining decimal numbers 10 – 15 (remembering that decimal
zero is counted as part of the 16-digit base). Hexadecimal 13 1101 D
representation together with their denary and binary 14 1110 E
equivalents, are shown in the table below.
15 1111 F
Thus, in a similar manner to before, the denary number (542)10

may be represented as:

1.2 - 13 July 2022
Example:
(542)10 = (5 × 102) + (4 × 101) + (2 × 100) (BA45)16=(B × 163) + (A × 162) + (4 × 161) + (5 × 160)
which is equivalent to = (11 × 4096) + (10 × 256) + (4 × 16) + (5 × 1)
(21E)16 = (2 × 162) + (1 × 161) + (E × 160). = (45056) + (2560) + (64) + (5)
= (47685)10
To convert denary to hexadecimal, we repeatedly divide by 16 The denary10 equivalent of hexadecimal number (BA45)16 is
in a similar manner to the way in which we converted denary to (47685)10.
binary.
Example: Practice Questions 1.2.4.
To convert the denary number (5136)10 to hexadecimal, we
proceed as follows: 1. Convert the following denary numbers into binary:
(a) 17 (b) 23 (c) 40
5136/16 = 321 ------ remainder 0 LSD
321/16 = 20 --------- remainder 1 2. Convert the following binary numbers into denary:
20/16 = 1 ------------ remainder 4
1/16 = 0 -------------- remainder 1 MSD
(a) 1011 (b) 11111 (c) 1010101
So the hexadecimal16 equivalent of (5136)10 is (1410)16.
3. Convert the following denary numbers into
Similarly, to convert the number (94)10 to hexadecimal, we hexadecimal:
proceed as follows: (a) 5890 (b) 16892
94/16 = 5 ------------- remainder 14 = (E)16
5/16 = 0 -------------- remainder 5 4. Convert the following hexadecimal numbers into
denary:
So the hexadecimal16 equivalent of (94)10 is (5E)16. (a) 6E (b) CF18
To convert hexadecimal to denary, we proceed in a similar
manner as for binary to denary.
For example, to convert (BA45)16 to denary, we proceed as

follows:

1.2 - 14 July 2022
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
3x + 21y = 45 [3]
Consider the two equations: 3x + 4y = 11 [1]
17y = 34
2x + 3y = 13 [1] y = 2
3x + 2y = 12 [2]
To find x we substitute for y = 2 in either of the original
Each equation contains the unknown quantities x and y. The equations. Thus, substituting for y = 2 in equation [1],
solutions of the equations are the value if x and y which satisfy
both equations. Equations such as these are called 3x + 4  2 = 11
simultaneous equations. 3x + 8 = 11
3x = 11 - 8
There are various methods of solving simultaneous equations. 3x = 3
We will only discuss one method, that is elimination method. x= 1
Elimination Method in Solving Simultaneous Equations Hence the solutions are:
The method will be shown by considering the following x = 1 and y = 2

examples.
Hence the solutions are correct since the L.H.S. and R.H.S. are
Example: Solve the equations: equal.
3x + 4y = 11 [1] Example: Solve the equations:

x + 7y = 15 [2]
5x + 3y = 29 [1]
If we multiply equation [2] by 3 we shall have the same 4x + 7y = 37 [2]
coefficient of x in both equations:
The same coefficient of x can be obtained in both equations if
3x + 21y = 45 [3] equation [1] is multiplied by 4 (the coefficient of x in equation
[2]) and equation [2] is multiplied by 5 (the coefficient of x in
We can now eliminate x by subtracting equation [1] from equation [1]).
equation [3].
1.2 - 15 July 2022
Example: Solve the equations:
Multiply equation [1] by 4, 7x + 4y= 41 [1]
20x + 12y = 116 [3] 4x - 2y = 2 [2]
Multiply equation [2] by 5, In these equations it is easier to eliminate y because the same
coefficient of y can be obtained in both equations by multiplying
20x + 35y = 185 [4] equation [2] by 2.
Subtracting equation [3] from equation [4], Multiplying equation [2] by 2,
23y = 69 8x - 4y = 4 [3]
y = 3
Adding equation [1] and [3],
Substituting for y = 3 in equation [1],
5x + 3  3 = 29 15x = 45
5x + 9 = 29 x = 3
5x = 20
x = 4 Substituting for x = 3 in equation [1],
(7 3) + 4y = 41
Hence the solutions are: 21 + 4y = 41
4y = 20
y = 3 and x = 4 y = 5
Check in equation [2], Hence the solutions are:

x = 3 and y = 5
L.H.S = 4 4 + 7  3
=16 + 21 = 37 = R.H.S. Check in equation [2],
L.H.S. = 4 3 - 2  5
= 12 - 10 = 2 = R.H.S.

1.2 - 16 July 2022
Example: Solve the equations: Substituting for x = 2 in equation [3],
2x y 7 8 2 - 3y = 7
- = [1]
3 4 12 16 - 3y = 7
3x 2y 3 - 3y = -9
- = [2]
4 5 10 y = 3
It is best to clear each equation of fractions before attempting to Hence the solutions are:
solve. x = 2 and y = 3
In equation [1] the L.C.M. of the denominators is 12. Hence by

multiplying equation [1]by 12, Practice Questions 1.2.5.
8x - 3y = 7 [3] 1. Solve the following equations for x and y and

check the solutions:
In equation [2] the L.C.M. of the denominators is 20. Hence by (a) 3x + 2y = 7 ; x+y =3
multiplying equation [2] by 20, (b) x - 3y = 1 ; x + 3y = 19
(c) x + 3y = 7 ; 2x - 2y = 6
15x - 8y = 6 [4]
We now proceed in the usual way.Multiplying equation [3] by 8,
64x - 24y = 56 [5]
Multiplying equation [4] by 3,
45x - 24y = 18 [6]
Subtracting equation [6] from equation [5],
19x = 38
x = 2
1.2 - 17 July 2022
SECOND DEGREE EQUATIONS WITH ONE UNKNOWN in our equation so b = 0. What about the constant c? Our
(QUADRATIC EQUATIONS) equation is not in standard form, because the equation should
be equated to zero. Then in standard form our equation
A quadratic equation is one in which the unknown variable is becomes x2 – 4 = 0 by simple transposition! So now we know
raised to the second power (or degree). that for our equation the constant term c = −4.
For example, the equation x2 =4 is perhaps one of the simplest There are several ways in which quadratic equations may be
of quadratic equations. We can solve this equation by taking the solved, that is finding the values of the unknown variable. We
square root of both sides, as: shall concentrate on just two methods of solution; factorization,
and using the quadratic formula.
x2  4 Solution of Quadratic Equations by Factorization
or x  2
Example: Solve the equation 3 x  5  2 x  4 .
2
Note that even for this simple equation there are two possible
solutions, either x  2 or x  2 , remembering the laws of A quadratic equation can not be solved until it is converted into
signs! the standard form. So first we have to convert the given
equation in standard form as:
In general, a quadratic equation is of the type 3x 2  5  2 x  4
3x 2  5  2 x  4  0
ax  bx  c  0 ,
2 or
or 3x  2 x  1  0
2
where the constants a, b and c can take any numerical value, The second step is to factorize the L.H.S. of the equation, as:
positive or negative, decimal or fraction. 3x 2  3x  x  1  0
Like linear equations, quadratic equations do not always appear or
3x( x  1)  1( x  1)  0
in standard form, i.e. they are not always arranged in exactly the
or
( x  1)(3x  1)  0
same order as their qualifying equation, ax  bx  c  0 . How
2
2 So, either x  1 0 , giving x  1

is our simple equation x = 4 related to its qualifying equation?
1
Well the coefficient of x2 that is the number multiplying the or 3x  1  0 , giving x  .
x2term a = 1. What about the constant b? Well there is no x term 3

1.2 - 18 July 2022
Thus, the solution of the given equation is either x  1 or It is not always possible to solve quadratic equations by
1 factorization. When we cannot factorize a quadratic expression,
x we may resort to use of the standard formula. Now we know
3
that the standard form of the quadratic equation is
Example: Solve the equation x  4 x  4  0 .
2
ax 2  bx  c  0 and it can be shown that the solution of this
equation is:
The given equation is already in the standard form; so we will
factorize it, as:  b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
x2  4x  4  0
The above formula, commonly known as ‘Quadratic Formula,
or x 2  2x  2x  4  0
may look complicated but it is relatively simple to use. The
or x( x  2)  2( x  2)  0 coefficients a, b and c are the same coefficients, as in the
or ( x  2)( x  2)  0 standard form of the quadratic. So in finding a solution for the

variable x, all we need to do is substitute the coefficients into
the above formulae, for the quadratic equation we are
If we get the same factors, then we combine them as a square considering. All we need to remember is that, before using the
power of single factor and solve it, as: above formula, always put the equation to be solved, into
standard form.
( x  2) 2  0
Example: Solve the equation 5 x( x  1)  2 x(2 x  1)  20 .
( x  2) 2  0
or
or x2 0 A quadratic equation cannot be solved until it is converted into
or x2 the standard form. So first we have to convert the given
equation in standard form as:
Thus, the given equation has only one solution as x  2 . 5 x( x  1)  2 x(2 x  1)  20

or 5 x 2  5 x  4 x 2  2 x  20
Solution of Quadratic Equations by Using the Quadratic
Formula
or x 2  7 x  20  0
1.2 - 19 July 2022
Here a  1 , b  7 and c  20 Practice Questions 1.2.6.
1. Solve the following equations:

 b  b 2  4ac
x (a) 6 x 2  x  2  0
Since 2a
 7  (7) 2  4(1)( 20) (b)  2 x 2  20 x  32
x
2(1) 1
or (c) x   3
x
 7  49  80
x 1 1 2
2 (d)   0
or x 1 x  2 3
 7  129
x
or 2
 7  11.358
x
or 2
 7  11.358  7  11.358
x x
or 2 or 2
4.358  18.358
x x
or 2 or 6
or x  2.18 or x  9.18
Thus, the given equation has only one solution as

x  2.18 or x  9.18 .

1.2 - 20 July 2022
LOGARITHMS Look at the graphs, notice the logarithmic functions change very
rapidly for arguments (x values) less then 10 and then change
Introduction much more slowly as x increases:
Most simply, logarithms are mathematical functions that extract

the exponent from the exponential representation of a number.
Antilogarithms (exponential functions) are literally functions that
“undo” the taking of a logarithm.
There are two common logarithmic functions: logarithms to the

base 10 (log10 or simply log) that are called common logarithms
and logarithms to the base e (log e or simply ln) that are called
natural logarithms. We will discuss common logarithms initially
because they are easier to explain and understand and then we
will extend the explanation to natural logarithms.
N = aX Then Loga N = X
Logarithms – log
Suppose we have a number N = 10 X
Then
Note that although you cannot take the logarithm of a
negative number or zero.
log10N = X, the log operator simply “extracted” the exponent
from the base 10 exponential representation of the number.
Taking logarithms of numbers which can be represented by

integer powers of 10 is particularly easy, for example, log 100 =
log 102 = 2, log 0.001 = log 10–3 = –3, and log 1 = log 100 = 0

1.2 - 21 July 2022
Taking the logarithm of a number that cannot be wholly Natural Logarithms - ln

represented by an integer power of 10 is less
obvious. Use of natural logarithms (ln) is analogous to the use of
common logarithms, except that the base of natural logs is the
For example, you would have to know that 100.3010 = 2.000 in irrational number e (e = 2.71828...). This is a number like pi that
order to find log 2.000 = 0.3010. arises naturally in mathematics and can’t be represented by the
ratio of any two integers (hence irrational). All scientific
calculators have a natural log key usually labeled “ln” or “ln x”,
and an anti-natural log key which is usually labeled e Xor exp()
Base 10 Base e and is accessed in the same way as the 10 X. Taking natural
a b a b (a+b)
10 x 10 = 10(a+b) e xe =e logandantilog is the same as taking common logs and antilog
log(10a) = a ln(ea) = a except that one uses the “ln” and “e X” instead of the “log” and
10log(a) = a eln(a) = a “10X” keys, respectively.
log(ab) = log(a) + log (b) ln(ab) = ln(a) + ln(b) In the natural sciences, many derivations result in relationships
log(1/a) = – log(a) ln(1/a) = – ln(a) involving natural logarithms. For many years, before scientific
log(a/b) = log(a) – log(b) ln(a/b) = ln(a) – ln(b) calculators were widely available and inexpensive, common
log(an) = n log(a) ln(an) = n ln(a) logarithms were found from tables or a slide rule. The natural
log(a1/n) = (1/n) log(a) ln(a1/n) = (1/n) ln(a) logarithm was calculated from the base 10 logarithm using the
formula: ln(a) = 2.303 log(a).
Anti-Logarithm Practice Questions 1.2.7.
Evaluating antilogarithms of integers is even easier. Solve the following equations
antilog 5 = 105 = 100000

antilog –2 = 10–2 = 0.01
antilog 0 = 100 = 1
Note you can take the antilogarithm of any real number.

1.2 - 22 July 2022
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.4.
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.1. 1. a. 100012 b. 101112 c. 1010002

2. a. 1110 b. 3110 c. 8510
1. a. 18x b. 2x c. -5x d. 3. a. 170216 b. 41FC16
5b2 e. 10xy f. 6ab g. - 4. a. 11010 b. 5301610
24m2n4 h. a/b i. 2k – 10k
2
j. - 9xy – 12y k. 3x - 6x y + 3x2y2 l. x+7

4 3
m. 7x – 11y n. 47x /60 o. 32 / 15y

p. – 5 / 4
1. a. x = 1 , y = 2 b. x = 10 , y = 3
c. x = 4 , y = 1
1. h = V / A
2. R = P V / T ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.6.
3. a. x = 6 b. x = - 3 c. x = 1
1. a. x = ½ or x = - ⅔
b. x = - 2 or x = - 8
c. x =(3+√5) / 2 or x=(3-√5) / 2
d. x = -√3/2 or x = √3/2
1. a. 25 or 32 b. 8 / 27 c. b2
2. a. 10 b. 10 / 9 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.7.
3. a. 33 b. 5
c. 7 7/10 or 77/10

1.2 - 23 July 2022

PIA B - Basic - Module 1.2 (MATHS) Algebra

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PIA Training Centre (PTC) Module 1 – MATHEMATICS

Category – B Sub Module 1.2 – Algebra

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Contents PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.4 ............................................................ 14

EVALUATING SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS ............................... 1

SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS ........................................................ 4 PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.5 ............................................................ 17

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.3 ............................................................ 11 PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.2.7 ............................................................ 20

NUMBER SYSTEMS .......................................................................... 12 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS ............................................... 24

Binary Number System ............................................................ 12

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EVALUATING SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS Multiplication and Division of Algebraic Expressions

An expression consisting of like terms can be reduced to a 5x  3y = 5  3  x  y = 15xy

7x - 5x + 3x = (7 - 5 + 3)x = 5x (2x)(- 3y) = - (2x)(3y) = -6xy

3b2 + 7b2 = (3 + 7)b2 = 10b2 (- 4x)(2y) = - (4x)(2y) = -8xy

-3y - 5y = (-3 -5)y = -8y (- 3x)(- 2y) = + (3x)(2y) = 6xy

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5m2n  3mn3 5(2x + 3y) = 5  2x + 5  3y = 10x + 15y

= 3  m  n  (- 2)  n n 3x(2p + 3q) = 3x  2p + 3x  3q = 6px + 9qx

pq p  q - 3(2x - 5y) = (- 3)  2x + (- 3)  (- 5y)

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When simplifying expressions containing brackets first remove

(3x + 7y) - (4x + 3y) = 3x + 7y - 4x - 3y

3(2x + 3y) - (x + 5y) = 6x + 9y - x - 5y

2(5a + 3b) + 3(a - 2b) = 10a + 6b + 3a - 6b

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SIMPLE ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS m 2m + n m - 2n

a b c 6a 4b 3c The multiplication for algebraic fractions is also the same as for

Practice Questions 1.2.1.

1. Simplify the following:

(a) 7x + 11x (b) 7x - 5x

(c) - 8x + 3x (d) 6b2 - 4b2 + 3b2

(e) 2x  5y (f) (- 3a)  (- 2b)

(g) 8mn  (- 3m2n3) (h) (- 3a) ÷ (- 3b)

(i) 2k(k - 5) (j) - 3y(3x + 4)

(k) 3x2(x2 - 2xy + y2) (l) 3(x + 4) - (2x + 5)

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These steps should be performed in the order given.

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Example: Solve the following equations: or x = 9/5

(a) For this equation, all we need to do is to collect all terms

(b) In this equation first we need to multiply out the brackets,

8 + 4(x − 1) − 5(x − 3) = 2(5 + 2x)

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Practice Questions 1.2.2.

1. Transpose the equation V  Ah for h .

3. Solve the following equations:

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Now, providing the base of two or more numbers expressed in

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The Laws of Indices

NUMBER SYSTEMS To convert denary to binary, we repeatedly divide by 2 and note

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If in electronic logic circuits we allow the binary digit “1” to 0 0000 0

Thus, in a similar manner to before, the denary number (542)10

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For example, to convert (BA45)16 to denary, we proceed as

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Elimination Method in Solving Simultaneous Equations Hence the solutions are:

The method will be shown by considering the following x = 1 and y = 2

3x + 4y = 11 [1] Example: Solve the equations: